'Quæstiones quædam Philosophiæ' ('Certain Philosophical Questions')

188

Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas.

Questiones quædam Philosophciæ

Off yethe first mater

Whither it be mathematicall points: or Mathematicall points & parts: or a simple entity before division indistinct: or individualls i.e. Attomes.

1 Not of Mathematicall points since wtwhat wants dimentions cannot constitute a body in theire conjunction because they will sinke into yethe same point. An infinite number of mathematicall points sink into one being added together & ytthat being still a mathematicall point is indivisible but a body is divisible. ~~In fine a Mathematicall point is Nothing, since it is but an immaginary entity. &~~

Not of parts & Math: points; for such a point is either something or nothing. if something tis a ꝑpart & so added betweene 2 ꝑparts will make a line of 3 ꝑparts. if nothing, then added betwixt two parts there is still nothing betwixt yethe 2 ꝑparts & consequently yethe line consists of nothing still but 2 ꝑparts. &

Not of simple entity before division indistinct. for this must be an union of yethe parts into wchwhich a body is divibsible since those parts may againe bee united & become one body as they were before at the creation. Now yethe nature of union (being but a modall ens) is to depend on its ptsparts (wchwhich are absolute entities) therefore it cannot be yethe terme of creation, or first matter for tis a contradiction to say yethe first matter depends on some other subject ~~(except God)~~ since ytthat implieys some former matter on wchwhich it must depende.

2 ~~homogeneis~~ The first matter must be homogeneous & so either all hard or soft or of a midle temper ~~if hard ynthen all yethe ꝑparts into wchwhich it is divisible will be hard~~ & of yethe same constitution will all yethe ꝑparts be into wchwhich it is divisible. so ytthat where there is plenitude of mater it will be of yethe same temper yethe first was & there will be no change in nature unles you will allow it either to arise from vacuities interspersed or from yethe severall proportions ytthat quantity hath to its substance: Matter acquiring a harder nature by less quantity & a softer by more. likewise there will be no other way for rarefaction & condensation.

~~If yethe first way then yethe body will be no such pcontinuūum as to be wthwithout distinct parts since it will be every where divided by interspersed inanitys~~

The latter will be in its due place be proved impossible

3 Those things wchwhich can exist being actually seperate are really distinct, but such are yethe parts of mater.

4 Suppose yethe first matter one uniforme mass wthwithout ꝑparts how should that body be divided into parts as we se now it is wthwithout admission of a vacuum. Suppose it be divided into two what will be betweene those two parts not body since it is all in yethe two halfes. But if it be said ytthat it was first divided into smaller parts wee ask how came it so wthwithout less parts ynthan those into wchwhich it was at first divided or els vacuum to succed in theire rome as they came a peices. Suppose yethe ~~would~~ first matter were divided as small as sand ynthen divide one of those sands a third sand cannot succed twixt 'em before they be at some distance unles ~~they be at some dis~~ there might be some smaler matter to run in & keepe out vacuum but to affirme this is to say yethe first matter had very little parts be in it before it was divided. But againe if now matter is divided two parts of matter of yethe least size. were seperateing & distant one from another yethe space & halfe

pag. 4.

389

Of Attomes.

It remaines therefore ytthat yethe first matter must be attoms. And ytthat Matter may be so small as to be indiscerpible the excellent Dr Moore in his booke of yethe soules imortality hath proved beyond all controversie yet I shall use one argument to shew ytthat it cannot be divisible in infinitum & ytthat is this: Nothing can be divided into ~~infinite~~ more parts ytnthan it can possibly be constituted of. But matter (i.e. finite) cannot be constituted of infinite parts. The Major is true for looke into how many parts ~~yethe~~ a thing is divided those parts added agane make ytthat same whole that they were before; & so if any finite quantity were divided into infinite parts (& certainely it may if it be so far divisible) those infinite parts added would make yethe same finite quantity they were before wchwhich is again yethe Minor; & It is plaine from hence ytthat an infinite number of extendid parts & yethe least parts of quantity must be extended make a thing infinitely extended ~~& all yethe parts~~ ~~ytthat qua~~ this ~~you~~ cannot be denyed if I can prove ytthat things infinitely extended have fine parts Now vacuum is infinitely extended & so may matter be fansied to be. but if yethe world were removed & vacuum came into yethe roome of it ytthat very vacuum would not be infinite we can conceive of interspersed vacuities in amongst matter but they are not infinite (though an infinite number of ymthem would be so) we see yethe parts of matter are finite. & an infinite number of finite unites cannot be finite. To helpe ytthat conception of yethe nature of these leasts, how they are indivisible how extended of wtwhat figure &c I shall all along draw a similitude from numbers, comparing ~~ciphers~~ Math: points to ciphers, indivisible extension, to unites: divisibility, or compound quantity, to number: i.e. a multitude of attomes, to a multitude of unites. Suppose ynthen a number of Mathematicall points were indued wthwith such a power as ytthat they could not touch nor be in one place (for if they touch they will touch all over, & bee in one place) Then ad thees as close in a line as they can stand together every point added must make some extension to yethe lenght because it cannot sinke into yethe formers place or touch it so here will be a line wchwhich hath partes extra partes; another of these points cannot bee added into yethe midst of this line, for ytthat implys ytthat yethe former points did not lie so close but ytthat they might lye closer. The distance ynthen twixt each point is yethe least ytthat can be & so little may an attome be & no lesse: now ytthat this distance is indivisible (& therefore yethe matter conteined in it) is thus made plaine: Wherever

pag 63✝

Of a Vacuum & Attomes. pag 2

halfe theire diameter (they will not then touch, for ynthen their semidiameter will bee but as a Math: point & theire diameter a two Mathematicall points together i.e. as nothing (for 2 nothings put together make a third nothing) & so yetheleast parts of matter Mathematicall points wchwhich is absurd) Vacuum will ynthen come betwixt if nothing else can, & no matter will come betwixt since yethe diameter of yethe least particle will be bee as big againe as ytthat space. If it be said ytthat matter may move ~~yethe~~ over so little space in an instant & other matter succeed in an instant & so there needes no vacuum) I answer it may as well be moved through yethe Vniverse in an instant for instantaneous motion is infinitely swift & will carry yethe thing in wchwhich it is as soon through an infinite space in an instant as well as though a finite space or yethe breadth of an attome & I cannot conceive how so violent a motion should be stopt wthwithout some violent effect though in so little an agent what is saide of so little bodys may be said of greater As thus suppose two globes were to ~~be seperated~~ come together they must pas through all yethe intermediate degrees of distance before they can be joyned suppose they then be distant but halfe yethe breadth of yethe least particle of matter there can be no matter betwixt ymthem since all matter is too big to interpose it sefeself. Neither can yethe two globes touch for ytthat implyes ytthat semidiameter of yethe least attome hath no breadth but had it not breadth yethe diameter could have none & so yethe least particles of matter would be Mathematicall points. therefore A vacuum must interpose. ~~But you may say~~ Vnles yuyou say those attomes are as far divided as they ar divisible ytthat there are least parts of matter ~~was~~ is proved in yethe chapter of attomes.

* i.e. so little ytthat theire can not be a place too little for ymthem to creepe into & ynthen you will grant wtwhat I pleade for i.e. indivisible particles. & you must grant too ytthat Attomes were either created so or divided by meanes of a Vacuūum

590

Of Quantity

As a finite lines added in an infinite numbers to finite lines, make an infinite line: so points added twixt points infinitely, are equivalent to a finite line.

All superficies beare the same proportion to a line yet one superficies may bee greater ynthan another (yethesame may be said of bodys in respect of surfaces) wchwhich happens by reason ytthat a surface is infinitly in respect of a line, soe though all infinite extensions beare yethesame proportion to a finite one yet one infinite extension may be greater ynthan another soe one angle of contact may exceed another, yet they are all equal when compared to a rectilinear angle viz wchwhich is infinitely greater Thus $\frac{2}{0}$ is double to $\frac{1}{0}$ & $\frac{0}{1}$ is double to $\frac{0}{2}$ , for multiply yethe 2 first & divide yethe 2ds by 0, & there results $\frac{2}{1}$ : $\frac{1}{1}$ & $\frac{1}{1}$ : $\frac{1}{2}$ . yet if $\frac{2}{0}$ & $\frac{1}{0}$ have respect to 1 they beare yethe same relation to it ytthat is 1 : $\frac{2}{0}$ :: 1 : $\frac{1}{0}$ . & ought therefore to bee considered equall in respect of an unite.

The angle of contact is to another angle, as a point to a line, for yethe crookednes in one circle amounts to 4 right angles & ytthat crookedness may bee conceived to consist of an infinite number of angles of contact, as a line doth of infinite points. As yethe point a to yethe line a b so yethe line a c to yethe pgr a b c d:: pgr d b e f: yethe parralelipipedon b g. Tis indefinite (ytthat is undeteerminedundetermined) how greate a sphær may be made how greate a number may be recconed, how far mattar is divisible, how much time or extension wee can fansy but all yethe extension ytthat is, eEternity,

\frac{a}{o}

are infinite & exceeds all number & is soe greate ytthat there can bee noe greater, but (finite) number is called indefinite in respect of a greater.

6 Conjunction of bodys. Whither yethe conjunction of bodys depend upon be from rest: Neg: For ynthen sand by rest might make a sollid body be united sooner ynthan by a furnace &c Whither Whither it be from yethe close conjunction crouding of all yethe matter in yethe world affirmatur. For yethe aire (though its pressure bee but little in respect of ytthat, performed by yethe purer matter of yethe vortex (twixt ☉ & us) receding from yethe center) & by its pressure to yethe center & consequently crouding all thing close together betwixt wchwhich there is not aire to keepe ythem asunder it maketh ythem stick together, as yethe 2 pollished sides of 2 marbles yethe Lots of water &c but this juncture can̄nnot be very firme by reason ytthat yethe pressure of yethe aire is not verry strong as appeares by yethe experiments of Esquire Boyle. but yethe pressure of all yethe matter made by reason of its indevor from ☉. twixt o☉ & us being farr greater (& it may be some other power by wchwhich matter is kept close together&c) when 2 or 3 or more littell bodys once touch so as to admitt noe other matter betwixt them they must be held very fast together al yethe matter about ythem pressing ymthem together but nothing striving to ꝑparte ymthem. And when 2 of yethe least particles touch wthwith very broad sides meete whos sides wthwith wchwhich they touch one another are pretty broade & fitted to one anot touch close every where, those two may move together as one body & so may increase by haveing others joyned to ymthem in yethe same manner. but if yethe circumstant particles chanch to be held of from pressing ymthem together as by some accident as those about (a) or be variously pressed as at (b) by yethe bodys c & d they may be againe severed. yet in more compound body's there is no danger as for the least particles are so wedged togr:together ytthat neither of these two chanches could undo ymthem as for yethe firsfirst it cannot to a whole body but onely in some littell ꝑparte of it as some attome of a mans hand may chanch not to be touched by yethe water into wchwhich hee puts it. But this cannot happ to his 791 whole hand. Of Place so ytthat those particles wchwhich are pressed together may holde a particles wedged as it were amogstamongst ymthem so ytthat it cannot fall away from ymthem though it it chanch not to be pressed to ymthem. yethe second cannot happen at all for yethe neighbouring matter can onely scarce press two touching pariclesparticles toward yethe center or it may be a little awry but not from yethe body to wchwhich they adhere but let yethe wors hapen ytthat can yethe paticleparticle may be wedged in amongst yethe rest. But it may be ytthat yethe particles of compound matter were created bigger ynthan those wchwhich serve for other offices. Of Place Extension is related to places, as time to days yeares &c Place is yethe principium individuationis of streight lines & of equall & like figures yethe surfaces of two bodys becoming but one when they are contiguous becaus but in one place. 92 Of time & Eternity The representation of a clock to goe by water or sand. Probleme .1. By a line of tangents upon a suaresquare ruler & a plum̄mmet to know at one view whither yethe stile of a diall bee true & thereby to erect a stile. 2. yethe stile erected, by a plumb line let fall from yethe stile to find yethe meridian line. 3. By yethe sdsaid ruler to find yethe substilar & draw yethe other hower lines. Note ytthat this may be done though yethe wal bee not eaven &c. To make metalline Globular dust for yethe said clock instead of sand. Daube yethe hollow cone B wthwith pitch &c on yethe inside, fire it. through wchwhich fire (by yethe helpe of yethe tunnell A) cast yethe filings of brasse or pewter &c wchwhich molten into a globular forme may fall into the bason of water C. 10 Of Motion That it may be knowne how motion is swifter or slower consider i That there is a least distance, a least progression in motion & a least degree of time. as lay two globes together ytthat so close ytthat they cannot come any nigher wthwith out touching ytthat is yethe least distance, let ymthem be moved together ytthat is yethe least degree of motion & tis performed in yethe least part of time. There are so many parts in a line as there can stand Mathematicall points in a row wthwith out touching (i.e. falling into) one another in it & soe many degrees of motion along ytthat time. as there can be stops & stays. & there are soe many least parts of time in an hower as there can be Τὸ νὺν᾽ς. This ꝑproposition is proved as I proved a least part in Matter. 2 These leasts have no parts for ytthat implys ytthat they are yet divisible. neither prius nor posterius 1 not least distance since it is passed over in an indivisible part of time & ther cannot be a different time ascribed to yethe entrance of a thing into ytthat part of space & yethe leaving of it. 2 not yethe least degree of motion because too ytthat is performed in an indivisible ꝑparte of time & is no sooner begun ynthan done 3 not yethe least moment of time because first & last imply severall parts of time. 3 The least degree of motion is equal to yethe least degree of space distance & time 1 distance & not to more: because a thing moves in passing over but one of ythem. Nor to less, because yethe least motion is over some distance. 2 Tis æquall to yethe least moment in time, not to more, because in each degree of time wherein a thing moves there will be motion or else in all those degrees put together there will be none: not to lesse becaus no motion is done in an instant or intervall of time. But againe should two parts in motiōon be but equall to one in space or time &c contra: ytthat one would be liable to have a prius according to yethe firt of yethe two parts a midle according to yethe pag 591193 Of yethe Celestiall matter & orbes. Whither Cartes his first element can turne about yethe vortex & yet drive yethe matter of it continually from yethe ☉ to produce light. & spend most of its motion in filling up yethe chinkes betwix yethe Globuli. Whither yethe least globuli can continue always next yethe ☉ & yet yethe globuli of yethe ☉ come always from it to cause light & whither when yethe ☉ is obscured yethe motion of yethe first Element must cease (& so whither by his hypothesis yethe ☉ can be obscured) & whither upon yethe ceasing of yethe first elements motion yethe VoxtexVortex must move slower. Whither some of yethe first Element comeing (as he confesseth from ytthat hee might find out a way to turne yethe Globuli about their one axeis to grate yethe 3d Element into wrathes like screws or cockle shells) immediately from yethe poles & other vortexes into all yethe parts of orour vortex would not impel yethe Globuli so as to cause a light from the poles & those places from whence they come. 12 Of yethe Sunn Starrs & Plannets & Comets Whither ☉ move yethe vortex about, as Des-Cartes will by his beames. pag 54 PincipPrincipia Philos: partis 3æ Whither yethe vortex can carry a Comet towarstowards yethe poles &c Whence tis ytthat yethe ☉ is turned about upon his axis Whither Chartes his reflexion will will unriddle yethe mistery of a Comets bird. Heb 1 chap: vers 2 by God made yethe worlds by his son τους αιωναςThe ☉s spots are coloured sometimes like yethe rainebow. October 16 1618 in Scorpio appeared a comet yethe tayle being extended twixt Spica virginis & Arcturus toward yethe north pole it moved went passed into libra moveing from yethe yethe Ecliptick to yethe Tropick of cancer from east to west or Northerly On Saturday, Decembrber 10th, 1664. By a sleighty Observation I found yethe distance of of a Comet from yethe center of yethe Moone to be 9d, 48, min. Its altitude 23d, 40m; or 4d. The moons altitude 8d, 40m. Her place being Capric 26d, 2m, or else ♒ 5d. The longitude of yethe Moone. On Satturday at 2830min past 4 of yethe clock in yethe morning Decembrber 17th 1664 A Comet appeared Whose distance from Sirius was 30d, 0'. from procion 38d, 45'. There was little or noe difference twixt yethe time of its & Sirius his self its setting about 2' after him Soe ytthat its Right ascention was about 126d, 32'. & its declinacon Southward 31d. The length & its tayle was about 34d or 35d & pointed below toward procion or almost to yethe horizon North pole, cutting yethe horizon at an angle of about 35 or 40d & yethe Ecliptick at 47d. vide pag 54 1394 Of Rarity & Density. Rarefaction & Condensation. Corke may be pressed into 40 times less roome ynthan it naturally requireth & yet swim in water. By my tryall 48 times. two bodys given to find which is more dense Vpon yethe body Threds da & ce hang yethe bodys d & e. & exactly twixt ymthem hang yethe spring sbt by a thred soe ytthat it have liberty to move to move any way. then compresse yethe spingspring bs to bt by yethe thred st. Then cutting clipping yethe thred st yethe spring shall cast both yethe body d & e from it & they receve alike swiftnes from yethe spring if there be yethe same quantity of body in both otherwise yethe body bo (being fastened to yethe spring) will move towarsdstowards yethe body wchwhich hath less body in it. wchwhich motion may be observed by compareing yethe motion of yethe point (o) to yethe point p & other points in yethe resting body qv. 14 Of Perspicuity & Opacity Why though both a dry bladder & water affect are perspicuous yet a wet blader is not. though oyle bee les diaphaneous ynthan water yet it makes a paper more diaphaneous ynthan it. Perspicuity is not effected yethe same way in glass, christall water &c ytthat it is in aire, Aether, bladders paper Why water is clearer ynthan Vapors 1595 Of Fluidity Stability humidity Siccity 16 Of Softnesse hardnes Flexibility Ductility Tractility Why flints doe breake upon a soft thing sooner ynthan a hard one. Whither hard bodys stick together by branchy particles foulded together. Cartes. Why yethe Adamant dust is harder ynthan adamant. 1796 Of Figure Subtility hebetude smothnes asperity 18 Of heate & cold Whither things congeale for want of agitation from yethe ethereall maters agitation. Cartes. Whither doth air moved by light cause heate or light itselfe &c Why is a coale hoter ynthan flame but flame heates farther Why doth warme breath proceede out of an open mouth but cold out of a contracted mouth. Why is breath or sweate seene in winter more ynthan in summer & why vapors Fire heates by heating yethe aire because wind by blowing yethe aire blows heate to a man To make a crucible wchwhich shall to endure halfe a yeare a very strong fire lute it on yethe outside (thick at yethe Bbottom & thiner towards yethe top) wthwith a mixture of tobaccopipe clay & salt of Tartar ( or Tartar may bee made use of but not wthwith so good successe) I think there must bee an equall quantity of each. Whither may not water bee frozen by drawing yethe warme aire from it out of Mr Boyls Receiver. Snow put in a glasse & Salt or any quick dissolvent put into it & well mixed wthwith it will cause vapors to settle on yethe outside of yethe glase & to freeze nay warme water or heated sand powered into yethe snow & well shaked together will condense vapors on yethe outside & perhaps congeale ymthem. Mr Boyle Cold (or an because bodys condensed therewthwith moves down wards) tends farthest downwards as heat upwards. Tis best to freze liquors at yethe bottome for fear of breaking yethe Glasse. An frozen Egg will thaw much faster when immersed in water ynthan wnwhen in yethe ayre, & will freze yethe water by its thawing, soe will frozen me chese meate, Glasse Why does water freeze first & most next yethe Aire 1997 Of Gravity & Levity The matter causing gravity must pass through all yethe pores of a body. it must ascend againe. i for else yethe bowells of yethe earth must have had large cavitys & inantys to conteine it in, 2 or else yethe matter must swell it. 3 yethe matter ytthat hath so forcibly borne down yethe earth & all other bodys to for yethe center (unles you will have it growne to as gross a consistance as yethe Earth is, & hardly ynthen) cannot if added to yethe Earth gether be of a bulke so little as yethe earth, for it must descend exceding fast & swift as appeares by yethe falling of bodys, & exceeding weighty pressure to yethe Earth. It must ascend in another forme ynthan it descendeth or else it would have a like force to beare bodys ytthat it hath to press ymthem downe & so there would bee no gravity It must ascend in a grosser consistence ynthan it descends because it may be slower & not strike boddys with gso greate a force to impell ymthem upward 2 ytthat it may onely force yethe outside of a body & not sinke into every pore & ynthen its densness will little availe it because it will yeild from yethe superficies of a body wthwith ease to run in an easier channell as though it never strove against ymthem. if it should ascend thinner it can have onely this advantage ytthat it would not hit bodys wthwith so weighty a force but ynthen it would hit more ꝑparts of yethe body & would have more ꝑparts to hit wthwith & hit wthwith a swifter smarter force: & so cause ascension wthwith more force ynthan yethe others could do descension. Wee know no body that not sinke into yethe pores of bodys finer ynthan aire & it will sink into most if it be forcibly crouded in yethe stream descending will lay some hould on yethe streame ascending & so press it closer & make it denser & therefore twill rise yethe slower. yethe streame descending will grow thicker as it comes nigher to yethe earth but will not loose its swiftnesse untill it find a much opposition as it hath helpe from yethe following flood behind it. but when yethe streames meete on all sides in yethe midst of yethe Earth they must needs be coarcted into a narrow roome & closely press together & find very much opposition one from another so as either to turne back yethe same way ytthat they came or croud through onepag 67 20 Of Heate & Cold. Apples, Eggs, Cheeses, Men &c: frozen are vitiated by freezing but not soe much when thawed by water or snow as by fire. Frost will breake stones, crack trees, make yethe Humor chrystall looke white. A man cannot feele where hee is frozen & though frozen all over feeles onely a prickling in his recovery, hee may bee recovered being dipped in water or rubbed over wthwith snow, but not by a Stove. Nay any frozen part is lost wchwhich is thawed in a Stove. & yethe fier pains us in warming orour cold fingers. Frozen meate layd to thaw & roast by yethe fire will bee raw in yethe midst after many Howers. Though frost change & destroy bodys (espetialy in yethe thawing) yet cold preserves them. TIce (to wchwhich noe fresh aire in yethe Frezing could come yethe botome of yethe water being first frozen &c) is full of bubbles like great as sands, shott, & pease, wchwhich bubbles are fewer & lesse if yethe water bee first purged of aire by yethe receiver. And those bubbes in thawing shrink againe perhaps into as little rome as at first. Cold shrinkes liquors, Oyle shrinke in frezing, water scarce shrinkes before frezing, but swells before & in frezing, & Ice is about one ninth or tenth parte greater ynthan water Water & aire shut up in a glasse egg wthwith a shank. yethe aire being in yethe shanke was crouded into 19 times lesse rome by yethe freezing of yethe water till it broke yethe glasse. Cold will penetrate through Boyles Vacuum, Oyle of Turpentine, & a little through spirit of strong bryan & perhaps through hot mediums to freze water. 2198 Of Reflection Refraction & Vndulation Of violent Motion Violent motion is made continued either by yethe aire or by motion or force imprest. or by the naturall gravity in yethe body moved. Not by yethe aire since yethe aire crowds more uppon yethe thing projected before, ynthan behind, as must therefore rather hinder it but if yethe aire helps it why doth yethe thing at last fall for you may observe in water ytthat a thing moved in it doth carry yethe same water behind it along wthwith it as in a cone or at least yethe water is moved from behind it wthwith but a small force as you may observe by yethe motes in yethe water supose (a) to be yethe boddy moved: (b. d. e. f) to be yethe water moving behind (a) to give it place. (r) yethe water behind (a) following it & going along wthwith it. Then if yethe water at (f) ran so violently against yethe backsid of (a) it would beate away yethe water at (r) with violence but ytthat water is moved very slowly from behind a. as you if it be moved away: as you may perceive by yethe motes in yethe water. againe this wil the like must hapen in aire if you say no I answer must ynthen move (a) forwards in water. So if hot leade drop into water ytthat ꝑparte wchwhich is behind will be pointed yethe fore ꝑparte round wchwhich would be otherwise if yethe aire pressed as much on it beforehind as behindfore. thirdly how can yethe aire continue yethe motion of a globe on itits axis. Fourthly in yethe former figure yethe aire is supposed to have yethe same propensity to motion wchwhich yethe ball (a) is supposed to have that is will move no longer ynthan it is propelled on. ynthen I say yethe water at (r) cannot move yethe ball unles yethe ball do at yethe same time move (b) ytthat (b) may (g) & (h) & (g) may move (d) & (d) move (i) & (i) move (f) & f move r & force it to rush uppon yethe ball & consequently at yethe same instant (r) must yethe ball, & yethe ball move (r) wchwhich cannot be. But suppose yethe aire & yethe ball were detained from motion by some outward agent, & yet kept yethe same respect to one-another in situation as they did in theire flight: then as soon as they were both let loose againe yethe aire would have as much power to move yethe ball as it had when they were in theire former flight: If it be answered ytthat yethe aire will be more compressed at (f) ynthan at (b) & consequently when let loose againe it will dilate it self & so begin a new motion. I answer how comes yethe aire to be more crouded behind yethe ball then before since since (a) will communicate as much force on (b) as it receives from r & yethe fore ꝑparte of yethe aire will croud no more on yethe latter parts ynthan yethe ball will croud on if it. Againe whence is it ytthat a peice of leade will move faster then a peice o farther & wthwith more force ynthan a peice of wood of yethe same bignesse since yethe aire will have yethe same influence on both. vide pag 51 2399 Of Reflection undulation & refraction. Why refraction is less in hot water ynthan cold If a peice of silver be boyled (that is bee first brushed & ynthen decocted wthwith salt & tartar & perhaps other ingredients it will looke very white, but burnish it wthwith a peice of steele & it will be a perfect speculum. Whither yethe backsid of a cleare glas reflect light in vacuo Since there is refraction in vacuo as in yethe aire it follows ytthat yethe same subtile matter in yethe aire & in vacuo causeth refraction Try Whither yethe aire Glasse hath yethe same refraction in Mr Boyles Receiver, yethe aire being drawn out, wchwhich it hath in yethe open aire. How long a pendulum will undulate in Mr Boyls Receiver? &c. 24 Of Fier Whither flame will descend in Tor: vacuo or not. & what other Phænomena (as dilatacōion & transparencey) hath it. 2570100 Of Aer Whither yethe parts of air be les ynthan ymthem of light or no. Whither it consist of branchy bodys not foulded together but lying upon one another Cartes Whither The height of yethe Atmosphere may bee known from Torricellius his experiment. What is yethe utmost naturall dilatacon of yethe aire may be known by Torricellius his Experiment The velocity of air, wind, or water may be known by yethe resistance wchwhich a moveing body hath in standing air or water. What quantity of angle ought a Wind mill saile to make wthwith yethe wind. &c. in yethe resolution of this must be considered yethe ordinary velocity of yethe wind & of yethe saile (yethe quantity of yethe wind hitting yethe saile i: e:) yethe perpendicular breadth of yethe saile to yethe wind, & yethe obliquity of yethe saile to yethe wind. Whither is salt or fresh water easlier moved & more pellucid. refracts more & easlier frozen. Of Water & Salt Whither fresh water consist of long bending attomes parts & salt of stiffe & long ones. yethe first is false because it could never bee frozen. 2 they would twist & about one another so as they would not be fluid but onely soft. 3 they would ly too close together to admit light through them for being pliable they would fill up every corner & hence they would bee exceeding heavy. 4 they would not refract light so well, for beeing they would bee soft & so not firmely resist yethe pure matter as Glass doth & Cartes would have ytthat matter to passe swiftlier where it findes strongest resistance & refraction to be from hence ytthat yethe matter passeth swiftliest wchwhich therefore should bee in water. 65 twould scarce seperate salt so soone. & when if it seperate it by laping about it ynthen when it hath seperated as much as it can of one kind of Salt it could seperate no more of another wchwhich is false 6 The aire being a stubborne body (because of branchy parts) would instantly quell there circular motion when they are rarefied. Why water is clearer ynthan vapors. Whither burning waters & hot spirits be of small spericallsphericall & ovall figudured parts & have many such globulis as fire is of they are 1 because such are f easliest seperated in distilllationsdistillations 2 because they are easliest agitated & so heate & enliven men 3 they must have many small & sollid attomes in ymthem because so easly fired. Why doth hot water first contract it selfe (viz in cooleing) & ynthen dilate it selfe before & as it freezeth. Why doth salt & snow freese other water. & why is heated water sooner frozen ynthan other raw water. Whither be ther more vapors when yethe aire is clearest. How salt hinders corruption. but fresh water helpes it. Why (though salt bee heavier yet) it will mix wthwith water. & gather into graines at yethe top of it Whither water be salter at yethe poles ynthan equater ynthan yethe poles becaus tis there exhaled but may fall againe at yethe poles. Cartes Why salt water sea water is not so apt to quench fier & why it will sparkle in yethe night but not if kept long in a vassell. why yethe superficies of water is lesse divisible ynthan tis within = vid pag 47 27101 Of Earth Its conflagration testified 2 Peter 3d, vers 6, 7, 10, 11, 12. The wiked (probably) to be punished thereby 2 Pet: 3 chap: vers 7. The succession of worlds, probable from Pet 3c. 13v. in wchwhich text an emphasis upon yethe word wee is not countenanced by yethe Originall. Rev 21c. 1v. Isa: 65c, 17v. 66c, 22v. Days & nights after yethe judgment Rev 20c, 10 v. Philosophy Occult Qualityes The nature of things is more securely & naturally deduced from their operacōions one upon another ythan upon orour senses. And when by yethe former Experiments we have found yethe nature of bodys, by yethe latter wee may more clearely find yethe nature of orour senses. But so long as wee are ignorant of yethe nature of both soule & body wee cannot clearely distinguish how far an act of sensation proceeds from yethe soule & how far from yethe body &c. 29102 Atraction Magneticall 1 The motion of any magneticall ray may bee knowne by attracting a needle in a corke on water. 2 Whither a magneticall pendulum is perpendicular to yethe Horizon or not, & whither iron is heaviest wnwhen impregnated, or when yethe north pole or southpole is upmost. Coroll. A perpetuall motion . 3 Whither magneticall rays will blow a candle move a red hot copper or iron needle, or passe through a red hot plate of copper or iron 4 A perpetuall motion . 5 Whither a loadestone will not turne around a red hot iron fashioned like wind mill sailes as yethe wind doth ymthem. Perhaps cold iron may reflect yethe magn: rays 6 wthwith ytthat pole wchwhich shuns yethe lodestone. 6. A perpet: Motion . Or, 30 Vegetables. Suppose a b yethe pore of a Vegitable filled wthwith fluid mater & ytthat yethe Globule c doth hitt away yethe particle b, ynthen yethe rest of subtile matter in yethe pores riseth from a towards b. & by this meanes juices leaving dreggs in yethe pores & ynthen wanting passage stretch yethe pores to make ymthem as wide as before they were clogged. wchwhich makes yethe plant bigger untill yethe pores are too narow for yethe juice to arise through yethe pores & ynthen yethe plant ceaseth to grow any more. 31103 Attraction Electricall & Filtration. Whither filtration be thus caused. The aire beiing a stubborne body if it be next little pores into wchwhich it can enter it will be pressed into ythem (unles therey be filled by something else) yet ther it will have some reluctance out wards like a peice of bended whale bone crouded into a hole wthwith its middle ꝑparte forwards. if ynthen water whose (ꝑparts are loose & pliable) have opportunity to enter ytthat hole yethe aire will draw it in by striveing it selfe to get out. The aire too being continually shakēen & moved in its smallest parts by vaporous particles every where tossed up & downe in it as appeares by its heate, it must needs strive to get out of all such cavity wchwhich doe hinder its agitation: & this may be yethe cheife reason sponges draw up water. But in paper ropes hempe thedsthreds fiddle-strings betwixt whose particles there is noe aire or but a little & it so pend up ytthat it can nscarce get out the cause may be this. ytthat yethe parts of those bodys are crushed closer together ynthan there nature will well permit & as it were bended like yethe laths of crosbows so ytthat they have some reluctancy against ytthat position & strive to get liberty wchwhich they cannot fully doe unless some other bodys come betweene ymthem as aire or water but where aire cannot enter water will (as appeares in ytthat it will get through a bladder wchwhich aire cannot doe &c) wherefore when opportunity offers it selfe by striving to get assunder they draw in yethe ꝑparts of water betwixt ythem Of light see pag 82 Why light passeth easlier through white ynthan black paper. & yet more efficaciously reflected from it. How light is conveyed from yethe Sun or fire wthwithout stops. Light is easlier admitted into black ynthan reflected from it, for hold a paper twixt you & light wthwith a black spot in it & it is blacker when towards you, ynthan when to yethe light. Light can̄nnot be by pressiōon & for ynthen wee should see in yethe night aas wel or better ynthan in yethe day we should se a bright light about us becaus we are pressed downewards wee should se when we shut orour eyes because orour eye lids press ymthem or when we put orour hands on orour eys. The sun would be long so long as we looke at yethe same thing ytthat pression is yethe same nay far greater. ther could be no refraction since matter yethe same matter cannot presse 2 ways, yethe * sun could not be quite eclipsed yethe Moone & planetts would shine like sunns. A man goeing or running, would see in yethe night. When a fire or candle is extinguish we lookeing another way should see a light. The whole East would shine in yethe day time & yethe west in yethe night by reason of yethe flood wchwhich carrys orour. Vortex a light would shine from yethe Earth since yethe subtill matter flows tends from yethe center. a * little body interposed could not hinder us from seing pression could not render shapes so distinct. There is yethe greatest pression on ytthat side of yethe earth from yethe ☉ or else it would not move about in equilibrio but from yethe ☉, therefore yethe nights should be lighestlightest. Also yethe Vortex is Ellipticall therefore light cannot come from the sone directly &c Whither yethe rays of light may not move a body as wind doth a mill saile. To know how swift light is. sSet a broade well pollisd looking glasse on a high steeple soe ytthat wthwith a Telescope 1, 2, 3, 10, or 20 miles of you may see yorour selfe in it & having by you a great candle in the night cover it & uncover it & observe how long tis before you see the 33104 Of Sensation The senses of divers men are diversly affected by yethe same objects according to yethe diversity of theire constitution To them of Java pepper is cold. If yethe orifice of yethe stomach be wounded it sooner dispatches a māan ynthan if yethe head: yethe former having greate sympathy wthwith yethe heart deads it & stops it motion & so sence ceaseth: yethe latter though it take away sence yet yethe hearts motion is not impeded thereby. The Common sensorium is either 1 yethe Whole body 2 yethe Orifice of yethe Stomack 3 yethe heart 4 yethe brain 5 yethe membranes 6 yethe septum lucidum 7 Some very small and perfectly sollid particle in yethe body 8 yethe Conarion 9 yethe Concurse of nerves about yethe 4th ventrickle of yethe braine. 10 The animall spirits in ytthat 4th ventricle. A ligature being tied sence & motion will be twixt yethe ligature & yethe head but not downwards. A frogs brain being peirced it looseth both sence & motion but it will leape & have its sence though its bowells bee taken out. Phisitians find yethe causes of lethargies Apoplexies Epilepsies &c diseases ytthat seiz on yethe Animall functions in yethe head. Vnles yethe braine be peirced so deepe as to reach yethe ventricles yethe wound will not take away sence & motion A man cannot see through yethe hole wchwhich a trepan makes in his head. Stones have beene found in yethe glandular pinealis & it is invironed with a net of veines & arteries. A Vertigo must be from yethe turning round of yethe spirits The least weight upon a mans brain when hee is trepanned maketh him wholly devoyd of sensation & motion Of Species visible S yethe Globulus of light a b c a cone of subtile matter wchwhich it carrys before it the better to cut yethe ether, wchwhich serves also to reflect it from other bodys. m l n yethe parting of yethe matter wchwhich lieth so much yethe closer by how much it is nigher yethe globulus. f, h, yethe matter pressing on yethe backsid & consequently helping it forwards qk, oqi, yethe matter returning to communicate yethe motion to yethe globules wchwhich it had before received of it. When it is reflected from i, k, i. e. when it hath given yethe ball its motion againe tis either reflected toward i, k, by yethe matter comeing from o & p towards q &c Or else it serves to swell yethe matter at oqp & so is left in yethe same condition ytthat yethe globulus found it in. 35105 Of Vision There is required some permanency in yethe object to perfect vison thus a coale whirled round is not like a coale but fiery circle or who can se a bullet pass by him. yet if yethe eye keep motion wthwith yethe thing moved it sees it right One eye shutting or being perst yethe pupill of yethe other open both yethe eyes being opened together, dilate, & cotractcontract, & dilate. Vppon passion these spirits ebb & flow. Dymnesse may come from yethe deficiency of these spirits, & yethe Optick nerve obstructed Rays from yethe same point in an object strikeing upon several respective places in either both yethe eyes do seeme make yethe object seeme two as when an aye is deprest viz: ynthen theire two axes respect not yethe same point, in ytthat object. B Things of yethe darker colorour are easliest burned i.e. have loosest parts. A mans Eye struck sparkeleth. The Eys being distorted a man may see yethe same parte of yethe same object, in two divers places wthwith both eys at once or successively wthwith one eye after another, & also hee may see two divers objects wthwith one eye after another but in yethe same place successively but not at once (wthwithout varying the posture of his eys or of yethe object, but onely by covering yethe one eye first & then yethe the other, or by being intent wthwith one eye first & then wthwith the other. wchwhich is an argument either ytthat yethe image in yethe braine is painted on a superficies, or else ytthat yethe Optick nerves at their meeting before they enter the braine doe sort their capilamenta & uniteing there each caplilamentum of the one eye to its fellow capilamentum of yethe other eye. Soe yntthat wnwhen yethe eyes conspire not towards yethe same object but have divers pictures painted upon yethe same capila correspondent capillamenta yethe stronger picture at their meeting of those capillamenta drownes yethe weaker &c: Quære: whither fantasy as well as sight is not done in plano? That whither wee can imagine two like things to bee one behind another as we can do them one beside another. Resp: Noe but wee can understand them so. Quære: why doth yethe forcible turning of yethe eye one way wthwith yethe finger make yethe object seeme to move the other way but not yethe voluntary turning of it. Of Colours. That darke colours seeme further of ynthan light ones may be from hence bee ytthat they beames loose little of theire force in reflecting from a white body because they are powerfully resisted thereby but a darke body by reason of yethe loosenes of its parts give some admission to yethe light & reflects it but weakly & so yethe reflection from whitenes will be sooner at yethe eye. or else because yethe whit sends beams wthwith more force to yethe eye & givs it a feircer knock. Coulors arise either from shaddows intermixed wthwith light, or or stronger & weaker reflection or [arts of yethe body mixed wthwith & carried away by light. From some of these ariseth splendor & dullnesse A shining colour though black reflecteth an Objects rayes perfecter ynthan dull white one as black horne black pollished leather &c better ynthan white paper. & contrarywise. But pollished black shineth best A window lying open to yethe south will bee tincted wthwith yethe colour of yethe curtane. A paper written on put twixt yethe eye & yethe light yethe letters towarsds yethe light looke dim yethe light being refracted in yethe paper after its' past yethe inke: but yethe letters on this side looke perfect yethe light comeing streight to yethe eye wthwithout any refraction Why are coles black and ashes white. No colour will arise out of yethe mixture of pure black & white for ynthen pictures drawne wthwith inke would be coloured or printed would seeme coloured at a distance & yethe verges of shadows would be coloured. as therefore & lamb black & spanish whiteing would produce colours whence they cannot arise from more or lesse reflection of light or shadows mixed wthwith light. vide pag 69 37106 Of Sounds A man may heare yethe beatings of his owne pulse. In every sound yethe eight above it but not below it seemes to bee heard. (for there being is some more subtile, some more grosse matter in yethe aire, & yethe subtilest matter is prone to quickest vibrations, though yethe motion of both proceede from yethe same cause, as yethe vibration of a string or pipe thus twiggs vibrate ofter ynthan branches. Also these motions doe least check one yethe other & are most congruous to yethe string or pipes motion when yethe ones vibrations are double in number to yethe others. Hence a sound & its eight are never seperate. The greatest & grossest ꝑpart of yethe aire matter in yethe aire will doth comply wthwith yethe strings motion for were it slower it could not give way to yethe motion of yethe string & it will scarce bee quicker by reason of its tenacious nature for one string struck by yethe mediation of yethe air moves an unison string of another instrument better ynthan ytthat wchwhich is an Eight above or below it & yethe string is easliest moved by yethe air when its motion can be most comformable to yethe motion of yethe greatest ꝑparte of yethe aire. Nor can any considerable quantity of matter give move slower ynthan yethe string because it gives way to yethe strings motion Hence yethe & were there, yet itits motion being 4 times slower ynthan ytthat of yethe subtilest matter can scarce bee perceptible. Hence each sound hath its concomitant 8th, & ꝑperhaps 15th & 22th to a good eare, above but not below it. Hence 8ths seeme to bee unisons. And And violenter breathing raiseth yethe sound & sight or 15th not a 12th, or but seldom to a twelft. Quære, In wtwhat proportion yethe sound decreaseth in its progresse from yethe fountaine. viz: If yethe sound bee (a) at yethe distance (b) it shall be (

\frac{a b b}{x x}

) at yethe distance x. Why doth yethe sound of a Bell quaver or shake like a mans voyce? Because yethe Bell vibrates sometimes directly somtimes obliquly towars a man How swiftly doe sounds move, & whither are acute or grave sounds the swifter? SoundSounds, are much fainter in yethe exhausted receiver then in the open Aire. Boyle Exper 27. Of Odours & Sapors 39107 Of Touching A man hath beene deprived of his feeling. SrSir K. Digby Of Generation & Coruption In winter expose yethe liquor of decocted hearbes to yethe cold aire & in yethe morning under yethe ice, there will apeare yethe figure & colour of yethe plant from wchwhich it was taken from it may be yethe ice keep those attomes from avolition. There is an artificiall resurrection of plants from theire ashes. dissolved salt uppon its fixation returnes to its affected cubes. Figures of mineralls are regular: as ChistallChristall Hexagonall: yethe Fairy stone hemisphæricall. yethe stone Asteria of a stellar figure. yethe Misselto, & mosse grows upon other tress. A worme may turne to a Butterfly Tadpoles grow to frogs fly's eggs to be wormes & ynthen flys againe 41108 Of Memory Messala Corvinus forgot his owne name. One by a blow wthwith an stone forgot all his learning. Another by a fall from a horse forgot his mothers name & kinsfolkes. A young student of Montpelier by a wound lost his memory so ytthat he was faine to be taught yethe letters of yethe Alphabet againe. The like befell a Franciscan frier after a fever Thucidides writes of some who after theire recovery from yethe greate pestilence at Athens forgot yethe names & persons of theire freinds & themselves too not knowing who they were or by wtwhat names they were called. Atque etiam quosdam cepisse oblivia rerum Cunctarum, neque se possent cognoscere ut ipsi. lucretius Dr Mores immort: Things out of mind are remembred sometimes by meeting wthwith other things of like nature: as dreames never thought uppon in ytthat morning at yethe time of awakeing are remembred by some actions of yethe like nature met wthwithall in yethe day time. Forgetfullnesse ariseth sometimes out of yethe want of thinking of things. Things seene & words heard at yethe same distance are distinctly remembred. So are distance & widenes or extension & bignesse. So are things wchwhich enter not yethe sences as meditations, thoughts, dreames, & ytthat a man hath remembred. Meditations reminde a man of actions, & actions of meditatio. Colours, actions, sounds loud softly, high & low, Time as ytthat 2 things were done together or so long after one another reconing how long since such a thing done by counting yethe time from one action to another untill yethe præsent time. A man cannot remember what hee never thought uppon as a blow or prick or noise in his sleepe yethe things & sounds wchwhich hee heares & sees but minds not. Objects from either eye or eare affect yethe memory alike. The same thing seene or heard from divers places or distances acte alike on yethe memory Things done in yethe same time helpe yethe memory of one another If memory bee done by characters in yethe braine yet yethe soule remembers too, for shee must remember those characters. 4342109 vid: pag: 75Immagination. & Phantasie & invention We can fancie yethe thing wee see in a right posture wthwith yethe heeles upward. Phantasie is helped by good aire fasting moderate wine. but spoiled by drunkenesse, Gluttony, too much study, (whence & from extreame passion cometh madnesse), dizzinesse commotions of yethe spirits Meditation heates a yeoungthe brain in some to distraction in others to an akeing & dizzinesse The boyling blood of youth puts yethe spirits upon too much motion or else causetcauseth too many spirits. but could age make yethe brain either twotoo dry to move roundly through or else is defective of Spirits yet theire memory is bad. A man by heitning his fansie & immagination may bind anothers to thinke what hee thinks as in yethe story of yethe Oxford scollar in Glanvill Van of Dogmatizing. When I had looked upon yethe Sun I shut my eyes & there appeared nothing untill I strongly fancied yethe ☉ to be befo all light couloured bodys appeared red & darke coloured bodys appeared red blew. 2 If I looked on white paper wthwith my bare eye it looked red, but if I looked on it wthwith through a very little hole so ytthat but a little light could come to my eye from yethe paper it looked greene .hence I guess ytthat 3 after yethe motion of yethe spirits in my eye were almost decayed that I could see all thing wthwith theire natūural colours I shut it & could see noe colour or image till I heightned my fantasie of seeing ☉ & ynthen began to appeare a blew spot wchwhich grew ligter by degress in yethe midst untill it was white & bright in yethe midst next to wchwhich were ciclescircles of red, yellow, grene, blew purle, all wchwhich were sometimes encompassed wthwith a darke greene or red. Sometimes yethe whole spot would turne very blew sometimes most of it red. After I opened my eye againe, white bodys looked red & darke ones blew as if I was had newly looked on yethe Sunne whence Sympathy & Antipathie To one pallate ytthat is sweete wchwhich is bitter to another The same thing smells gratefully to one displeasinly to another Objects of sight move not some but cast others into an extasie Musicall aires are not heard by all wthwith alike pleasure. The like of touching.