Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.6) Isaac Newton c. 27,768 words Newton Project London 2006-12-22 Newton Project, Imperial College

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 c. 1670s-1680s, in English with quotations in Latin and Greek, c. 27,925 words, 210 ff. 210 ff.

in English with quotations in Latin and Greek

 Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.7) [Yahuda Ms. 1.7]Yahuda Ms. 1Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.5) [Yahuda Ms. 1.5] Yahuda Ms. 1.6, National Library of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel IsraelJerusalemNational Library of Israel Yahuda Mss Yahuda Ms. 1.6 SL227 and 2 bundles from SL228; also (according to a note appended to Yahuda Var. 1 Ms. 10) 8 ff. of SL248; possibly other material c. 1670s-1680s England English Latin Greek Holograph Unknown Cataloguer ReligionProphecy Catalogue information compiled by Rob Iliffe, Peter Spargo & John Young Transcription and tagging using Newton DTD 1x0 by John Young Converted to modified TEI DTD by Michael Hawkins Greek and symbols encoded and outstanding tagging issues resolved by John Young Updated to Newton V3.0 (TEI P5 Schema) by Michael Hawkins Coding error corrected by John Young Catalogue exported to teiHeader by Michael Hawkins
1 The first Trumpet.

The wars of yethe first Trumpet have these three characters. 1 They are to be the wind wchwhich blows next after that calmness wherewthwith yethe seventh seal begins, that is the first notable invasion wchwhich breaks forth after yethe year 380. 2 They are to be an Eastern wind, that is a war in yethe regions eastward of Rome. 3 In this war there is to be one or more great battels wthwith loss to that side signified by the earth; that is to yethe enemies of yethe Roman Empire. ffor by Def yethe hail & fire mingled wthwith blood signify great battels, & their being cast on the earth denotes the overthrow of that side signified by the earth, & yethe earth is that people wchwhich aa Apoc 12.1 takes part wthwith yethe woman against yethe Dragon, at length swallowing up yethe waters wchwhich yethe Dragon cast out of his mouth, & consequently is at enmity wthwith yethe Dragon, that is wthwith yethe Roman Empire.

The people of yethe Empire are signifed by yethe watry element as by yethe bb Apoc. 12waters wchwhich yethe Dragon cast out of his mouth, by yethe cc Apoc 17.1, 15.many waters where yethe whore sitteth & by the dd Apoc 13.1sea out of wchwhich yethe ten horned Beast arose & therefore yethe earth must be yethe enemy to yethe Empire, becaus, as I intimated above, yethe inhabitants of yethe Earth & Sea chap 12.12, are two sorts of people; and yethe winds wchwhich hurt this earth & Sea ch 7.2, are yethe wars between them whereby they are alternately hurt. Conceive therefore that yethe compas of yethe Empire is this political sea & ytthat yethe nations round about it, are the earth wchwhich bounds & comprehends it as yethe natural earth does an inland sea; for this similitude I suppose was yethe ground of yethe figure: & thus yethe hail storm falling on the earth will signify the overthrow in battel of yethe barbarians in battel.

These are the characters of this Trumpet & these the two first of these direct us to yethe invasions wchwhich brake forth immediately after the death of Theodosius. ffor during the reign of that Emperor yethe Empire flourished very much bearing up against yethe indeavours of all forreign enemies, & injoying a more then usuall tranquility. There were indeed between yethe wars of Maximus & Eugenius some attempts upon Gallia by the 2 the Franks, but these were but short & unsuccessfull & may be compared rather to gentle breathings then winds But so soon as Theodosius was dead, Ruffin to whom Theodosius left yethe tuition of Arcadius thinking to get yethe Empire to himself called in all yethe nations of yethe North to trouble yethe Roman waters.

And first Alaric wthwith a great Army of Goths & other Barbarians the very same year brake out of Thrace into Macedon sparing neither towns nor men & going thence by Thessaly into Achaia he rased all cities in his way but all cities in his way almost the whole country & amongst other cities Thebes & Athens. Then rushing into Peloponnesus he laid wast Corinth Argos & Sparta wthwith many other cities & from thence he betook himself into Epire, where he continued yethe same depopulations. And the next year going out of Epire he overran Achaia, & for four years together continued to wast it & Epire & yethe neighbouring Provinces wthwith fire & depopulation.

AtAbt yethe same, or immediately after happened that notable expedition of Radagaisus: described above of wchwhich Prosper: Anno 11 Are - delevit. So Augustine De Civit. Dei lib 5 Cum Rad. inquit, - necaretur. Thes two places compared seem to confirm yethe number of yethe army set down by Zosimus. But whereas D. August. says ytthat none of yethe Romans were wounded ytthat is scarce to be understood wthwithout an Hyperbola. Yet this may said for it: That yethe Romans came not in to yethe sta. till yethe Huns H & S. wthwith their H. & G. - confusion; ffor H. & S. were hired by yethe Romans agt yethe enemy, & Marcelline writes: Huldin - confecerunt.

I told you how yethe rest of yethe this great Army after this battel betook themsels to yethe Hill Fæsula & were for want of sustenance there were all soon forced to yield themselvs captives. Tanta vero - pretijs. The cause of their death was probably their being famished in yethe mountain, & afterwards filling their bellies too suddenly. And thus was all this vast Army consumed as it were in a moment.

Not long after this yethe Army of Huldin also being returned into Thrace submitted to yethe common law. Namqꝫque mimas - Let us hear Claudian who brings in Rome thus speaking to I supplicating Iupiter - The like plagues on yethe other sidesside yethe Mediterranean Synesius in Epist 58 ad Episcopos thus briefly mentions: Avdp. - But let us hear PhilostorgiusPhilostorgius's who descriptiōon of these things overeven all the Roman world over: Ait, saith he autem ( referente Photio) quod sua - But Philostorgius's description is more full & universall. Philostorgius also acquaints us wthwith these & other unusuall plagues prodigiously calamitous all yethe Roman world over.

About the same time that Alaric began these devastations, there breaksbrake into Thrace & Pannonia from beyond yethe Danube a great hand of Huns, Alans, Ostrogoths Sarmatans, Quades & Marcomans, who harassed all those & the adjacent regions for some years together, but chiefly Thrace: aa Theodoret l 5 c 32 & 33 wchwhich also together wthwith bb Sozom. l 8 c. 4. Socrat. l 6. c 6. Asia smarted very much under yethe depopulations of Gainas a Goth & one of Arcadius's Generals who rebelling turning traitor about yethe same time cc Sozom l 8. c 4. Socr: l 6. c 6. called out of into Thrace the Empire from beyond Ister great numbers of Ostrogoths & conspired wthwith Tribigildus or Targibilus another Goth who being set over some bands of the barbarians in Asia wthwithdrew his obedience & fell to depopulate Phrygia Pamphilia Lydia & yethe adjacent regions wthwithout allies

And that no part of yethe East might be free, there flowed in yethe second same or the next year of the irruption (AD 397) another very great inundation of Huns from yethe regions of Tanais & Mæotis into both Armenias Syria Cappadocia Cilicia &c & yethe neighbouring Provinces; wchwhich when the had wasted for some years together they make their way through Asia minor into Thraceswiftly overrunning & wasting those regions for some years together. [And besides all this Targibilus a Goth set over some bands of the Goths in Asia minor wthwithdrew his obedience & fell to depopulate Cappadocia Cilicia Phrygia Pamphilia Lydia & yethe adjacent regions wthwithout all mercy].

The time & occasion of Alaric's irruption you have thus exprest in Marcelline's chronicle. Indic 9. Olybrio et Probrino Coss. Theodosius apud Mediolanum vita decessit. Ruffinus clam Aradio Principi insidias tendens Alaricum Gothorum regem missis ei clam pecunijs, infestum reip. fecit, et in Græciam misit. Porro detecto dolo suo Ruffi nus 3 nus ab Italicus militibus trucidatus est. But yethe manner of yethe

- but chiefly a Thrace. And at yethe same time also there flowed another great inundation of Huns from yethe regions of Tanais & Mæotis into both Armenias, Syria, Cappadocia & Cilicia. And besides all this a Thrace & b Asia smarted very much under yethe depopulations of Gainas a Goth & one of Arcadius's Generalls: who turning Traitor c called into yethe Empire from beyond Ister great numbers of Ostrogoths & conspired wthwith Tribigildus (or Targibilus) another Goth who being set over some bands of yethe barbarians in Asia, withdrew his obedience & fell to depopulate Phrygia, Pamphilia Lydia & yethe adjacent regions. And after them the Isauri from the recesses of yethe mountain Taurus overspread first Armenia Cilicia Mesopotamia, & both Syrias, & then Cilicia all the lesser Asia to yethe very Hellespont, together wthwith the Island Cyprus. Nor did Egypt Lybia & Cyrene suffer less by the invading Mazaces & Auxorians into both Armenias Syria Cappadocia & Cilicia. And after them yethe Isauri fom the Mountain Taurus overflowed first Mesopotamia & both Syrias, & then Cilicia. And I may add also the troubles wchwhich Gilda caused in CyrereneCyrene & part of Afric.

The grassation of Alaric is Grece is thus described by Zosimus thus describes more fully.Zosim l 5. Alaricus e Thracia discedebat et in Macedoniam Thessaliamqꝫque progrediebatur interjecta cuncta diruens - Dein transitis Therm aditu per Thermopilas in ** i.e. Achaiam Græcim concesso, Barbari mox ad expeditam agrorum direptionem et universum oppidorum excidium progrediebantur, viros quidem cujusvis ætatis interrimentes, pueros autem et mulierculas gregatim una cum opibus universis ceu partam prædam abigentes. Ac Boætia quidem tota cæteræqꝫque Græcæ nationes, quascunqꝫque post occupatum aditum illum Thermopylarum transibant barbari, plane jacebant; et eversionem suam hodièqꝫque spectatoribus intuendam exhibent, solis Thebis partim ob urbis munitionem conservatis partim quod Alaricus Athenas capere properans, earum obsidioni non inhæsisset. - Sed Atheniensium civitas hoc tempore in extremum conjecta periculum evasit. Alaricus autem Attica tota Alaricus autem Attica tota vastationis experte relicta in Mega ridem transibat et oppido primo impetu capto, Pelopponnesum itinere continenti petebat obstaculum nullum expertus Cumqꝫque Gerontius Istmi transeundi copiam ei fecisset omnes ab eo deinceps urbes citra laborem et pugnam capi poterant, quod nullis essent munitæ mœnibus propter eam securitatem & defensionem quam Istmus eis præstabat. Itaqꝫque confestim prima corinthus & & confestim prima Corinthus cum finitimis oppidis vi capiebantur, & secundum hanc Argos una cum ijs locis quæ inter hanc & Lacedæmonem interjacent. Ipsa quoqꝫque in societatem captæ Græciæ Sparta veniebat. Although Zosimus here writes that Attica & the Cities Thebes & Athens escaped these flames yet Baronius out of Ierom Claudian & Ierom Claudian & Eunapius proves the contrary: Ad Ann. 395. sec 16 & 17. The pasage out of Claudian is this: Si tunc his - ☉

Claud in Ruffin lib 2. ☉ Si tunc his animis acies collata fuisset, Prodita non tantas vidisset Græcia clades, Oppida semoto Pelopeia Marte vigerent; Starent Arcadiæ, starent Lacedæmonis arces, Nec fera ai.e. Athenienses. Cecropias traxissent vincula matres.

In yethe passage of Eunapius, besides other things, are these words: Infinitæ & inexplicabiles clades non multò post exundarunt (quas in historiæ spatiosis campis diffusius narravimus -) quando Alaricus cum barbaris per Thermopylarum fauces pervasit non secus quàm per apertum stadium aut campum liberum & equorum decursui patentem. To wchwhich I may add this passage of Synesius in Epist 135 Ad Fratrem: Nihil, jam Athenæ splendidum habent præter celeberrima locorum nomina. Ac velut ex hostia consumpta sola pellis superest, animalis, quod olim fuerit aliquanda fuerat, indicium: sic inde deducta Philosophia restat ut oberrando Academiam ac Lycæum mireris - Athenæ quondam civitas fuit, domicilium Philo- Philosophorum; nunc eam mellatores celebrant.

But these & such like instances particulars it is not worth yethe while to insist on since they are but gleaning bear wthwith bear no proportion to that store wchwhich are but a few casuall scattering instances of that store can amount to but a few instances of those abundant judgments wchwhich Philostorgius tells us to recount particularly was above yethe power of man

The irruption of yethe Huns from beyond yethe Danube into Armenia & yethe adjacent Provinces Sozomenus in lib 8. c 25 remembers thus. Hunni Istrūum transgressi Thraciam populabantur. Et in Isauria latrones in turbam congregati ad Cariam usqꝫque et Phœniciam civitates affligebant & vicos. And in lib 8 c 1 he touches upon the other irruption into Armenia & & Syria. Hac, ait, tempestate (i.e. sub initio Arcadij) Hunni Barbari Armeniani et nonnullas alias orientales Imperij partes devastarunt. Ferebatur autem quod eos clanculum ad imperij limina introduxisset Ruffinus Præfectus Orientis. But Ierom who was then in the East in the time of this irruption, describes it more largely thus in his thirtieth Epistle. Quærentibus, ait, nobis dignum tantæ feminæ Fabiolæ habitaculum - ecce subito discurrentibus nuncijs oriens totus intremuit. Ab ultima Mæotide inter 4 glacialem Tanaim et Massagetarum immanes populos ubi Caucasi rupibus feras gentes Alexandri claustra cohibent erupisse Hunnorum examina quæ pernicibus equis huc illucqꝫque volitantia cædis pariter ac exercitus et bellis civilibus in Italia tenebatur. Insperanti ubiqꝫque aderant et famam celeritate vincentes non religioni non dignitatibus non ætati parcebant non vagientis miserebantur infantiæ Cogebantur mori qui nondum vivere cœperant. Et nescientes malum suum inter hostium manus ac tela ridebant. Consonus inter omnes rumor petere eos Hierosolymam, et ob nimiam auri cupiditatem ad hanc urbem percurrere. Mari neglecti pacis incuria sartiebantur. Antiochia obsidebatur. Tyrus se volens a terra abrumpere tiōon insulam quærebat antiquam. Tunc et nos compulsi sumus parare naves, ess in littore, adventum hostium præcavere, & sævientibus ventis magis barbaros metuere quàm naufragium, [non tam nostræ saluti quam virginum castimoniæ providentes.] Erat in illo tempore quædam apud nos dissentio, & barbarorum pugnam domestica bella superabant. Nos in oriente tenuerunt jam fixæ & inveteratum locorum sanctorum desiderium

And in his third Epistle the same Ierom written I suppose in the end of yethe second I suppose in yethe second third year of yethe irruption (AD 396397) the same Ierom describes & laments & laments yethe afflicted estate of yethe empire on both sides yethe Hellespont. Horret, inquit, animus temporum nostrorum ruinas persequi. Viginti et eo amplius anni sunt cum inter Constantinopolim et Alpes Iulias quitidie Romanus sanguis effunditur. Scythiam Thraciam Macedoniam Dardaniam Daciam Thessaliam Achaiam Epiros Dalmatiam cunctasqꝫque Pannonias; Gothus, Sarmata Quadus, Alanus, Hunni, Vandali Marcomanni vastant trahunt rapiunt: Quot Matronæ, quot virgines Dei et ingenua nobiliaqꝫque corpora his belluis fuere ludibrio? Capti Episcopi, interfecti Presbyteri, et deversorum officia clericorum: Eversæ Ecclesiæ, et ad Altaria Christi stabulati equi, Martyrum effossæ reliquiæ: Vbiqꝫque luctus, ubiqꝫque genitus, & plurima mortis 5 mortis imago. Romanus Orbis ruit, et tamen cœpisse non flectitur. Quid putas animi nunc habere Corinthios, Athenienses, Lacedæmonios, Arcadas cunctamqꝫque Græciam quibus imperant Barbari? Et ecce paucas urbes nominavi in quibus olim fuere regna non modica. Immunis ab his malis videbatur Oriens et tantum nuncijs consternatus. Ecce tibi anno præterito ex ultimis Caucasi rupibus immissi in nos non jam Arabiæ sed Septentrionis Lupi tantas brevi Provincias percurrerunt. Quot monasteria capta? Quantæ fluviorum aquæ humano cruore mutatæ sunt? Obsessa Antiochia, et urbes reliquæ quas Halys Cydnus Orontes Euphratesqꝫque præterfluunt. Tracti greges captivorum. Arabia Phœnice Palestina Ægyptus timore captivæ Non, mihi si linguæ centum sint, oraqꝫque centum; fferrea vox, Omni pœnarum percurrere nomina possim, Neqꝫque enim historiam proposui scribere sed nostras breviter flere miserias. And a little after he adds. Nostris vitijs Romanus superatur exercitus Et quasi non hæc sufficerent cladibus, plus pene bella civilia quam hostilis mucro consumpsit.

Claudian alsoClaud. in Ruffin lib 2. a judicious an intelligent heathen who was equally an eye witness & sufferer in this tempest, describes it very elegantly in a Poem written at yethe same time, viz. AD 397 or 398: opportunely (viz: about yethe year 398 or a little after,) comparing it to yethe relaxation of a wind as if he meant to be an interpreter.

Ventis veluti si fræna remittat Æolus, abrupto gentes sic obice ** Ruffinus scil.fudit Laxavitqꝫque viam bellis. Et nequa maneret Immunis regio, cladem divisit, in orbem Disposuitqꝫque nefas. Alij per terga ferocis Danubij solidata ruunt, expertaqꝫque remos ffrangunt stagna rotis. Alij per Caspia claustra Armeniasqꝫque nives inopion tramite ducti Invadunt Orientis opes. Iam pascua fumant Cappadocum voluerumqꝫque parens Argæus Equorum. Iam rubet altus Halys, nec se defendit in quo Monte Cilix. Syriæ tractus vastantur amœni. Assuetumqꝫque choris et læta plebe camaram Protexit imbellem sonipes hostilis Orientem Hinc 6 Hinc planctus Asia; Geticis Europa catervis Ludibrio prædæqꝫque datur, frondentis adusqꝫque Delmatiæ fines; Omnis qua mobile ponti Æquor et Hadriacas tellus interjacet undas Squalet inops pecudum nullis habitata colonis Instar anhelantis Lybiæ, quæ torrida sem Solibus, humano nescit mansuescere Thessalus ardet ager, reticet pastore fugato Pelion, Emathias ignis populatur aristas. Iam plaga Pannoniæ, miserandaqꝫque mœnia Thracum Arvaqꝫque Mysorum, jam nulli flebile damnum Sed cursus solennis erat: campusqꝫque furori Expositus, sensumqꝫque malis detraxerat usus. Eheu quam brevibus pereunt ingentia causis Imperium tanto quæsitum sanguine, tanto Servatum; quod mille ducum peperere labores Quod tantis Romana manus contexuit annis Proditor unus iners angusto tempore vertit. &c

The beginning of these miseries on this side yethe Hellespont the Poet a little before describes more particularly,Claud. de Ruffin lib 1.speaking thus of Ruffin.

Ille avidusAvidus prædo jam non per singula sævit Sed Scæptris inferre minas, omniqꝫque perempto Milite, Romanas audet prosternere vires Iam gentes Istrumqꝫque movet Scithiamqꝫque receptat Auxilio, traditqꝫque suas hostilibus armis Relliquias: mixtis descendit Sarmata Dacis Et qui cornipedes in pocula vulnerat audax Massagetes patriamqꝫque bibens Mæotim Alanus Membraqꝫque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus: Ruffino collecta manus, vetat ille domari Innectitqꝫque moras, et congrua tempora differt. Nam ** Ad Stiliconem loquitur de Ostrogothis. tua cum Geticas stravisset dextera turmas Vlta ducis socij letum, parsqꝫque una maneret Debilior facilisqꝫque capi: tunc impius ille Proditor imperij, conjuratusqꝫque Getarum Distulit instantes eluso Principe pugnas, Hunnorum laturus opem, quos affore bello Norat, et invisis mox se conjungere castris.

And a little after

Aspice barbaricis jaceant quot mœnia flammis Quas mihi Ruffinus clades quantumqꝫque cruoris Præbeat 7 Præbeat, et quantis epulentur cædibus Hydri.

The same ClaudianClaud. in Eutropium lib. in another poem written about yethe year 400 or soon after, thus further describes yethe desolations beyond yethe Hellespont.

Iam vaga pallentem densis terroribus aulam Fama quatit, stratas acies, deleta canebat Agmina, Mæonios fœdari cædibus agros Pamphilios Pisidasqꝫque rapi; metuendus ab omni Targibilus regione tonat; modo tendere cursum In Galatas, modo Bithynis incumbere fertur. Sunt qui per Cilicas rupto descendere Tauro: Sunt qui correptis ratibus, terraqꝫque mariqꝫque Adventare ferant. Geminantur vera pavoris Ingenio, longe spectari puppibus urbes Accensas, lucere fretum, ventoqꝫque citatas. Omnibus in pelago velis hærere favillas.

The desolation grassation of Targibilus Tribigildus you have thus described in Zosimus. Zos. l 5 Targibilus Tribigildusalias Tirbigildus non turmis Romanis sed barbaris in Phrygia subsistere jussis præerat. - Assumptis autem Barbaris in quos habebat imperium quicquid erat in medio situm invadebat, nec aut virorum aut mulierum aut puerorum cædibus abstinens et obvia quæqꝫque diripiens perexiguo tempore tantam coegit multitudinem mancipiorum aliarumqꝫque vilium personarum ut Asiam totam in extremum periculum conijceret. Nam et Lydia plena variæ perturbationis erat, omnibus prope dixerim ad loco maritima confugientibus, cumqꝫque suis universis ad insulas aliove navigantibus. Et Asia mari finitima periculum se quantum alias nunquam accidisset in proclivi conspecturam verebatur - TriTargibilus dein omni vastata Phrygia Pisidas adortus est - et factum ut obsistente nemine quævis oppida per vim caperentur, omnes illorum incolæ cum ipsis militibus interficerentur, nemo deniqꝫque barbarus Romanis amicus esset. After this yethe historian declares how when yethe forces of Targibilus Tribigildus were diminished, & his confæderate Gainas sent him new supplies: he raged more then before for a time & consumed one of the Roman armies wchwhich was sent against him. But let us hear Claudian's description of thisthese Tragedy in desolations composed in yethe time of yethe action: viz A D 399.

8 Claud. in Eutropium lib 2. - Ostrogothis colitur mixtisqꝫque Gothunnis Phrix ager - - - - - - - Iam vaga pallentem densis terroribus aulam Fama quatit, stratas acies, deleta canebat Agmina Mæonios fœdari cædibus agros Pamphilios Pisidasqꝫque rapi; metuendus ab omni Targibilus regione tonat; modò tendere cursum In Galatas, modo Bythinis incumbere fertur. Sunt qui per Cilicas rupto descendere Tauro Sunt qui correptis ratibus, terraqꝫque mariqꝫque Adventare ferant. Geminantur vera pavoris Ingenio, longe spectari puppibus urbes Accensas lucere fretum, ventoqꝫque citatas Omnibus in pelago velis hærere favillas.

The incursions of yethe Isauri are thus expressed briefly in Marcelline's Chronicle thus: Indic. 3: Stilicone 3o & Anthemio Coss: (i.e. A.D. 405) Isauri per montem Tauri discursantes ingens dispendium Reip. importarunt, quibus Narbaziacus Legatus majus continuò rependit incommodum. [And thus more at large in Zosimus: Dum familares Principis de vastatis [per ignem Constantinopoleos] ædificijs instaurandis cogitabant, allatus est Aulicis nuncius magnam Isaurorum multitudinem, quæ supra Pamphyliam Ciliciamqꝫque posita semper in asperrimis & inaccessis Tauri montibus degit in latronum manipulos divisam, regionem subjectam invadere. Ac opida quidem munita tentare non poterant, vicos autem mœnibus destitutos & obvia quævis irruendo vexabant: quos incursus id ipsis faciliores reddebat quod isthæc regio paulo ante fuisset ab hostibus capta Tribigilda cum barbaris suis rebellionem molito. His nunciatis Arbazacius Dux mittitur qui laborantibus Pamphyliæ rebus succurreret &c. Zosimus here sets down mentions their incursions only into Pamphylia & Cilicia, but out of Philostorgius who lived in those times it appears that they were of much greater extent.] And in Nicephorus thus Hunni Istrum gransgressi ThaciamThraciam vastantes percurrerunt Huldam ducem habentes. Et Isauri quidam prædones perquam feri ingenti coacta multitudine Phœniciam atqꝫque Cariam & quæ in medio sitæ sunt urbes excursionibus extremisqꝫque cladibus vexarunt. So Chrysostom Epist. 14 written in his journey into banishment A D 404 Cum in hoc statu res nostræ essent, subito ad nos affertur Isauros cum infinita hominum manu Cæsariensem regionem populari ac ingens quoddam oppidum incendisse, atqꝫque omni belli clade pervastasse. And in Epist 61 written afterwards from Armenia: Omnia hic cædibus tumultibus cruore atqꝫque incendijs plena sunt, Isauris nimirum cuncta ferro atqꝫque igne populantibus And again in Epist 69. Nos nuper quidem asperrima hieme loca subinde commutantes nunc in urbibus nunc in terræ faucibus & sylvis commorati sumus ab Isauris in nos impetum facientibus omni ex parte vexati & exagitati - Et præter, id quod singulos in dies, ut ita dicam, pro foribus nostris mors est, Isauris videlicet omnia invadentibus, atqꝫque igni & ferro tum corpora tum ædificia delentibus, famem etiam, quam loci angustia & eorum qui huc confugiunt multitudo minatur, pertimescimus. Sub Arcadio, saith Gothofredus (Comment. in 9 Cod. Theod. Tit. 35) multa de Isauris Iohannes Chrysostomus quæritur ante quadrennium A 404 cùm in exilium iret Cæsariæqꝫque esset, mox et exilij sui Cucusi in Tauro in Cilicia tempore: Nempe ad Olympiadem ep 13 & 14 ad Diogenem ep 114 et ad Gemellum & ep. ad Theodoritum ex Consularibus; & ep. ad Theodotum Lectorem et ep. ad Theodotum Diaconum & alijs multis: quibus locis ostendit quam formidabiles illi fuerint & quot mala perpetraverint. Videndus etiam Theodoretus, ubi de Iacobo Anachoreta, de vita sanct. patrum, in Iacobo c 21: Sed et Symesius non una epistola hoc ipsa tempore, & Zosimus superiore anno 404 lib 5 lib 5 Isauros eo tempore in Pamphiliam incursasse prolixè narrat, & ad hos comprimendo missum ducem Arbazacium (cujus meminit etiam Synesius ep 135) 234 ad Fritem ubi Artabazacus vocatur) in Pamphiliam qui Isauros latrones fuga dilapsos intra monttes persecutus fuerit complures eorum vicos cœperit, virorum multitudinem non exiguam multitudinem interfecerit. Gothofred. Comment. in 9 Cod. Theod. Tit. 35. The narration of Zosimus is this: Dum familiares Principis de vastatis [per ignem Constantinopoleos] ædificijs instaurandis cogitabant - vide pag: super. - Pamphyliæ rebus succurreret. Is ubi - latrones fuga dilapsos intra montes persecutus fuisset complures eorum villas cœpit, & virorum multitudinem non exiguam occidit &c. Further the lapsed state of Phœnicia, CœloSyria, & Egypt, & yethe declining condition of Lybia, Synesius then Bishop of Cyrene in Epist 73 ad Troilum thus hints. Quî fit ut Phœnicibus quidem Phœnices non imperent, nec Cœlosyri Cœlosyris, Ægyptij itidem omnibus potius Provincijs? quàm patriæ, ** Λίβυει Afri autem soli patriæ præficiantur? Soline Afri fortissimi sunt, ac legibus opponere sese constitutum habent? Quibus cùm plura adversus violatores supplicia aposita fuerint, tam depravata ingenia impetu in eas graviore præcipitant. Necesse est funditus perire funditus Pentapolin quæ Cyrene adjacet: sed fames & bellum nondum quantum satis est consumpserunt sed at moram faciunt & paulatim disperdunt. Afterward in epist 103 Ad Olympium he thus expresses speaks of yethe rasing desolation of Cyrene: Si philosophiam, inquit, idoneam esse dicam ad civitates erigendas ipsa nil Cyrene arguet quæ magis quàm ulla Ponti civitas jacet. And in many other epistles, as epist 57, 78, 93, he deplores yethe lamentable state of LibyaLybya Cyrenaica under yethe invading Ausurians, but chiefly in his CastastasisCatastasis a discours written in yethe 7th year of yethe invasion when yethe enemy had newly mastered all opposition & newly rased Pentapolis. Equidem nescio, inquit, quid de ijs calamitatibus dici oporteat quæ in oculis omnium versantur. - Pentapolitanæ res heri ac nudius tertius in Romanorum potestate manserant, qui deinceps amissa ea gente in recensendis suis Præfecturis suis illam præteribunt. Prorsus nunc de Pentapoli actum est; funditus inquam illa concidit: quævarijs quidem ærumnis annum jam septimum conflictari cœperat. Sed quemadmodum animal quoddam ægre moriens sic illa spiritus sui reliquias cogebat atqꝫque contrahebat. Felix sit Anysij memoria. Is enim annum ad illius tempus adjecit cum clypeis quidem omnium, Vnegardorum verò manibus opportunè uteretur. Itaqꝫque nonnihil dilata calamitas est. Neqꝫque enim confertis copijs regionem pervagati sunt; ad latrocinia sese converterunt, fugientes identidem atqꝫque irrumpentes. Posteaquam vero ter instructa acie præliari consilium mutarunt, nunc campos longe lateqꝫque omnes eques obtinet nunc intra intra mœnia conclusi milites tenentur, alij aliò dissipati, quod Cerealis tempore malum, accidit nec utiles sibi invicem esse possunt, quod non collectus unum ac coacti sunt. Quamobrem hostium res luculentæ & prosperæ sunt Qui enim inferiore anno velites erant, & ad fugam expediti nunc oppugnato This is enough to let you see how universal & wonderfully violent this storm was at yethe first irruption: in wchwhich when Alaric had for about four or five years together harrased yethe regions of yethe Greeks, he determins to invade yethe western Empire, & pasing into Dalmatia & Pannonia depopulated also those regions, & then breaksbrake through Noricum, comescame into Venetia, in a short time makesmade himself master of those cities, & beseigesbeseiged yethe Emperor Honorius at Hasta, so that every one began to think of leaving their seats in Italy. But Stilico (in ee Baron. Annal. An 403. sec 50 & 52. yethe year 403) beatsbeat him first at Pollentia wthwith a difficult but no table victory, & then again at Verona, compelling him wthwith yethe reliques of scattered forces to fly into Pannonia aa Sozom. l 8. c 25 where returning to his former obedience, he was honoured by Honorius wthwith a military præfecture. Whilst these things were doing Radagaisus a Pagan & King of another dynasty of the Goths prepared a far greater Army then that of Alaric, consisting of Goths Sarmatans & Germans to yethe number of four hundred thousand if we may beleive Zosimus, or according to yethe least accounts of bb Marcellin two hundred thousand & cc Oros. l 7. c 37 upward. With these he passed yethe Alps Iulian Alps & yethe regions of Venetia, & having wasted many cities in yethe way, beseiged Florence. In wchwhich seige when Stilico understood 9understood that he was intangled & hedged in wthwith mountains on all hands so that he had no room to dilate & draw up his army to battel & that his army hay divided into three parts, he wthwith Huldin & Saxus two confederate Princes of the Huns & Goths, unawares setsset upon ff Prosper chronone of yethe three parts of his army wthwith so great success that wthwith out any considerable loss of his own soldiers he slew gg D. August. de Civ. Dei l. 5. above a hundred thousand of yethe enemy. Whereupon Radagaisus terrified wthwith so great a slaughter betakesbetooke himself wthwith yethe remains of his Army from these valleys to yethe hill of Fæsula. But Stilico pursuespursued & beseigesbeseiged him there suffering none to escape nor any thing for sustenance to be carried thither. Wherefore seing he could neither fight by reason of the straitness of yethe place, nor subsist long there for want of sustenance he fleesfled privately from his Army, but iswas taken & killed & allalmost all yethe barbarians prest wthwith famin yeilded themselves captive. Tanta vero multitudo captivorum fuisse fertur (saith OrosiusOros l 7. c 37) ut vilissimarum pecudum modo singulis aureis passim greges hominum venderentur. Sed nihil superesse Deus de eodem populo sivit, nam illico cunctis qui emebantur morientibus, quod improbi emptores eorum non impenderunt turpiter pretijs, expenderunt misericorditer sepulturis. Having given you yethe history of yethe Eastern wind, the war to wchwhich yethe first Trumpet sounded: it remains that I now apply it to yethe particular actions exprest in that Trumpet. But for this end we are first to know what is meant by the third part of every thing in the four first Trumpets: & this we may best learn from yethe second Trumpet by considering what is meant by the third part of yethe sea. The sea I told you was yethe whole Roman Empire, & therfore yethe third part of it must be yethe third part of that Empire. And besides that wchwhich in yethe second Trumpet is called yethe third part of10 of the sea is in yethe second Viall called yethe sea, therefore it must be also a whole Empire & consequently yethe western Empire, ytthat being yethe third ꝑpart of yethe whole Roman dominions, as you may easily perceive by yethe map if you divide yethe whole into three equall parts according to yethe length. ffor Mesopotamia, Armenia major, Armenia minor, Mesopotamia, Syria, Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Cyrenaica Asia, Thrace Macedon &, Grece, & Illyricum to another third ꝑpart: & Afric, Illyricum Pannonia, Rhetia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to yethe third. And of these yethe two first are yethe eastern Empire & yethe third yethe western. This western sea therefore I take to be that wchwhich is meant by third part of the whole Roman Ocean, & thence by the analogy of the four first Trumpets, collect that yethe third part of every thing therein is an expression used to signify yethe third part of those things wchwhich are wthwithin this Empire: so ytthat although yethe wars of these four trumpets as they are in general represented by winds, may & by the sounding of Trumpets may sometimes extend beyond the bounds of this Empire, as we see this first wind extends through all regions beyond between Rome & yethe utmost bounds of the east: yet yethe holy Ghost when he comes to describe the particular actions done in the time of these Trumpets, neglects yethe Greek dominions & converts himself wholly to this Empire as if it were to set a mark upon it for some special end: Andand no wonder, for this is yethe ten horned beast in a strict sence as you shall hear hereafter, & you may perceive by the first Viall that these plagues have a speciall relation to that beast. Wherefore if by the earth here be understood all those BarbarbariansBarbarians wchwhich invading yethe Roman dominions come wthwithin the view of yethe Prophesy: by yethe third part of yethe trees & all hearbs wchwhich grow upon this earth we must understand that part of those barba- 11 barians wchwhich invaded yethe western Empire: that is, yethe Armies of Alaric & Radagaisus. And on these the storm of hail & fire mingled wthwith blood fell very heavy consuming yethe whole great vast army of Rhadagaisus & yethe most of Alaric's army & a good part if not the most of Gildo's, & dissipating & forcing yethe rest to submission. And this is yethe third character of this Trumpet. Having now explained this Trumpet, I need not now say much of yethe correspondent Vial. Yet thus much is to be added noted: that yethe pouring out of a Vial is taken in a double sence, signifying some times yethe execution of a plague on that thing whereon it is poured, & sometimes yethe incitement & invigoration of that thing, as it were by a contagious virtue of yethe medicament, to execute yethe plague on another thing. This first sence is used in yethe third second third & fift Vial, & yethe second sence or rather the first & second together in yethe first fourth & sixt. ffor yethe effect of pouring yethe fourth Vial upon yethe sun was to give him power to scorch men wthwith fire, & that of pouring yethe sixt upon Euphrates was to make way for yethe Kings of yethe East to come & do ytthat execution described in yethe sixt Trumpet. And so I suppose yethe pouring out the first Vial upon yethe earth was to invigorate yethe earth wthwith a power of inflicting yethe noisom sore upon men: wchwhich for yethe better imagination of yethe figure you may conceive to be effected by raising out of yethe earth such malignant fumes as should ulcerate men, interpreting those fumes to yethe be yethe ** Def multitudes of Barbarians wchwhich invaded yethe Empire. ffor I suppose yethe noisom sore to be yethe affliction of men under that invasion whither it was in yethe Western Empire at yethe invasions of Alaric & Radagaisus or in yethe eastern at yethe irruption of yethe Huns Goths & other barbarians. ffor though yethe western Empire be yethe beast & so more directly pointed at, yet yethe subjects of yethe Eastern Empire arehave also worshippers the mark of yethe beast & worship his image (as we shall explain hereafter) & so are equally comprehended in this plague wchwhich how great it was you may easily imagin by yethe places cited out of Ierom Zosimus & Claudian, to wchwhich we may add yethe following description of it by yethe same Poet speaking thus of Ruffin Claud in Ruffin. l 1. Non notos egisse sat est extinguere cives Funditus, et nomen gentis delere laborat. Nec perimit celeri leto: crudelibus ante Supplicijs fruitur: cruciatus, vincla, tenebras, Dilato mucrone parat; proh sævior ense Parcendi rabies, concessaqꝫque vita dolori. - - - Quis prodere tanta relatu Funera? Quis cædes posset deflere nefandas? Quid tale immanes unquam gessisse feruntur Vel Sinis Istmiaca pinu? vel rupe profunda Scyron? vel Phalaris Tauro? vel carcere Sylla? O mites Diomedis equi! Busiridis aræ Clementes! Iam Cinna pius, jam Sparthace lenis Ruffino collectus eris. Dejecerat omnes Occultis odijs terror, tacitiqꝫque sepultos Suspirant gemitus, indignariqꝫque verentur. I beleive you will think this no easy affliction wchwhich made one of those on whom it fell cry out thus tragically Hitherto I have spoken of nothing but war that being yethe only plague expressed in yethe Trumpet, but this Viall may be of a larger extent: for yethe sore wchwhich fell upon men is of an unlimited signification & may as wel comprehend any other kinds of affliction as yethe pestilence, or famin or undue seasons, or turbulent meteors: And if we extend it to them all, yet yethe event fully will fully answer to yethe interpretation; as you may understand by Gothofredus his notes upon Philostorgius's history cap 6. lib 11. De varijs inquit Philostorgij tempestate (sub Arcadio & Theodos jun. scil.) casibus majoribus divinæqꝫque iræ signis, quæ Xiphian astrum [anno 390 visum] portendisse ait Philostorgius, est hoc caput. Quod quidem excribit Nicephorus, lib 13 c 36 ubi ingentem hominum ubiqꝫque multitudinem mortalitatem terræqꝫque vastitatem memorat, tum a Barbaris tum a Peste fameqꝫque, terræ motibus, hiatibus terræ, illuvionibus aquarum, spiculis flammeis turbinibus igneis, grandine, nivibus, frigore. Quæ omnia vera sunt, & apud alios scriptores passim occurrunt: in Marcellini Chronico & Chronico Alexandr. ubi casus hi per singulos penè annos sub Arcadio & Theodosio jun. memorantur: vide ann. 394, 396, 401, 402, 404, 408, 417, 419, 422, 423. De grandine inter alia inusitatæ magnitudinis Constantinopoli prid. Kal. Octob. an 404 vide et Socratem lib. 6. c. 17. & prædictum Chronicon Alexandrinum: ubi dicitur magnitudine nucum eam fuisse ἐις τύπον μεγέθει Καρύων. Noster ait manuali lapide majorem, usqꝫque ad octo libras grandinem ingruisse. To this I may add a passage out of Synesius's epist 58 Ad Episcopos concerning yethe like judgments on yethe other side yethe Mediterranean Ανδρόνικος Πενταπόλεως ἐσκάτη πληγὴ μετὰ σεισμὸν, μετὰ αηριδα, μητὰ λιμον, μητὰ πυρ, μητὰ πόλεμον ἐπεξελθὼν ἀρκιβως τοις ἐκείνων εγκαταλείμμασιν. Andronicus - Pentapoleos extrema plaga fuit post terræ motum, post locustam, post pestilentiam, post incendium post bellum illorum omnium reliquias diligenter persequens. But it will not be amiss to give you here Philostorgius his description of these plagues as we have it contracted by Photius, & not only of these but of yethe other also by war: for his whole discours on this subject is very pertinent, & his authority sufficiently valid, seing he lived when these things were acted & wrote his history wthwithin a few years after. L 11. c 7. Οτι φησι καὶ ουτως &c Ait, saith Photius, quod sua tempestate tanta hominum mortalitas incesserit quantam nulla ætas ab omni seculo cognovit: & hanc vero a Xiphian [i.e. Eusiformem] astrum portendisse. Neqꝫque enim militares tantum sicut olim superioribus bellis, interiere, neqꝫque intra unam aliquam terræ partem mala hæc constitêre verum omnia hominum genera periere, omnis verò perijt Europa, Asiæ haud exigua portio simul attrita fuit, sed et Lybiæ pars magna, & maximè quæcunqꝫque Romanis paret: Nam et barbaricus ensis magnum numerum confecit & pestes famesqꝫque & ferarum greges incubuerunt, terræ motus frequentes urbes domosqꝫque a fundamentis evertentes in immensum exitium dedêre & hiatus terræ alicubi sub habitatoribus ruptæ sepultura erat præsentanea. Illuviones item aquarum ex aëre, & alibi spicula flammea, est et ubi turbines ignei immissi variam et intollerabilem labem intulere. Imo et grando manuali lapide major plurimum terræ vestavit, ad octo quippe librarum quas vocant ponderis usqꝫque visa fuit ingruens. Nivium quoqꝫque vis, frigorisqꝫque immanitas, quos alia plia plaga non corripuit, hos corripiens vita privant Et hæc manifestè aa So Nicephorus l. 13. c. 36. having numbered yethe like plagues, add's: Ad hæc, alia quoqꝫque ejus generis mala tum novo prorsus modo extitêre; quæ satis ostenderunt non naturali aliqua ratione hæc, sicuti Græcæ superstionissuperstitionis sectatores fabulantur delirantis dicunt, provenire, sed divinæ indignationis flagella ea hominibus immitti.divinam nunciarunt iram quam sigillatim recensere supra humanam vim fuerit. Cap 8. Ait Hunnos qui Scythiæ sunt intra Istrum cum prius multum terræ occupassent devastassentqꝫque transcenso postea fluvio gelu constricto, confertim Romanum imperium adortos, perqꝫque totam Thraciam diffusos totam Europam deprædatos. Qui verò ad solem Orientem sunt fluvio Tania transito, & in Orientem effusi per Armeniam majorem in Melitinam, quæ vocatur, irruperunt: exinde Euphratensi incubuerunt, & ad Syriam Cœlem usqꝫque deprædati sunt, Ciliciamqꝫque percurrentes cædem hominum incredibilem operati sunt. Neqꝫque hic solum sed et Mazaces & Auxoriani (nec Austuriani) (hi verò inter Lybiam & Afros habitant) juxta orientalem eorum plagam Lybiam neqꝫque exiguam Ægypti partem simul vastarunt. Afros vero incur incursantes juxta solem OccidentalemOccidentem vicinæ populati sunt. Adhæc omnia & Tribigildus vir Scytha - manum barbaricam habens & in Nacolia ([Natolia)] Phrygia considens, Comitisqꝫque honorem gerens ex amicitia in inimitinimicitiam Romanorum versus, ab ipsa Nacolia exorsus plurimas Phrygiæ civitates occupavit magnamqꝫque hominum stragen cædem patravit. Adversus quem Gainas dux missus, qui et ipse barbarus erat, victoriam prodidit, paria et ipse adversus Romanos agere cogitans. Exinde Tribigildus quasi Gainam fugiens Piridiam et Pamphylium invadens deprædatus est Postea multis et ipse tum misterijs tum Isauricis pugnis attritus vires suas in Hellespontum servavit & in Thraciam transfretans, non multo post interfectus fuit Gainas vero post proditionem, ducisDucis habitu Constantinopolin reversus, eam sibi subjicere in animum induxit: bb Socrat l. 6., c. 6. Sozom l. 8, c. 4.Cœlestis vero vis quædam armata visa ijs qui eam capere cogitabant in ipso actu terrefactis urbem quidem incendio liberavit, illos vero deprehensos humano judicio dedidit multaqꝫque cædes eorum fluxit. Gainas vero in tantum metum conjectus fuit uti - fugeret urbe. Quoniam vero Thracia vastata erat neqꝫque necessariorum quicquam præbere poterat neqꝫque aliam labem ferre, Gainas ChersonesumChersonnesum transfretavit, ratibus cogitans in Asiam trajicere &c. [Comperto verò Imperatori ejus proposito mittitur adversus eum Dux Fravitus - qui cum Gainas exercitum suum ad trajiciendum ratibus præmisisset, navali prælio cum his congressus facillimè omnes ratibus tra victos fregit &c] Præter dicta mala, et Isaurorum Gens varias clades intulit: ad Solem quippe orientem Ciliciam percursarunt & conterminam Syriam non Cœlem modo sed et alteram ad Persas tendentem. Post patrata autem ibi incredunda et Thraciam et Pamphyliam aggressi sunt, & Lycios vastarunt, Cyprum insulam everterunt Lycaonas & PyPisidas in captivitatem abduxerunt & Cappadocas Pontum usqꝫque aggressi, pessimaqꝫque quæ ab alijs barbaris fieri solent, erga captivos hi fecerunt. Lib 12. c 2. Ait etiam Quod circa prædicta tempora Alaricus Gothus Genere, circa superiores Thraciæ partes vires colligens Græciam ingressus sit & Athenas tenuerit & Macedonas et finitimos Dalmatas deprædatus sit, ingressus sit & Illyricum, Alpibusqꝫque transcensis Italiam irruperit.
12. Marginall Notes. The occasion & time of Alaric's irruption you have thus described in Marcelline's chronicle. Indic 9. Olybrio et Probrino Coss. [i.e. A.D. 395 Theodosius apud Mediolanum moritur vita decessit. Ruffinus clam Arcadio Principi insidias tendens, Alaricum Gothorum regem missis ei clam pecunijs infestum reipublicæ fecit et in Græciam misit. Porro detecto dolo suo Ruffinus ab Italicis militibus trucidatus est. The history more at large you may see in Sigonius de Occ. Imp. The irruption of yethe hunsHuns from beyond & other barbarians into Thrace was also in yethe same year. ffor it itis manifest of out of Claudian that it was by yethe invitation & before yethe death of Ruffin, & he died in yethe latter end of this year as Prosper has thus recorded. Anno primo Arcadij, Ruffinus Bosporitanus cum ad summam militiæ pervenissetpervenisse, præferri sibi Stiliconem non ferens ab eodem interficitur, Hunnorum quo ful ciebatur præsidio superato. And Socrates puts his death in 5 Cal. Decemb. of this year. wheereas all other corruptions that I can at prpresent think of have crept in gradua & spread th. sl by almost insensiblyinsensible degrees wthwithout force Yet SozomenesVide infra. Sozom l. 8 c 25 compared wthwith l 8, c 1. & records sets this irruption after that other into Armenia & refers it to yethe time about wchwhich Alaric was beaten at Pollentia but perhaps there were more irruptions into Thrace then one. The irruption of yethe Huns into Armenia I put also in yethe same year. ffor they were invited at yethe same time by Ruffin, & Socrates affirms ytthat they entred before his death. Ad 5 Cal. Decembris exercitus, ait, Socr. l 5. c 1 [qui ex bello adversus Eugenium gesto reversus Constantinopolin] adventavit. Vbi igitur Imperator Arcadius ad portas civitatis exercitui obviam processit ibi tum Ruffinum legatum Imperatoris obtruncant. in battels & yethe overthrow of some dominion. Nam in suspcionem venerat occupandæ tyrannidis, & opinio de eo erat concepta quod Hunnos gentem barbaram in agrum Romanum advocaverat. Etenim eodem tempore Aremeniam et alias quasdam Provincias partes Orientales vastaverant. Yet notwith standing this, it is manifest out by yethe place cited out of StSaint Ierom that in yethe first year of this irruption they advanced not far into yethe empire, but only sent a rumor 13 rumor before them of their coming & began their general grassation in yethe next year. ffor his words Ecce tibi anno præterito &c seem to refer the heat of this grassation to a later year, & his recconing yethe next year wherein he wrote to be 20 years & upward from yethe first grassation of yethe Goths, refers it to yethe year 396397 ffor yethe first grassation of yethe Goths began AD 373 & again in ** Ammian. l 3. Autum AD 377 & therefore StSaint Ierom must have wrote would not have written sooner then must have written in yethe year 397, unless he fetch his computation from some former grassation of Goths as I suppose he was when he says it was more then 30 years. wchwhich was 20 years after then from the latter period & upward from the former. The grassation of TargibilusTribigildus seems to have begun but in yethe year 397 & continued not above 3 or 4 years. Of this you may see more in Marcellines Chron. Socrates lib 6. c 2. Theodoret. l. 5 c. 32. Sozom l 8 c 4. Chron Alexandrin. & Cedrenus p 269. The battel at Pollentia Prosper thus remembers. A.D. 403 Adversum Gothos vehementer utriusqꝫque partis clade Pollentiæ pugnatum. But And Claudian who wrote of it yethe next year, thus records it Claud de bello Get.unoqꝫquè die Romana rependit Quicquid ter denis toties amisimus annis O celebranda mihi cunctis Pollentia sæclis, O meritum nomen, felicibus apta triumphis, Virtutis fatale solum memorabile bustum Barbariæ &c. And in another poem And in another Poem Claud dein 6 cons Honorij.Iam Pollentini tenuatus funera campi Concessaqꝫque sibi (rerum sic admonet usus) Luce, tot amissis socijs atqꝫque omnibus una Direptis opibus Latio discedere jussus Hostis, et immensi revolutus culmine fati Turpe retexit iter Afterwards he adds - Advolat una Naidum resoluta comam &c Claud in 6 Cons: Honorij.Advolat una Naidum resoluta comam complexaqꝫque ** Eridanum. patrem En Alaricus ait, non qualem nuper ovantem Vidimus: exangues, genitor, mirabere vultus. Percensere manum tanqtantaqꝫque ex gente juvabit Relliquias numerasse breves. And a little after speaking of yethe battel at Verona Tu quoqꝫque non parvum Getico Verona triumpho Adjungis cumulum: nec plus Pollentia rebus Contulit Ausonijs, aut mœnia vindicis Astæ Afterwards he brings in Alaricus thus lamenting his losses Heu quibus insidijs qua *Alaricum de me circumdedit arte Fatalis semper Stilico: Dum parcere fingit Rettulit hostiles animos, bellumqꝫque remenso Evaluit transferre Pado. Proh fœdera sævo deteriora jugo, tunc vis extincta Getarum. Tunc mihi tunc lethum pepegi violentior armis Omnibus. &c. Hence it appears that between these two battels there was a league 14 league between Alaric & Stilico. And Orosius accuses Stilico as if he often reserved Alaric out of treacherous designes. Oro l 7. c 37.Taceo inquit de Alarico Rege cum suis sæpe victo, sæpe concluso, semperqꝫque dimisso. Eversis in Vrbe Roma omnibus simulachris Radagaisus Rex Gothorum cum ingenti exercitu multo numerosiore quam Alarici fuit venit. D. August. Serm. 29 in Luc. Radagaisus omnium antiquorum præentiumqꝫque hostium longe immanissimus repentino impetu totam inundavit Italiam. Nam fuisse in populo ejus plusquam ducenta millia Gothorum, ferunt. Hic supra hanc incredibilem multitudinem indomitamqꝫque virtutem Paganus et Scytha erat: qui (ut mos est barbaris hujusmodi gentibus) omnem Romani generis sanguinem dijs suis propinare devoverat. Oros l 7. c 37. Anno undecimo Arcadij et Honorij (i.e. ** Baron. Ann 406. Sec 1.AD 405) multis ante vastatis urbibus Radagaisus occubuit; cujus in tres partes per diversos Principes divisus exercitus, aliquam repugnandi Romanis apperuit facultatem: Insigni triumpho exercitum tertiæ partis hostium circumactis Hunnorum Auxiliaribus Stilico usqꝫque ad internecionem delevit. Prosper. Chron. Cum Radagaisus agmine ingenti et immani jam in urbis vicinio constitutus Romanis cervicibus immineret uno die tanta celeritate sic victus est ut ne uno quidem non dicam extincto sed nec vulnerato Romanorum multo amplius quam centum millium prosternerentur ejus exercitus, atqꝫque ipse cum filijs mox mox capituscaptus pœna dabita necaretur. D. August. de civitate Dei l 5. This victory is attributed chiefly to yethe virtue of yethe Huldin & Sarus wthwith their Huns & Goths: hencewhence it is likely that yethe Romans came in only to yethe slaughter after yethe others had put yethe enemy to confusion. ffor Marcellin in his chronicle writes thus: Huldin & Sarus Hunnorum Gothorumqꝫque reges Radagaisum continuo confecerunt. παν χορτον every herb or every kind of herb, that is, all kinds of vegetables wchwhich grew among the trees where the fire fell. Some perhaps will think that yethe third part of yethe Trees & herbs might not unfitly be interpreted of yethe third 15 part of Radagaisus yethe great army of Radagaisus: but this interpretation is not so full as the other, nor has any correspondence wthwith yethe following Trumpets. I have sometimes thought whither this might not be interpreted of yethe numbers of barbarians wchwhich perished in battel, as if they were yethe third part of all those wchwhich were then wthwithin yethe Empire the whole Roman dominions. And perhaps if there were any way to estimate them the proportion would answer to yethe Prophesy. For although yethe Barbarians afflicted yethe Roman's most by their grassation, yet they themselves not only in Italy but in yethe Greek Empire also suffered yethe most in battels. For besides their overthrows in Italy, Alaric was beaten in Arcadia as Claudian thus relates, speaking to yethe same Alaric concerning Stilico Claud de bello Get.Seis ipse perosus Arcadiæ quam densa jugis cumulaverit ossa Sanguine quam largo Graios calefecerit amnes: Extinctusqꝫque fores scite sub nomine legum Probitio regniqꝫque favor texisset Eoi. The whole nation of yethe Bastarnæ, as yethe same Claudian relates were also consumed at one bout by Stilico. Claud. in laudes Stiliconis. l 1.- Quis Mysos in plaustra feroces Reppulit? uat sæva Promoti cæde tumentes Bastarnas una potuit delere ruina? And a little after - Non vanam corpus meditaris in unum Sævitiam, turmas equitum, peditumqꝫque catervas Hostilesqꝫque globos tumulo prosternis amici: Inferijs gens tota datur. The Goths & Huns as you heard above were also beaten in Thrace, & that oftner then once wthwith slaughters sufficiently great as you may learn by these verses of yethe same Claudian. Claud. in laudes Stil. l 1.Vos Hæmi gelidæ valles quas sæpe cruentis Stragibus æquavit Stilico, vos Thracia testor Flumina quæ largo mutastis sanguine fluctus: Dicite 16 Dicite Bisaltæ vel qui Pangæa juvencis Scinditis offenso quantæ sub vomere putres Dissiliant glebis galeæ, vel qualia rastris Ossa peremptorum resonent immania regum. The army of Targibilus was also very much diminished at once almost all consumed in Asia by an unexpected onset of yethe rustics of Asia country people (Zosim l ); & afterwards being supplied wthwith new forces by Gainas yet he was so worn by yethe onsets of yethe Isauri & other miseries ytthat he was forced to retreat into Thrace where he wasbeing slain. Afterwards (Philostorg.) where being slain, & Gainas in attempting wthwith thir forces he & Gainas attempting to pass yethe Hellespont were notably overthrown in a naval fight where great numbers of the Goths perished; & soon after yethe rest reliques of their forces were either either slain or dissipated by the Huns. (Zosim And this I suppose is enough to let you see that although yethe languishing & durable pains expressed by the grievous & noisom sore fell upon yethe men that had yethe mark of yethe beastBeast, yet yethe sudden & violent storms of hail & fire mingled wthwith blood whereby battels are signified, fell upon yethe earth as well in yethe eastern as in yethe western Empire, & consumed perhaps no less then yethe third ꝑpart of yethe barbarbariansbarbarians therein wthwithin yethe whole. And yet when I consider that there is no certain way left us of estimating by the number of men yethe proportion of yethe barbarians consumed in these wars, & that it is not so likely that God should intend his prophesies in a sence, for yethe interpretation of wchwhich there would be no certain means left us: I rather think ytthat yethe proportion is to be estimated by the extent of territories then by yethe number of men, & accordingly I interpret it of those barbarians wchwhich invaded yethe western Empire becaus that I as I told you is yethe third part of yethe whole, & I find that yethe three following Trumpets do altogether respect that & designe it by yethe same subtripplesubtriple proportionsproportion. Although yethe pouring the first Vial upon yethe earth has some resemblance to yethe casting upon yethe earth yethe hail & fire mingled wthwith blood yet in some respects reality they differ. ffor yethe sore wchwhich followed yethe Vial is an emblem of torment only, but yethe hail & fire consumed men; that signifies a tedious lasting pain, this sudden destruction, in 17 tables that is yethe barbarians suffer, in that yethe men wchwhich have yethe mark of yethe Beast, that is yethe Romans. And upon these considerations I have interpreted them differently, supposing yethe viall to be not only merely a plague upon yethe Earth like yethe hail-storm, but only bec rather also a medicament to incite it to inflict a plague upon yethe men wchwhich had yethe mark of yethe beast. And Yet if any man had rather extend it also to yethe plage further so as to comprehend also yethe plague of hail & fire, he may use his discretion. ffor I see no more necessity of making these the same then there is of making yethe second vial yethe same wthwith yethe mountain wchwhich was cast into yethe sea in yethe second Trumpet or yethe third vial yethe same wthwith yethe burning star wchwhich in yethe 3d Trumpt fell into yethe rivers.
The second Trumpet. The next Trumpet hath these two main characters that the wars to wchwhich it sounds, are to be a western wind that is in yethe regions westward of Rome: & that during this wind a great mountain burning wthwith fire is to be cast into yethe sea, that is a great aa Def city b b Defconsuming by war to be cast down & sink in yethe midst of that cc Def people signified by yethe sea, disturbing yethe waters & by its fall to disturb yethe waters. And no doubt this City is Rome yethe metropolis of the western Empire. ffor it is this City wchwhich is every where in yethe Apocalyps called yethe great city, & this empire (as I shewed above) wchwhich is to be understood by yethe third part of yethe Sea wchwhich became bloody at yethe fall of this mountain or City. Now whereas at yethe fall of this Mountain the third ꝑpart of yethe sea became bloodebloody & yethe third part of yethe creatures wchwhich were in yethe sea & had life died, or according to yethe second vial, yethe (western) sea became bloody & as yethe blood of a dead man & every living soul died therein: we are by this figure to understand not only much bloodshed by the slaughter of men but by blood wthwith blood to understand the slaughter of men, but by death yethe political death of yethe western Empire, as if it were slain [& its blood spilt] by yethe invasion of its territories & fall of its Metropolis like an animal beheaded & torn in pieces. ffor [blood is applied primarily to express slaughter & then figuratively to expres any 18 (Amos 2.2) And that in these Trumpets by death it is to be understood not yethe death of single men but of bodies politiqꝫque you may easily collect from yethe 5t Trumpet where although wthwithout doubt multitudes of men were slain by the Locusts yet becaus they destroyed not ytthat KingdomsKingdom wchwhich they tormented five months, they are said not to kill men. Reason also will dictate yethe same; for no man I suppose can be so fond as to think that yethe second Viall intention of yethe second vial is ytthat all yethe men in a whole Kingdom should really dy: but ytthat they may all dy a politicall death is of no harsh conception. This I suppose is yethe intention of this Trumpet. And now to make way for yethe description of yethe event I should first tell you that while yethe eastern wind blew as was described in yethe former Trumpet, there was an absolute serenity in yethe west. Now by the first of these characters we are to seek directed to yethe first notable wars wchwhich break forth in yethe west; & these began in yethe year 407. For till that time yethe west continued in absolute peace. The Franks indeed immediatly after yethe death of Theod &c The Franks indeed immediatly after yethe death of Theodosius, began to threaten some troubles in Gallia, but they were suddenly checked by Stilico, & that wthwithout war, & all those regions established in firm peace as Claudian thus informs us Claud. in laudes Stilichonis. l 1.Miramur rapidis hostem succumbere bellis Cum solo terrore ruant; non classica Francis Intulimus, jacuere tame: non Marte Suevos Contudimus, queis jura damus: quis credere possit Ante tubam nobis audax Germania servit. Cedant Druse tui, cedant Trajane labores Vestra manus dubio quicquid discrimine gessit Transcurrens egit Stilico, totidemqꝫque diebus Edomuit Rhenum quot vos potuistis in annis And a little after. Omne quod Oceanum fontemqꝫque interjacet Istri Vnius incursu tremuit, sine cæde subactus Servitio Boreas, exarmatiqꝫque Triones. Tempore tam parvo, tot prœlia sanguine nullo Perficis, et Luna nuper nascente profectus Ante redis quàm plena fuit. Rhenumqꝫque minacem Cornibus infractis adeo mitescere cogis Vt Salius jam rura colat, flexosqꝫque Sicambri In falcem curvent gladios, geminasqꝫque viator Cum 19 Cum videat ripas quæ sit Romana requirat. Vt jam trans fluvium non indignante Cyaco Pascat Belga pecus, mediumqꝫque ingressa per Albim Gallica Francorum montes armenta pererrent. Vt procul Hyrciniæ per vasta silentia sylvæ Venari tuto liceat, lucosqꝫque vetusta Religione truces, et robora numinis instar Barbarici, nostræ feriant impune bipennes. Vltro quinetiam devota mente tuentur, Victoriqꝫque favent. Quoties sonare catervas Oravit jungiqꝫque tuis Alemannia signis? Nec doluit contempta tamen, spretoqꝫque recessit Auxilio, laudata fides, Provincia missos Expellit citius fasces quam Francia reges Quos dederis feriat, nec jam pulsare rebelles, Sed vinclis punire licet, sub judice nostro Regia Romanus disquirit crimina carcer. This was yethe serenity of yethe western regions while yethe east wind blew, but so soon as when that began to be cease there brake forth a notable western wind. ffor in yethe beginning of yethe year 407 yethe Vandals Alans Burgundians & Alemans, wthwith great multitudes of other barbarous nations out of Germany (invited as was supposed by Stilico as yethe Eastern Barbarians were before by Ruffin) all at once overflow Gallia wasting it wthwith fire & sword & rapine: wchwhich desolations StSaint Ierom in his eleventh Epistle hath thus partly expressed & partly hinted. - Verùm quid ago? fracta novi de mercibus disputo. Qui tenebat de medio fit et non intelligimus Antichristum appropinquare. Innumerabiles et ferocissimæ nationes universas Gallias occuparunt, quicquid inter Alpes et Pyrenæum est quod Oceano et Rheno includitur, Quadus, Vandalus, Sarmata, Alani, Gepides, Heruli, Saxones, Burgundiones, Alemanni et (O lugenda respublica) hostes Pannonij vastarunt. Magunciacum capta atqꝫque subversa est, et in Ecclesia multa hominum millia trucidata. Vangiones longa obsidione deleti, Rhenorum Vrbs præpotens, Ambiani, Attrebates, extremiqꝫque hominum Morini, Tor nacus 20 nacus, Nemete, Argentoratus translati in Germaniam. Aquitaniæ novemqꝫque populorum Lugdunensis et Narbonensis Provinciæ præter paucas urbes populata sunt cuncta, quas et ipsas foris gladius intus vastat fames. Non possum absqꝫque lacrymis Tolosæ facere mentionem quæ ut hucusqꝫque non rueret sancti Episcopi Exuperij merita præstiterunt. Ipsæ Hispaniæ jam jamqꝫque petituræ quotidiè contremescunt recordantes irruptionis Cimbricæ, et quicquid alij semel pasi sunt illi semper timore patiuntur. Cætera taceo ne videar de Dei desperare clementia. Quis And a little after Quis hoc credet? Quæ digno sermone historiæ comprehendent? Romam in gremio suo non pro gloria sed pro salute pugnare imo ne pugnare quidem sed auro et cunctâ supellectile vitam redimire? After Gallia had been thus wasted for between two & three years, the Vandals Alans & Suevians wthwith a part of yethe Alans pass into Spain & overrun that country also wthwith yethe like desolations, & at yethe same time yethe Franks break into Gallia Lugdunensis; & yethe Picts & Scots also a while after, that no part of yethe west might be free aa Ethelwedus Edit Londin. f 474 b. invade Brittain, forcing many of the inhabitants to fly into that part of ffrance wchwhich from them is to this day called Brittain. And whilst this torrent overwhelmed yethe west, Alaric wthwith his Goths, leaving Pannonia to yethe Huns, invade Italy & besiege Rome, & though at first bought off, yet renewing the siege after two yeares he takes it in yethe year 410 when it had been first so much wasted by famin & Pestilence ytthat StSaint Ierom in Epist 16 saith, Fame perit antequam gladio: et vix pauci qui caperentur inventi sunt. Ad nefandos cibos erupti esurientium rabies & sua invicem membra laniarunt: dum mater non parcit lactanti infanti et suo recipit utero quem paulo ante effuderat. Hence it became a proverb Pone pretium humanis carnibus as Zosimus relates who also adds: Zos l 5 Famem (ceu consentaneum erat) pestis comita batur omniaqꝫque plena cadaveribus erant. Cumqꝫque non possent extra urbem sepeliri cadavera quod omnem exitum hostes observarent urbs ipsa mortuorum sepulchrum erat: adeo quidem ut alioqui etiam solitudo in urbe foret, siquæ nulla fuisset alimentorum penuria, vel exhalans e cadaveribus odor 21 odor ad inficienda corrumpendaqꝫque corpora suffecisset. When yethe city was almost taken Alaric sets up Attalus a new Emperor at Rome reserving to himself yethe command of both armies, & sends him to besiege Honorius at Ravenna, whereupon Honoriius out of desperation began to think of flying to his Brother in yethe East: but Attalus behving himself foolishly Alaric degrades him again & restores Honorius. Quid de infelicissimo Attalo loquar, saith Orosius,Oros l 7. c 42. cui occidi inter Tyrannos honor & more lucrum fuit? In hoc Alaricus Imperatore facto infecto refecto ac defecto, citius his omnibus actis pene quàm dictis, mimum risit et ludum spectavit Imperij. After these things, the city being taken, Alaric lead his army into yethe furthest parts of Italy & attempted to sail into Afric wthwith intention to have seated his nation there. But being shipwracked he made a league wthwith Honorius & sooon after died & then Honorius that he might recover Italy granted Ataulphus his successor Aquitain toa Province of Gallia to inhabit: wchwhich gave occasion to various fresh wars in Aquitain & Spain between yethe Goths Romans Vandals Sueves & Alans almost wthwithout intermission untill yethe year 427 when peace was concluded between yethe Goths & Romans, & yethe Vandals having that same year slain cc Prosper. almost twenty thousand Romans in Battelbattel c pass into Afric: the Kingdom of yethe dd Idatius Alans being ruined in those wars about ten years before. The first ten years of these wars in Aquitain, recconed from yethe begining of yethe irruption, you may hear Prosper thus lamenting. Prosper in Prolog. lib. de provid. Dei. - Felix Quem non concutiat vicina strage ruina Intrepidum flammas inter et inter aquas. Nos autem tanta sub tempestate malorum Invalidi passim cædimur et cadimus. Cumqꝫque animum patriæ subijt fumantis imago Et stetit ante oculos quicquid ubiqꝫque perit: Frangimur immodicis et pluribus ora rigamus Dumqꝫque pios agimus vertimur in quærulos. - Heu cæde decenni Wandalicis gladijs sternimur et Geticis. Non castella petris, non oppida montibus altis Imposita, aut urbes amnibus æquoreis 22 Barbarici superare dolos atqꝫque arma furoris Evaluere omnes: ultima pertulimus. &c. Having given you the history of these wars, wchwhich as you have heard, fulfill yethe two characters of this Trumpet, the one of being a the first western wind, yethe other of being accompanied wthwith yethe fall of yethe Imperial city: it remains now that I take notis of yethe other concomitans, wchwhich are these three. 1 That yethe third part of yethe sea became blood, or as is exprest in yethe second Vial, yethe (western) sea became as yethe blood of a dead man. By blood we are to understand yethe staining of yethe western waters chiefly by yethe effusion of much blood in these wars, & then by any other kindskind of violent deathdeaths whatever. ffor blood is used figuratively to signify any kind of death as you may see in Ezek 14.19. & 3.18, 20, & 18.13, & thus it will comprehend yethe sad mortality by famin & pestilence wchwhich doutles at yethe sieges of Rome swept away many hundred thousands & raged not & not only there but in yethe whole western Empire & chiefly in Spain as Idatius in his chronicle thus relates. Anno 16mo Imperij Honorij et Arcadij, debacchantibus per HispaniamHispanias Barbaris, pestilentiæ malo fames diva grassatur ut humanæ carnes ab humano genere fame fuerint devoratæ: matres quoqꝫque necatis et coctis natorum suorum visceribus sint pastæ, corporibus bestiæ occisorum. Gladio, fame, pestilentia, bestiarum infestatione interimebantur homines. His quatuor plagis ubiqꝫque in toto orbe sævientibus prædicta a domino per Prophetas suas adimplebantur. 2 The second concomitant is that the third part of the creatures wchwhich were in yethe sea & life died, that is every living soul in yethe (western) sea as is exprest in yethe second vial. And here by death I understand not yethe naturall death of men, (for ytthat was sufficiently exprest before by blood,) but their poiticall death. ffor death is used to signify the destruction of bodies politiqꝫque as well as of naturall bodies, Amos 2.2. And that in these trumpets it is to be understood of bodies politiqꝫque you may easily collect from the 23the fift Trumpet where although wthwithout doubt multitudes of men were slain by the locusts yet becaus they destroyed not their Kingdom they are said not to kill them. Reason also will dictate yethe same: for no man I suppose can be so fond as to think ytthat yethe intention of yethe second vial is that all yethe men in a whole Kingdom should really dy; but that they may all dy a political death is of no harsh conception. I suppose therefore that this death is yethe political death of yethe western Empire, as if it were slain by yethe invasion of its territories & yethe fall of its Metropolis like an animal beheaded & torn in pieces. For Pannonia was rent from it by yethe Huns, Brittain first by tyrants & then by yethe natives, yethe most of Gallia & Spain by yethe Franks, Burgundians Alemans Alans Vandals & Goths & yethe rest at some time or other overrun by them. Also dd Oros l 7 c 42.Afric made a defection for a year or two under Heraclinus, & Italy laboured under yethe invasion of Alaric & yethe usurpation of a new Emperor, Honorius being reduced to so great straits that he began to think of quitting all & flying into yethe East. And to comprehend all at once, yethe whole Empire died for a time by cutting of ytthat city whose dominion was yethe ratio formalis or life therof. For at yethe taking of ytthat city, to use StSaint Ierom's words written upon yethe news of it, Clarissimum terrarum omnium lumen extinctum est, imo Romani Imperij truncatum caput, & ut (verius dicam) una urbe totus orbis inter ijt. Hieron. Præf. in l 1. comment. in Ezek. In a word yethe siege of this city was yethe nick of time in wchwhich yethe Empire was slain as to its Monarchical form, & in its stead a body of ten new Kingdoms substituted of wchwhich we shall hereafter give you yethe catalogue. 3 This overthrow of yethe Empire is further expressed by a shipwrack. The third part of yethe ships, (Defthat is yethe towns & cities of yethe western Empire whose houses are analogous to ships) 24ships) were destroyed in this tempest, sinking as it were (like yethe great Mountain) by being reduced into yethe power of the enemy. The third Trumpet. 25 The third Trumpet. The western empire being now rent into many kingdoms, & those pretty well setled under their new lords: there brake out A.C 427 a war in yethe southern quarter wchwhich is yethe quarter of the third wind. Till this For now Afric wchwhich had ææ. De Africæ regione sud Hipponensi obiter dicit Augustinus in Epistola 122 ad Victorinum A.C. 411 data: Quod eam Barbari tunc non attigerant. Exinde autem ad hujus Tubæ initium secura floruit. hitherto flourished in peace & prosperity having had no other molestation considerable molestation since yethe beginning of Theodosius's reign then that short one of Gilda for two or three yeares wchwhich conspired wthwith yethe wars of yethe first Trumpet & an invasion of Mauritania perhaps shorter then Gilda's eruption & belonging to the wars of yethe 2d, began to be invaded & wasted wthwith most vehement, tedious & universal desolations: & that after this manner. Vpon a aa Prosper. Baron ann 427. § 1 & sequ. Paul. Diac. Miscel. lib. 14. Procop: de Bell. Wand. discord between Ætius & Boniface governour of Afric, Ætius this year sent an army against him out of Italy & Boniface defeated it & toto fortify himself for yethe future sailed streight into Spain & contracted friendship wthwith yethe Vandals by marriage & invited them into Afric. But whilst they were in their passage Afric was invaded also by yethe southern Barbarians: of wchwhich D. Augustin D. August. ep. 70. in an epistle to Boniface written yethe next year a year or two after makes this mention. Cùm te esse in continentiæ proposito gauderemus, navit gasti uxoremqꝫque duxisti, & hæresis eorum qui verum filiūum Dei negant tantum prævaluit in domo tua ut ab ipsis filia tua baptizaretur, &c. Quando ergo poteris tot hominum ar matorum, quorum timetur atrocitas, concupiscentiam non dico satiare, quod fieri nullo modo potest, sed aliqua ex parte pascere ne universa plebs pebs pereat? Vides tam multa contrita, ut vile aliquid quod rapiatur vix inveniatur. Quid autem dicam de vastatione Africæ quam faciunt Afri barbari resistente nullo, dum tu talis tuis necessitatibus occuparis, nec aliquid ordinas unde ista calamitas avertatur? Quis autem crederet quis timeret Boni facio domesticorum & Africæ comite in Africa constituto cum tam magno exercitu & potestate, qui tribunus cum paucis fœderatis omnes ipsas gentes expugnando & terrendo pacaverat, nunc tantum fuisse barbaros ausuros, tantum progressuros, tanta vastaturos, tanta rapturos, tanta loca quæ plena populis fuerant deserta facturos? b Paul. Diac. l 14.In yethe meane while yethe Vandals mixt wthwith Alans & others invaded Mauritania, approached more & more into Afric wasted all places, & Boniface repenting of what he had done being again reconciled to yethe Emperor, & supplied wthwith new & great forces both from Rome & Constantinople (against them, they beat his forces Army besieged him in Hippo, & A.C. 431 after 14 months siege 26siege burnt yethe city: ✝✝ & then a a In Africa a Bonifacius in Africa bis victus, prima vice Hipponem regium se recipit, ubi diu obsidetur. Interim Constantinopoli Romaqꝫque exercitus Aspare duce submissus quo adjuto Bonifacius et Afri Romani iterum confligunt et iterum vincuntur. Alij alio fingêre, Aspar Constantinopolim Bonifacius Romam ubi Placidiæ se reconciliavit ubi Plaudiæ Procop. Vide locūum. Vide P. Dial l. 14. In Africa Vandali ingentem lacerata omni Provincia Romanis cladem dedere. Prosper Pith.new forces being sent both from Rome & Constantinople under Aspar, they beat those also, forcing Boniface to fly to Rome & Aspar to Constantinople. The first heat of these miseries Possidius BpBishop of Calama who was present to them thus laments in his - wchwhich Possidius BpBishop of CalamaPossid. cap. 28. who was present to these miseries, thus laments in his oration upon yethe death of D. Augustin. Brevi inquit consequenti tempore divina voluntate & potestate provenit, ut manus ingens diversis telis armata & bellis exercitata, immanium hostium Wandalorum & Alanorum & commixtam secum habens Gothorūum gentem, aliarumqꝫque diversarum gentium personas ex Hispaniæ partibus transmarinis navibus Africæ influxisset & irruisset: universaqꝫque per loca Mauritaniarum etiam ad alias nostras trajiciens provincias & regiones, omni sæviens crudelitate & atrocitate, cuncta quæ potuit expoliatione cædibus, diver sisqꝫque tormentis, incendijs, alijsqꝫque innumerabilibus & infandis malis depopulata est, nulli sexui, nulli parcens ætati, nec ipsis Dei sacerdotibus vel ministris, nec ipsis ecclesiarum ornamentis seu instrumentis vel ædificijs. Et hanc ferocissimam hostium grassationem & vastationem, ille homo Dei, & factam fuisse et fieri, non ut cæteri homines sen tiebat & cogitabat: sed altiùs & profundiùs ea considerans & in his animarum præcipuè vel pericula vel mortes prævidens, solito amplius (quantas fuerunt ei lacrymæ panes die ac nocte, amarissimamqꝫque et lugubrem præ cæteris suæ senectutis jam pæne extremam ducebat ac tolerabat vitam. Videbat enim ille homo Dei civitates excidio perditas pariter cum ædificijs, villarumqꝫque habitatores, alios hostili nece extinctos, alios effugatos atqꝫque dispersos: Ecclesias sacerdotibus ac ministris destitutas, virginesqꝫque sacras & quosqꝫque continentes ubiqꝫque dissipatos: & in his alios defecisse tormentis, alios gladio interemptos esse, alios in captivitate perdita animi et corporis integritate ac fidei, malo more ac duro hostibus deservire. Cernebat etiam hymnos Dei & laudes de Ecclesijs deperisse, ædificia ecclesiarum quam plurimis in locis ignibus concremata esse, solennia quoqꝫque quæ Deo debentur de proprijs locis defecisse: sacrificia ac Sacramenta divina vel non quæri, vel quærenti qui tradat non facile reperiri: in ipsas montium sylvas et cavernas petrarum & speluncas confugientes, vel ad quascunqꝫque munitiones, alios fuisse expugnatos & interfectos, alios necessarijs sustentaculis evolutos atqꝫque privatos, ut fame contabescerent. ipsosqꝫque ecclesiarum præ positos & clericos qui forte Dei beneficio vel eos non incurrerant, vel incurrentes evaserant, rebus omnibus expoliatos atqꝫque nudatos 27 nudatos egsutissimos mendicare, nec eis omnibus ad omnia quibus fulciendi essent subveniri posse. Vix tres superstites videbat ex innumerabilibus ecclesijs, hoc est Carthaginensem, Hipponensem et Cirtensem quæ dei beneficio excisæ non sunt, & earum permanent civitates & divino et humano fultæ præsidio; licet post ejus aa Obijt Augustinus tertio mense obsidionis ejus. obitum urbs Hipponensis incolis destituta ab hostibus fuerit concremata. Within a few years they took Carthage too & what els remained: But let's heare how bb Victor De persecut. Wandal. lib 1 in præf. Victor in his history written so many years after laments yethe same desolations. Invenientes, saith he, pacatam quietamqꝫque Provinciam, speciositatem totius terræ florentis quaquaversum, impietatis agminibus impendebant, devastando depopulabantur incendio & homocidijs totum exterminantes. Sed nec arbustis fructiferis omninò parcebant: ne forte quos antra montium, aut prærupta terrarum, vel seclusa quæqꝫque occultaverant, post eorum transitum illis pabulis nutrirentur: et sic eadem atqꝫque iterum tali crudelitate furentibus ab eorum contagione nullus remansit locum immunis. ♀ ♀ immunis. Præsertim in aa forte Gentium Templis quorum multa Homousiani non ut Moses, Vitulum aureum contriverunt, sed aqua sacrata superstitiosè spargendo, in proprios usus converterunt. Ecclesijs Basilicisqꝫque & cæmiterijs & monasterijs sceleratius sæviebant, & cum majoribus incendijs domus orationis magis quam urbes cunctaqꝫque oppida concremarent. - Quanti tunc ab eis præclari pontifices & nobiles sacerdotes diversis pœnarum generibus extincti sunt, ut haderent si quid auri vel argenti proprium vel ecclesiasticum haberent. Et dum hæc quæ erant urgentibus pœnis facilius proderentur iterum crudelibus tormentis oblatores urgebant, autum antes quandam partem non totum esse oblatum, & quanto plus dabant tanto amplius quempiam habere credebant. Alijs palorum vectibus ora reserantes fœtidum cænum ob confessionem pecuniæ faucibus ingerebant. Nonnullos in frontibus & tibijs nervis remugientibus torquendo cruciabant. Plerisqꝫque aquam marinam, alijs acetum, amurcam, liquamenqꝫque, & alia multaatqꝫque crudelia tanquam utribus imbutis ori impositis sine misericordia porrigebant. Non infirmior sexus non consideratio nobilitatis non reverentia sacerdotalis crudeles animos mitigabat: quin imò ibi exaggerabatur ira furoris ubi honorem conspexerant. Quantis sacerdotibus, quantisqꝫque illustribus onera ingentia ut camelis vel alijs generibus jumentorum imposuerint nequeo enarrare quos stimulis ferreis ad ambulandum urgebant quorum nonnulli sub fascibus miserabiliter animas emisere. Senilis maturitas atqꝫque veneranda canities quæ cæsariem cajutis ut lanam candidam dealbarat: nullam sibi ab hospitibus misericordiam vendicabat sed etiam parvulos ab uberibus rapiens maternis barbarus furor insontem infantiam elidebat ad terram. Alij parvulum pedibus tenentes a meatu prorsus naturali usqꝫque ad arcem, capitis dissipabant, quando tunc forte Sion captiva cantabat: Dixit inimicus incendere fines meos interficere infantis meos & parvulos meos elisurum ad terram. In ædificijs nonnullis - - In ædificijs nonnullis magnarum ædium vel domorum ubi ministerium ignis minùs valuerat, tectis admodum despicatis pulchritudinem parietum solo æquabant, ut nunc antiqua illa speciositas civitatum nec quia fuerit prorsus appareat. Sed et urbes quamplurimæ aut raris aut nullis habitatoribus incoluntur. Nam et hodiè siqua supersunt subinde desolantur. Vbi verò munitiones aliquæ aliquæ videbantur, quas hostilitas barbarici furoris oppugnare nequiret, congregatis in circuitu castrorum innumerabilibus turbis, gladijs feralibus, cruciabant, ut putrefactis cadaveribus, quos adire non poterant arcente murorum defensione, corporum liquescentium enecarent fœtore. Quanti & quam numerosi tunc ab eis cruciati sunt sacerdotes explicare quis poterit? &c Tunc enim nostræ civitatis venerabilis Papinianus antistes, candentis ferri laminis toto adeptus est corpore. Similiter et Mansuetus Vricitanus, in porta incensus est Formitana. &c. How vast these desolations were you may further guess by yethe largeness of yethe Province, wchwhich by yethe incredible number of Bishoprics in it seems scarce so little as less or not much less then Spain & Gallia together: ffor BaroniusBaron ad Ann 411. § 6. A.C. 411. computes out of D. Austin computes 466 625 episcopal seats of yethe Catholic Bishops (as he calls them) in Afric & besides of yethe Donatists 159 whose Bishops came to yethe counsel of Carthage then called, besides 120 whose Bishops yethe Donatists said remained behind: that is in all 745 Bishopricks. at least in Afric. Also in Afric how severe & sharp they were may be further apprehended How severe & sharp these desolations were may be further apprehended by thithe fierce & crulcruel disposition of Genseric their King wchwhich sufficiently discovers it self by this one passage of Prosper: Dioscoro et Eudoxio Coss. In Geisericum de successu rerum etiam apud suos superbientem, quidam Optimates ipsius conspiraverunt sed molitione detecta multis ab eo supplicijs excruciati atqꝫque extincti sunt. Quumqꝫque idem audendum etiam ab alijs videretur, tam multis regis suspicio exitio fuit ut hac sui cura plus virium perderet quam si bello superaretur. Prosp. in Chron. If he did thus to his own people what would he not do to yethe Africans. But how vast desolations he made there you may still further guess by the largeness - Nor was it Afric alone these Barbariansbarbarians infested; the Mediterranean Islands felt their fury too. ffor Marcelline saith A.C. 439 Theod 17 & Fausto Coss. Vandali Pyratæ multas insulas sed præcipue Siciliam vastavêre. And saith SalvianSalvian De Gubern Dei lib 6. Postremo nequa Vastatus tells us Eversis Gallijs et HispaniaHispanijs, postremò nequa pars mundi exitialibus malis esset immunis, navigare per fluctus bella cœperunt: quæ vastatis urbibus mari clausis atqꝫque eversis Sardinia et Sicilia id est fiscalibus horreis, atqꝫque abscissis velut vitalibus venis Africam ipsam id est quasi animam 28animam captivarêre reipublicæ: That is completed its captivity by sacking Carthage & pervading yethe whole soon after they had cut of suppl taken Sicily & other Mediterranean Isles & thereby cut of supplies from Europe. When they had thus by a tedious war wthwith yethe Emperor's forces wasted & subdued Afric & Sicily, they from thence A.C 455 sailed into Italy & spoiled Rome & other cities there carrying into Afric yethe whole treasures thereof & consequently of yethe Empire wchwhich yethe abstemious gothsGoths had spared, & captivating yethe flower of Italy. Post exitum Maximi confestim secuta est multis digna lacrymislachrymis Romana captivitas. Vrbem omni præsidio vacuam GenserGeisericus obtinuit, - et per 14 dies continuos secura et libera scrutatione omnibus opibus suis Roma vacucta est, multaqꝫque millia captivorum prout quisqꝫque aut ætate aut arte placuerunt cum Regina et filiabus ejus Carthaginem abducti sunt. Prosper apud Euseb. l 1. Gensericus vacuam præsidio civitatem capit & occursu Leonis Papæ mitigatus ab incendio cædibus atqꝫque supplicijs urbem immanem servavit, omnibus tamen opibus ablatis multaqꝫque millia multa inde captivorum millia cum Augusta Eudoxia & ejus filiabus Carthaginem revexit. Paul Diac. lib. 15. Exinde Regum multorum divitias cum populis captivavit. Quæ dum multitudo captivitatis Africanum attingeret littus dividentibus Vandalis et Mauris ingentem populi quantitatem, ut moris est Barbaris, mariti ab uxoribus, liberi a parentibus separabantur. Victor De Persec. Vand. l. 1. Gazam omnem Imperatoriam in navibus positam secum in Africam tulit: ac siqua erant Romæ decora, itemqꝫque Iovis capitolini tegularum ex ære auratarum partem dimidiam abripuit. Vnam verò ex his navibus ubi statuæ fuerant tempestate perijsse dicunt, cæteras incolumes in Africam delatas. Procop. de Bello Wand. l. 1. Amongst other things were yethe vessels of yethe Temple of Ierusalem wchwhich Titus had sent to Rome. Procop. ib. l 2. Niceph. l 15. c 11. And to these spoiles of Rome they added at yethe same time yethe prey of many other cities: Miles Genserici avidus prædæ in Campaniam incursat, Capuam evertit, Neapolin expugnat, Nolam obsidet, urbes reliquas diripit - onustus præda cum ingenti captivorum numero Africam repetit. Aventinus in Annal. Boi. & Pompon. Læt. From this time yethe Vandals possessing themselves more & more of yethe mediterranean Isles continued to play yethe Pyrats & infest Europe wthwith very frequent incursians. Post mortem Valentiniani, saith victor, Victor De Wand. Pers l. 1. Gensericus totius Africæ ambitum ob- tinuit, 29tinuit, nec non et insulas maximas Sardiniam Siciliam Corsicam Ebusum Majoricam Minoricam & alias multas superbia sibi consueta defendit. And Procopius:Procop. de Bello Wandal. lib 1. Post mortem Valentiniani, aliquot annos veris initio continuò longas fecit prædando et populando incursiones, nunc in Siciliam, nunc in Italiam, civitates insuper partim diripiendo partim solo æquando: ubi verò omnia delevit ad Orientis conversus Imperium Illyricum omne simul et Peloponnesum, hisqꝫque adjacentes insulas cum reliqua Græcia invadit. Ad Italiam rursum Siciliamqꝫque reversus quicquid erat reliqui diripuit. Verùm e quondam cum e Carthaginis portu passis velis soluturus esset, interrogatus a Nauclero, quo tendere populabundus vellet: respondisse quo Deus impulerit, adeò ut ex nulla causa in obvios quoscunqꝫque hostiliter ferebatur. So Sidonius in his Panegyric calld Anthemius, speaking of yethe short reign of yethe Emperors after Valentinian III, saith - Quencunqꝫque creavit Axe meo natum, confestim fregit in illo Imperij fortuna rotas. Hinc Wandalus hostis Vrget et in nostrum numerosa classe quotannis Militat excidium, conversoqꝫque ordine fati Torrida Caucaseos infert mihi Byrsa furores. Præterea invictus Ricimer, quem publica fata Respiciunt, proprio solus vix Marte repellit Piratam per rura vagum, qui prœlia vitans Qui pacem pugnamqꝫque negat? Nam fœdera nulla Cum Ricimere jacit. Porrò ita formidabilis, inquit Baronius, Baron. Ann 464465 § 33. erat Gensericus piratica classe ut Alexandria etiam fuerit timore concussa. Etenim hæc habent dd Apud Surium die 11 Decemb. acta Danielis Stylitæ. Quædam fama in omnes gentes manavit, Gensericum regem Wandalorum bellum gerere adversus ** Græcos scil. Romanos magno apparatu & majori audacia, & quod magna manu pervenit Alexandriam, eam sibi volens belli facere præmium. Non parùm ergo animo angebatur magistratus et ipse Imperator &c. So troublesome were these violences, that for restraining them Procop. de Bello Wand. l. 1. Niceph. l. 15. c. 27. Leo yethe Greek Emperor A.C. 468 set forth a navy of eleven hundred ships & an hundred thousand men, wchwhich at first prevailed, but landing a great part of their men in Afric, yethe Vandals set upon them afresh & burnt their ships & then beat yethe forces also wchwhich they had landed. Thus having baffled both Emperors they continued their pyratical incursions till about yethe year 500, when Theoderic king of yethe Ostrogoths having newly propagated his kingdom 32 kingdom into Italy, made peace wthwith them as Baronius in this year thus mentions: Baron. Ann 500 § 11. Iam tutum, inquit, redditum erat commercium inter Africanos et Italos cum sanxivisset fœdus Rex Theodericus inter Africanos et Italos cum Wandalorum (Rege, [] a quo hactenus frequentes fiebant in solum Italicum incursiones. Stabilita est enim inter eos pax fœdere nuptiarum, data eisei [Sc. Trasamundo] in Matrimonium Amalafrida. De qua inita inter illos concordia hæc EnodiusEnnodius in Panegyrico Theoderici: Quid castigatas Wandalorum ventis parentibus eloquar deprædationes, quibus pro annuâ pensione satis est amicitia tua? Evagari ultra possibilitatem nesciunt, Duce sapientia: affines esse meruerunt quia obedire non abnuunt. ☞ Here insert. [VicorVictor after he has been &c. 30 - quia obedire non abnuunt. ☞ Victor Hist. Wand. lib. 1, in fin.Victor after he has been very large in describing yethe extreme miseries of Afric by yethe banishments, enslavement, various tortures or slaughters of yethe natives, adds this short hint of yethe sufferings of Europe also by yethe Pyratical incursions. Quæ verò, inquit, Gensericus in Hispania, Italia, Dalmatia, Calabria, Apulia, Sicilia, Sardinia, Brutijs, Lucania, Epiro, vel Hellada gesserit, Gensericus melius ibi ipsi qui passi sunt miserabiliter lugenda narrabunt. So that scarce any thing not too remote from yethe sea, escapt their fury./ But besides these there were other great wars by wchwhich Europe was severely afflicted. For yethe aa Iornandi Get. Paul Diacon l 15. Sigonius de Occ. Imp. Iornan de Regni succesHuns under Attila in yethe last five years of Theodosius yethe 2d years 441 & 442, & again in the years 445, 446 & 447, miserably wasted Macedon, Greece Epire & Dalmatia Thrace, Mœsia, Achaia. & Greece & Epire & then & A.C. 451 wthwith a greater army consisting of Ostrogoths, Gepides & many other Scythian & German nations to yethe bb Sigebert, sed Paul. Diac. lib. 15 ponit 700000 number of 500000 oo Vide etiam Iornand: Get. invaded Gallia pretending to make war upon yethe GothsVisiGoths only, but yethe rest of yethe Gallic Barbarian Kingdoms (yethe Franks Burgundians & Alans) being admonished by Ætius yethe Capitain of yethe Romans ytthat his intention was to swallow them all singly, joyned wthwith yethe Goths, & after he had cc Paul. Diac. l 15 Greg: Turon: l. 2, c. 6, 7. Beat. Rhenan. l. 1. Vita Lupi Frecensis Episc. apud Surium die 29. Iul. wasted many cities & began to besiege Orleans, set upon him & wthwith much difficulty beat him, there dd Iornand: Get. alijqꝫque falling on both sides 162000 besides 90000 Gepides & Franks wchwhich fell yethe night before. And afterward he returning to invade yethe Alans, yethe cee Idatius. Vide et Isidorum, & Iornand: in Get. Goths & Alans beat him in another battel of three days continuance almost as bloody as yethe first. Then he and yethe reliques of recruited a his forces & led them into pp Pompon: Læt. Venetia Histria, Incubria, Gallia togata, & ff Paul. Diac. l 15. Iornand: Get. Aventinus in Annal: Boi: Sigon: de Occ. Imp. rased divers of yethe chief cities there, Aquileia, Millain Ticinum Verona, & others: at wchwhich time many of yethe Italians fled for safety to yethe Adriatic Islands & built yethe city Venice there, so called from yethe region. But in yethe heat of his fury he was gg Isidor: Chron: Got. curbed by an army sent by yethe Greek Emperor Marcian. & forced to return home wthwith dammage: & yethe next year (kk Marcellin. A.C. 444) dying, his sons fell into civil dissentions about sharing his dominions: on wchwhich occasion yethe nations under them laying hold shook off this rebelled & subdued them, yethe Gepides in Mysia, yethe Ostrogoths in Pannonia & others in other places. And now yethe Vandals having not only robd yethe Empire of what Salvian calls yethe its life & vital veins & soule, but of its heart too by spoiling Rome of it's wealth & captivating yethe flower of Italy & of its marrow too by continually invading & preying upon all places accesible: there remaind only a trunk wchwhich after a little feeble struggling died of its own accord, hh Vide Baron: ann 375. § 3, 4, 5 & 276376. § 1. & Sigon de Occid. Imp. c 14.some as factions one party of yethe Italians weary of their helpless languishing condition calling into calling from beyond the Danube into Italy against another Italy against another, Oddacer King of yethe Heruli into Italy against another & helping him & giving him opportunity who seized it wthwithout war quickly pervaded it, almost without opposition, but yet not wthwithout spoiling some Cities & chiefly Ticinum. 31 Besides all these I might mention yethe wars by wchwhich yethe Ostrogoths threw yethe Heruli out of Italy & succeeded them them there & those between yethe Visigoths & Suevians in Spain, & yethe Franks & other Barbarians in Gallia &c. But these, as they are much inferior to those of yethe Vandals & Huns so they were not up against yethe Romans but between Barbarian nations & consequently not properly of yethe nature of yethe four winds wchwhich were to hurt yethe earth & yethe seassea together, that is to be waged between Barbarians & Romans for yethe destruction of yethe Empire. On yethe same account also yethe wars of yethe Huns in Gallia are liable to exception, but yet becaus Ætius a Roman Capitain with an army of Romans was ingaged in them, they may be referred to yethe Vandalic wars of this wind in a secondary order, recconning this wind to extend from yethe South to both sides Rome yethe regions on both sides Rome as yethe first wind did from yethe east to all sides but yethe west. I Vnless ✝ ✝ Vnless you had rather compare yethe Hunnic wars to so many blasts of a Hurricane for thir shortness, fury & unconstant quarter to so many fits of a Hurricane i'th' midst of a great wind. ffor while they lasted they were more yethe most violent of any their wars, but yet yethe Vandalic was much more successful & fatal to yethe Empire, rending away together wthwith yethe most flourishing part of it, more ground people & riches then perhaps they left to be seized by others, whereas yethe Hunnic war rent little or nothing away. Considering therefore that yethe Vandalic war conduced most to yethe fall of yethe Empire wchwhich yethe winds were to effect & that by its durableness & constancy it resembles a wind better then any other war or agggregate of wars contemporary to it, & ytthat by also that it brake out in a new quarter & was yethe only great war in that Quarter: it ought to be accounted yethe cardinal wind & yethe rest referred to it as so many irregular contemporary irregular blasts. But besides yethe Quarter - I know not whether it be worth yethe while to take notice that in this wind some wars (as yethe Hunnic in Venetia) were on yethe north of Rome, seeing these were very short & much inferior to those in other quarters. Where there are wars on all sides the quarter must be esteemed by yethe principlprincipal war & such was yethe Vandalic: for though yethe Hunnic were more magnificent & fierce for the time yet yethe Vandalic were much more durable succesfull & fatal to yethe Empire. The Huns rent nothing from yethe Empire, but yethe Vandals rent away together wthwith yethe most flourishing part of it more ground people & riches then perhaps they left to be seized by others [& desolatingdesolated more what they rent away then any but the Huns, for yethe Heruli & Ostrogoths mended yethe condition of Italy by invading it. In a word the Vandalic was yethe only notable desolating war in yethe south quarter of Rome & consequently yethe only war to wchwhich this wind or Trumpet can be applied. But besides the Quarter, this Trumpet has another remarkable character, yethe fall of a great star from heaven. -] Yet the Huns tormented the Empire more for yethe time: for says they destroyed 70 cities in Thrace Macedon & Greece. In Gallia Beatus Rhenanus reccons 23 by name & says dthey destroyed many more; & in Italy their fury was aas great as in other places though perhaps a little shorter: so ytthat well might Beda Marcelline & others say of Attila this vast depopulator that he laid was almost all Europe wherefore these are a main part of yethe wars to wchwhich this Trumpet sounded. But yet yethe Vandalic war considering its duration & constancy was more like a wind, & must be this third wind becaus yethe only notable notable desolating war in yethe south Quarter. The Hunnic wars therefore I referred to this as subordinate in duration & success. But if you think their violence shortness so much recompensed by their violence that they may come in competition wthwith yethe Vandalic wars, you may consider Attila's expeditions as so many fits of a Hurricane ith midst of a great wind. And these I suppose are yethe wars to wchwhich the third Trumpet sounded because as they were notably great & pernicious so they were yethe only memorable wars in yethe south quarter, wchwhich is yethe quarter of yethe third wind. But besides this of yethe Quarter, this Trumpet has another remarkable character, yethe fall of a great star from heaven burning as it were a Lamp; that is of some very great aa D Fig. Prince from yethe heaven of his dignity, bb Fig consuming by war. And this points at yethe fall of yethe western Cæsar, who from that time ytthat yethe Vandals rent Afric & yethe Mediterranean Isles from yethe Empire & spoiled Rome & captivated Italy, retained almost nothing but yethe name of Emperor: insomuch ytthat some historians make that time yethe end of this Empire. Yet it resisted absolute death for about twenty years longer under yethe titular Cæsars Aritus, Majoranus, Severus, Anthemius, Olybrius Glycerius & Nepos falling by yethe sword of one another, untill at last A.C. 476 it was (as to yethe Imperial dignity) utterly extinguished under yethe fatal name of ** Ex fato suo nomēen Augustuli contraxit. AgustusAugustus or Augustinus by Odoacer King of Heruli who as was said being invited by some of yethe Italians translated his nation into Italy. The reason why I interpret this star of no less dignity then ytthat of yethe western Emperor is ytthat it is described of yethe greatest magnitude, & while there are two Emperors in yethe Roman world it would be against nature to represent them by suns. Yet least you should doubt of this interpretation you may compare it wthwith Isa 14.12 where yethe fall of as great a Monarch, yethe King of Babylon, because he had in like manner yethe King of the Medes for his fellow, is exprest by the like 33 like Parable of a falling star. How art thou fallen from heaven O Lucifer son of yethe Morning, saith yethe Prophet, how art thou cut down to yethe ground wchwhich didst weaken the nations. Now whereas this star is described to fall upon yethe third part of yethe rivers & fountains of waters, it is a figure, like that of casting yethe mountain into yethe sea, to express at once both yethe ruin of yethe star & yethe disturbance of yethe waters & embittring them by that burning wchwhich consumed yethe star. By yethe third part of yethe rivers (their denoting dd Fig. the provinces of any kingdom) I still understand yethe people of yethe Western Empire, yethe same waters wchwhich were before called yethe sea third part of yethe sea, but are now compared to rivers becaus no longer in one intire mas but intermixed wthwith yethe earth those many northern nations wchwhich in yethe last Trumpet & beginning of this by invading yethe sea aa Fig dried up its waters & converted yeymthem residue as it were to disseminated rivers. Moreover by yethe third part of the rivers on wchwhich yethe star fell I understand so much of yethe Empire as the star reigned over at yethe beginning of this Trumpet that is Afric one sixt part, & Italy Dalmatia & Rhætia wthwith some part of Spain & Gallia wchwhich being about half yethe European portion of yethe western Empire, yethe other amounts to another sixt part; the other half being occupied by yethe barbarous nations. On these his dominions, & on the b ruling cities On these therefore & on yethe bb Fig ruling cities (Rome Carthage Ravenna, Aquileia, Millain, Ticinum, Capua Naples, Carthage, Hippo, &c.) the heads or ffountains of these waters, yethe great star fell burning as it were a lamp, & by its fall & burning (that is by yethe decay of yethe Emperors power wchwhich should have defended yethe Romans & by yethe cc Fig. wars in wchwhich he consumed) smote yethe waters & made them bitter as if they had been imbibed wthwith so much wormwood, or, as is exprest in yethe third Vial, it turned them to blood: & many men died of their bitterness, that is a politic death by yethe dissolution of by the dissolution of the yethe Empire being dissolved by wthwith much bloodshed & bitternessbitter acutenes of affliction pain being slain being dissolved or (as I may say) slain wchwhich expired or (as it were) died wthwith much bloodshed & bitter pain. In yethe next place follows a declaration of God's justice in executing these judgments. Apoc 16Iohn heard yethe voice Angel of yethe waters say Thou art righteous o Lord wchwhich wast & art & shalt be becaus thou hast judged thus: For they have shed yethe blood of saints & Prophets, & thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy. And another angel out of yethe Altar said: Even so Lord God Almighty true & righteous are thy judgments. And this affords a third character of these times worthy of yoe special notice, namely that these wars followed upon a sanguinary persecution of yethe Church & were inflicted upon the persecutors as a righteous judgment to shed their blood who had shed the blood of saints & thereby made the aa Matth. 23.35 derived upon themselves the blood of all 34 all Prophets & Martyrs since yethe world began. In yethe fift seal you had a conclusion to yethe Heathen persecutions exprest by yethe soules under yethe Altar calling for Vengeance, & here yethe brethren that should be killed as they were should be fulfilled: & here you have yethe beginning of yethe Christian or rather Antichristian persecutions, the killing of those their brethren noted by Angel of yethe waters & yethe voice of one from yethe same Altar of Martyrdom celebrating God's justice for giving yethe blood-shedders blood to drink: I say the beginning, becaus we shall find yethe beginnings of all yethe chief enormities of the Apostacy some where or other described in this Prophesy, & this is yethe earliest mention of their sanguinary persecution. We are therefore to seek for yethe beginning of the Antichristian sanguinary persecutions a little before this Vial. And there it is to be found. For Honorius, aa Baron an: 410. § 48. Gothofred. Comment. in hanc Legem. when Alaric ste up Attalus against him, fearing yethe laws he had formerly put forth for compelling all yethe Donatists wthwith the rest of yethe Africans to his religion might make them fall of to Attalus, permitted liberty of religion to all, but after Attalus's deposition, bb Baron & Gothofr. ibid. at yethe petition of a Counsel of yethe African Bishops revoked that edict by this Lex 51. De Hæret. C. Theodos.Impp. Honor. & Theod. AA. HeraclinoHeracliano Com. Afric. cc Edicto mili prioritate religionum. Oraculo penitus remoto quo ad ritus suos hæreticæ superstitiones irrepserant, sciant omnes sanctæ legis inimici plectendos se pœna & proscriptionis & sanguinis si ultra convenire per publicum execrandâ sceleris sui temeritate temptaverint. Dat 8 Kal. Sept. Varane. V.C. Coss. [410.] And afterward five years after when yethe accused (as I conceive wthwith dd Vide Comment. Gothofredi in legem sequ. Gothofredus) pleaded that this law was voided by yethe Treason & death of HeraclinusHeraclianus, Honorius reinforced it by this inscribed to yethe same HeraclinusHeraclianus though dead to signify that his laws depended not on yethe names they were inscribed to, & therefore that yethe former law was in foce against them that had transgressed it before this came out. L 56 De Hæret. C. Theodos.Impp. Honor. & Theod. AA. HeraclinoHeracliano Com. Afr. Sciant cuncti qui ad ritus suos hæresis superstitionibus obrepserant sanctæ legis inimici, plectendos se pœna et proscriptionis et sanguinis si ultra convenire per publicum execrandâ scleris sui temeritate temptaverint: nequâ vera divinaqꝫque reverentia contagione temeretur. Dat 8 Kal. sept. Honorio 10 & Theodosio 35 Theodosio 6 Coss. [415.]. Before these Theodosius yethe great put forth an edict for seeking out & killing yethe Manichees, & some of yethe Priscillianists were slain under Maximus, but these of Honorius, so far as I can find were yethe first for killing true Christians. They were indeed chiefly intended against yethe Donatists, but comprehended all others, & if they were so severe against aa Donatistæ Homoüsiani erant & Triunitarij, sed persecutiopersecutionem passi sunt quod in schismate constituti rebaptizabant cæteros Homoüsianos. D. Augustin. in Epist 50. them of their own faith for disallowing their Baptism only, what would they not do to those whom they thought not only schismaticks & rebaptizers but of an hæretical faith too? But how far these laws were put in execution I know not: I fear they cost yethe lives of many, for Baroniusb. Baron. Ann. 428. § 7. out of D. AugAustin notes ytthat Afric abounded wthwith Arians, as he calls them, so that there wanted not opportunity of cruelty, & Salvian informs us ytthat yethe great men were generally cruel & bloodthirsty enough. But though some of their Bishops might at first relent at this cruelty (as I find cc D. Augustin. Epist. 127. D. Austin did toward yethe Donatists) yet if others wthwith yethe Magistrates were so hard hearted as to murder but a few as yethe reinforcement of yethe Emperors edict is a demontrationdemonstration they were), it is sufficient to derive upon all them that did not abominate their murder, yethe blood of all saints & Prophets from yethe death of Abel till now: especially since this was yethe beginning & precedent to all yethe sanguinary persecutions of following ages wchwhich have cut of some hundred thousands. You see therefore how those on whom yethe plague of this Vial was inflicted had shed yethe blood of Saints & Prophets, & now if you recur to what has been already said of yethe desolations of Afric you cannot but confess that God recompensed their bloodshed on their own heads after a highly severe manner so as to deserve to be celebrated by that saying of yethe Angel: Thou art righteous, O Lord, wchwhich wast & art & shalt be, because thou hast judged thus: for they have shed yethe blood of Saints & of Prophets & thou hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy. I beleive you will easily think wthwith me that as there was no barbarian nation tion so prosperous, domineering, & cruel as yethe VandalsVandalic, so no region was hiterto so much afflicted & wasted by any Barbarians as Afric was by them. And yet this is not all. This was yethe bloodshed of yethe persecutors by wars: but God shewed his justice in a more especial manner, recompensing them wthwith persecution for persecution. 40 persecution. Of yethe barbarian invaders though all notably plagued yethe Romans by wars, yet all did not persecute them much for religion. The Ostrogoths persecuted not at all, yethe Visigoths not till yethe reign Evarix, & then only by dd. Consule. Sidonij Epist. 6. lib. 7. eodem tempore scriptam Nam fabulas Monachorum de hujus æque ac aliorum persecutionibus planè contexuit Greg. Turonnensis ut metu videtur. interdicting successors to be created to such bishopsBishops as died. wchwhich interdiction ceased wthwith his reign. And Something too yethe Suevians in Spain might do, but altogeth all these put together were but a fleabiting to what yethe Vandals did: for yethe manifestation of wchwhich I need only refer you to yethe Victor's History intitled De Persecutione Wandalica: where though it seems to me that yethe Author hath corrupted yethe truth wthwith some fabulous circumstances after yethe manner of yethe Monks or rather taken up stories as yethe Monks & other hypocrytical knaves had corruptedly infused them into his credulous party, yet I think yethe substance of his history (these circumstances abated) in general need not be questioned. For though he hath set of yethe sufferers of his party not only wthwith yethe titles of Martyrs & Confessors, but wthwith several strange relations of Miracles & other fucuses of historystory, yet seeing he wrote of his own times he could not have done that plausibly if divers of his own party had not suffered some by various torments others by death, & that in a persecution of their religion, though scarce for yethe confession of their faith alone wthwithout some other supervening actions or language wchwhich yethe Vandals would not bear wthwith. The whole fifty year's reign of Geiseric was but one continual lash: whence in so much ytthat some of that party have not stuck to call him Antichrist. To yethe several banishments of their Priests & other afflictions of that Church in his reign, Victor adds: Sed etiam martyria quamplurima esse probantur, Confessorum autem ingens & plurima multitudo ex quibus aliqua narrare tentabo &c. ✝ ✝ But yet I must confess I take all this to have been a persecution for ill manners rather then for religion, seing he prohibited not yethe exercise of their religion by any Law. He was indeed a very cruel Tyrant, & would brook no affronts, & yethe Affricans were insolent enough to provoke him: whence all might happen that Victor relates, without a persecution of religion. Salvian plainly acquits him for yethe first 20 years of his reign, & this passage of Victor (lib 1) seems to me to acquit him in generall. Diversæ calumniæ non deerant quotidiè etiam illis Sacerdotibus qui in his regionibus versabantur, quæ regiones palatio tributa pendebant, et si forsitan quispiam ut movis est dum Dei populum admoneret Pharaonem, Nabuchadonosor, Holofernem aut aliquem similem nominasset, objiciebatur illi quod in personam regis ista dixisset, & statim exilio tradebatur Hoc enim persecutionis genus agebatur hic apertè, alibi occultè ut nomen piorum nomen talibus insidijs interiret. Qua de re plurimos Sacerdotum tunc novimus relegatos &c. This coming from yethe mouth of so partial a writer as Victor, shews yethe insolence & perversnes of yethe Africans, & excuses yethe Vandals. ffor had there been any persecution of religion there would have been no need to seek for other crimes. But what ever yethe Africans suffered for, it's plain they suffered for such things as they put upon yethe score of religion, & accounted a restraint thereof & so these suffer ings ings may be accounted recconed a just requital of their persecuting. This was in yethe 37 years reign of Geiseric. But in his Son Hunnerrick's reign they suffered much more for yethe time. He at first -/ But yethe persecution of his successor Huneric though shorter was more violent for yethe time. He at first called home their Priests wchwhich his father Geiseric had banished, & gave all liberty to yethe exercise of their religion: but this respite only put them into yethe capacity of greater affliction: wchwhich began thus. First he purged his Court & Army of Homoüsians afterwards spoiling those he found there ( were many) (on what further motive I know not) of their estates & banishing them into Sicly & Sardinia. Then he caused their sacred Virgins or Nuns to be gathered together & searched by Midwives, & for unchastity hung up wthwith great weights tyed to their feet, & burnt wthwith red hot iron plates applyed to their backs bellybellies paps & sides, & in their torments thus urged to confesseconfess their defilers: Dicite quomodo episcopi vobiscum concumbunt & clerici vestri. By wchwhich torments 41 torments many died & yethe rest were made crook't. This was very severe but I wonder not much at yethe numbers that suffered when I consider what Salvian has written of yethe Extreme & universal unchastnes of yethe Africans unles so far as where yethe Vandals purged it cured it not by causing marriage, & that seing prohibition wthwithout grace does but inflame yethe desire. AfterVpon this followed yethe banishment of almost five thousand BpsBishops Priests Deacons & Monks at once into a Desart. What crime yethe Vandals charged them with to select them out from yethe rest Victor conceals. Their faith alone it could not be, yethe persecution for that beginning afterwards. And therefore following upon yethe examination of the defiled Nuns I concl cannot but suspect it was chiefly if not solely yethe result of their confession. ffor The old men among them were once young enough, & though Victor minces yethe matter, yet he tells us yethe Vandals examined yethe Nuns to find occasion of animadverting upon yethe Clergy, & amidst so many tortured defiled ones tortured to confess it's impossible but confessions must be made. And why not (some at least) true as well as fals? Yet Yet all are saints wthwith Victor. Not an ill confession, not a stein to his church: not a crime and particularly acknowledged in his own party in all his history, Nothing there to be met wthwith but piety & holines: Nothing there but Saints, Not a punishment be it for what it will but makes a martyr or a Confessor if inflicted by a Vandal, & it shal go hard too if his saintship be not recommended by a miracle or two. And yet out of Salvian we learn that yethe Africans even before this time were become yethe most abominably dissolute & wicked sort of people in all yethe extremely wicked Empire, being almost wthwithout exception given to Lechery, lying, deceit, violence, insolence, pride malice, injustice &c. crimes sufficient to minister occasion to Victor's Martyrs yethe sufferings of Victor's martyrs, & most likely to do so; for when yethe Vandals had a mind to be severe it's not likely that they would shut their eyes at yethe committers of such vices & punish only yethe innocent. But to proceed: After yethe banishment of these, the King summoned all yethe rest of yethe Clergy to Carthage to dispute wthwith his Bishops about their faith & prove it out of scripture: & accordingly there came together yethe BpsBishops of all Afric & divers Islands. Where cavilling about superiority & yethe language they should dispute in, & urging to have yethe multitude brought in, & making tumultuous clamors, yethe King commanded them as movers of sedition & decliners of yethe dispute to be beaten & banished some into Corsica to hew wood, & others into other places: & then issued forth an Edict for 42 for putting yethe Roman persecuting laws in force against yethe Africans, viz particularly those for prohibiting their worship by confiscations & mulcts, banishing them from all cities & towns, prohibiting them to give or receive any thing or to make or inherit wills under set penalties, injoyning their books to be burnt, & laying a penalty of proscription & death upon yethe judges wchwhich favoured yethe accused, &c. And then sent forth ministers into all parts of his kingdom to put this edict in execution: whence sprang yethe African afflictions so much insisted on by Victor, as he thus mentions in short. Addidit, saith he, Bestia illa insatiabilis sanguinem sitiens innocentum, Episcopis necdum adhuc in Exilium directis, per universas Africanæ terræ Provincias uno tempore tortores crudelissimos destinari: ut nulla remansisset domus et locus ubi non fuisset ejulatus et luctus, ut nulli ætati, nulli parceretur sexui nisi illis qui eorum succumberent voluntati. Hos fustibus, illos suspendio alios ignibus concremabant. In yethe edict it self wchwhich caused all this there is no sanguinary punishment spec besides that of remiss Iudges. But yet yethe forcible dissolving of Conventicles, expelling yethe people from cities & towns, interdicting commerce whereby yethe expeld might procure things necessary for life, proceeding wthwith those as rebels who made resistence or were taken in any Conventicle or company where resistence was made, using imprisonment or other violence to extort such pecuniary mulcts as yethe condemned accused could not or would not pay, & animadverting upon such as any other way crost their laws or humor, though it was but in giving saucy deriding language, wchwhich they might think religious gallantry (as Lucifer Cal. did his revilling Constantius) but Conquerors use not to brook in a Conquerd people: these I say & such like causes might procure yethe stripes & deaths of many; especially since yethe Africans were a people so highly wicked & stuborn & difficult to be broken (as you may learn by yethe history of yethe Donatists,) & yethe Vandals were by nature as fierce & cruel as they were stubborn & insolent. And I am apt to think yethe bloodines of yethe Persecution sprang 43 sprang from no other causes seing Victor could produce no law for shedding their blood or tormenting them for their religion. For instance where Victor relates this story: In Typasensi verò quod gestum est Mauritaniæ majoris civitate, ad laudem Dei insinuare festinemus. Dum suæ civitati Arrianum Episcopum ex Notario Cyrilæ ad perdendas animas ordinatum vidissent: omnis simul civitas evectione navali de proximo confugit, relictis paucissimis qui aditum non invenerant navigandi: Quos Arrianorum Episcopus primo blandimentis postea minis compellere cœpit ut eos faceret Arianos. Sed fortes in domino non solum suadentis insaniam irriserunt, sed verum etiam publicè mysteria divina in domo una congregati celebrare cœperunt. Quod ille congnoscens, relationem occultè Carthaginem adversus eos direxit. Quæ cum regi innotuisset, Comitem quendam cum iracundia dirigens, præcepit ut in medio foro congregata illuc omni provincia linguas eis & manus dextras radicitus abscinderet: the cutting off these members may well make one think they had used them to ill some ill purposes: their tongues (as Victor confesses) to deride, & that probably after such a manner that yethe Vandals might account it blasphemy; & their hands to handle weapons, I guess to resist yethe new BpsBishops taking possession, ffor theirthe flight of the rest to yethe ship & that in such hast as to leave some of these their partners behind them, whence should it proceed but from their being beaten. In short; if yethe throwing out Athanasius caused that incredible sedition in Alexandria wchwhich partly in yethe tumult partly in yethe following executions of yethe rebels procured yethe death & punishment of so many celebrated by Athanasius for martyrs well might yethe putting Huneric's edict in execution all over Afric minister substance enough for Victor's martyrology had he been much more profuse then he is: so that yethe extreme affliction of Afric thereby I think is not to be doubted. And yet as if this was not enough, he concludes his Mar Book Martyrology wthwith yethe relation of such a famin as in the time of this persecution as I never read of: wchwhich concurring to fulfil God's giving them blood to drink, I shal not stick to describe it here together wthwith Victor's bitter 36 Theodosio 6 Coss. [415.] Before these Theodosius put forth an edict for seeking out & killing yethe Manichees, & some of yethe Priscilianists also were slain under Maximus but thisthese of Honorius so far as I can find were yethe first for killing true Christians. They coextended were indeed chiefly intended against yethe Donatists, but comprehended all others, & if they were so severe against aa Homoüsiani & Triunitarij erant Donatistæ sed persecutionem quod in Schismate constituti rebaptizabant cæteros Homoüsianos. D. Augustinus in Epist 50them of their own faith for disallowing their own Baptism only, what would they not do to those whom they thought not only schismatics & rebaptizers but of an hæretical faith too. But how far these laws were put in execution I know not: I feare they cost yethe lives of many, for bb Baron Ann 428. § 7.Baronius out of D. Austin tells us notes ytthat Afric abounded wthwith Arians as he calls them & Salvian informs us that a so that there wanted not opportunities of cruelty, & Salvian informs us that yethe great men were generally cruel & bloodthirsty enough. But though some of their Bishops might at first relent at this cruelty (as I find D. Austin didc D. Augustin Epist 127) yet if others wthwith yethe Magistrates were so hard hearted as to murder but a very few, it is sufficient to derive upon all them that consented to yethe did not abominate their murder, yethe blood of all martyrs Saints & Prophets shed from yethe beginning of yethe world death of Abel till now, especially since this was the beginning & presidentprecedent to all yethe sanguinary persecutions of following ages wchwhich have cut of some hundred thousands. Thus you see how those on whom yethe plague of this Trumpet & Vial was inflicted, had shed yethe blood of Saints And now though you heard above how much God shed their blood for it, yet I shall here add something further out of Victor that you may clearly see there was hitherto no Roman region so much desolated as Afric. Having brought his history down to yethe end of Huneric's reign he describes such a famin as I never read of & then concludes his history wthwith a most bitter lamentation for yethe desolation of Afric as well by yethe Vandals as by this famin his Church; wthwith wchwhich he concludes his history. Ea, inquit, tempestate facta est incredibilis fames & cœpit Africam totam una depopulatione vastare. Nullus tunc adfuit imber, nulla prorsus gutta de cœlo profluxit. Tristia fuere tetraqꝫque omnia ut par pestilentiæ clades Africam confunderet omnem. Non hominibus non jumentis germinates herbas ediderat tellus: omninò virores arnerant. Dudum 37 Dudum currentium impetu præcipiti alvei fluminum fontiumqꝫque crispantes perennitate subtracta pariter siccaverant venæ. Oves & boves universi insuper & pecora campi, simulqꝫque bestiæ sylvarum, inedia consumente nusquenusquam penitus visebantur. Nullum gestum est illo tempore commercium: nullum cespitem terræ juvencis trahentibus scindens vertit avatrum, quia nec boves suberant, nec castra omninò remanserant. Et quia Sed et rusticorum manus alia interierat, & subinde quæ forte supererat jam sepulturam quærebat. Et quia urgente famis incommoditate, neqꝫque commercia, ut fati sumus consuetudini, neqꝫque cultura reddebatur debita terris, juvenum, senum, adolescentium atqꝫque adulescentularum, puerorum vel etiam puellarum agmina simul et funera, ubi potuerant, quomodo potuerant passim diffundebantur, circumeuntes oppida, vicos vel singulas urbes. - Alij diffusi per campos, alij sylvarum secreta petebant, antiquas radices herbarum vel quis quilias alias requirentes. Nonnulli cùm domo niteventur egredi in ipso limine corruentes catervatim fame debellante cadebant. Stratæ verò vel semitæ cadaveribus repletæ, exhalantium fætore mortuorum gradientes vivos omni ex parte necabant. Nec deerant quotidiè ubiqꝫque expirantium funera, & non fuerat virtus quæ miserationis impenderat sepulturam. Neqꝫque enim sufficiebant ad sepeliendum vivi fame dominante & ipsi post paululum morituri. Cupiebant singuli libertatem suam filiorumqꝫque suorum perpetuæ servituti redigere & non poterant invenire. Montes et colles plateæ civitatum viæ vel semitæ unum omnibus fuerant ubiqꝫque sepulchrum. - Nullus filium, nullus conjugem, nullus proprium tenuit servum, sed exiens unusquisqꝫque non ubi voluit sed ubi valuit, aut statim defecit aut nunquam omninò redivit. Vrgebatur infelix multitudo ad ipsam se urbem Cathaginem congregare. Et dum illuc catervatim adhuc cadavera confluerent, ubi rexRex inferendarum mortium vidit strages, pelli urbe omnes illicò jubet ne contagio deficientium commune pararet etiam exercitui ejus sepulchrum. Suis ergo Provincijs & domibus singulos imperat revocari sed nec erat qui reverteretur, dum utiqꝫque sepulturam suam in vultu portaret. - In tantum sibi devastans vindicavit fames dominium, ut locas nonnulla & admodum populosa habitatoribus extinctis, alto nunc silentio parietibus solis extantibus conquiescant. 38 conquiescant. Sed quid ego jamjam immovor in hoc quod explicare non queo? Nam si nunc superessent, vel eis fari de talibus rebus licuisset, & Tullianæ eloquentiæ fluvius siccaretur, & Salustius elinguis omnimodis remaneret. Et ut alienos ingindignos rei tantæ præteream, si Cæsariensis surgeret Eusebius ad hoc opus idoneus, aut ejus translator græcæ facundiæ, latinisqꝫque floribus Rufinus ornatus. Et quid multa ? Ambrosius, non Hieronymus neqꝫque ipse noster sufficeret Augustinus. Audite hæc omnes, auribus percipite omnes qui habitatis orbem, quiqꝫque terrigenæ & filij hominum simul in unum dives et pauper. Nonnulli qui Barbaros diligitis & eos in condemnationem vestram aliquando laudatis, discutite nomen & intelligite mores. Nunquid alio proprio nomine vocitari poterant, nisi ut Barbari dicerentur, ferocitatis utiqꝫque crudelitatis & terroris vocabulum possidentes? Quos quantiscunqꝫque muneribus foveris, quantiscunqꝫque delineris obsequijs, illi aliud nesciunt nisi invidere Romanis, & quantum ad eorum attinet voluntatem, semper cupiunt splendorem et genus Romani nominis ne bulare, nec ullum Romanorum omninò desiderant vivere. - Si disputatio necessaria fuerat Episcopalis, quare suspendia quare ignes, quare ungulæ simul et cruces? quare Arianorum serpentina proles contra innocentes genera talia tormentorum invenit qualia nec ipse Mezentius exquisivit? Dimicavit contra innocentiam cupiditas furoris & avarita crudelitatis ut et animas perderet & substantiam harpagaret. Si collatio desiderabatur quare rapinæ rerum alienarum non tantum saccorum sacerdotum verùm etiam omnium laicorum. - AdsitAssit jam quæso omnis ætas omnis sexus omnisqꝫque conditio. AdsitAssit obsecro omnis turba Catholici nominis quæ gremio materno toto orbe gestatur. - Conveniant simul ad domum nostri doloris, & paribus oculis fundamus flumina lachrymarum quia causæ & fidei nostræ unum est negotium. - Adveniant omnes qui mecum angustæ viæ carpunt iter & propter verba labiorum dei vias custodiunt duras & videant si est dolor sicut dolor meus. Quoniam vindemiata sum in die furoris domini, aperuerunt super me os suum omnes inimici mei, si- bularunt 39 bularunt et fremuerant dentibus, dinerunt devoravimus eam. En ista est dies quam expectavimus, invenimus vidimus. Adestote Angeli Dei mei, qui nunquam deestis constitui in ministerio vestro propter eos qui hæreditatem capessuri sunt æternæ salutis, & videte Africam totam dudum tantarum ecclesiarum cuneis fultam nunc ab omnibus desolatam, tantis ordinibus sacerdotum ornatam modò sedentem viduūum & abjectam. Sacerdotes ejus & seniores in desertis locis & insulis defecerunt quærendo sibi escas ad manducandum & non inveniunt. Considerate et videte quia Sion civitas Dei nostri facta est vilis, facta est quasi polluta menstruis inter inimicos suos. Manum suam misit hostis ad omnia desiderabilia ejus, quia vidit gentes invadere & ingredi atria sua de quibus præcepera ne introvent ecclesiam tuam. & Viæ ejus lugent, eo quod nemo veniat in die festo. Egressus est a facie ejus omnis decor & deliciæ didicerunt vias asperas ambulare. Virgines et juvenes in aulis educati Monasteriorum abierunt in captivitatem Maurorum, dum lapides sancti ejus non dispergunturDisperguntur non tantum in capitibus omnium platearum, sed etiam in locis squalidis metallorum. Dicite Deo nostro susceptori, & habentes fiduciam supplicandi, quoniam tribulatur et venter ejus turbatus est a fletu ejus, quia sedit inter gentes & requiem non invenit, nec est qui consoletur eam. &c Thus you see how largely God recompensed yethe Africans wthwith persecution for persecution & desolation for desolation: in wchwhich retribution there is this very observable circumstance that it was done by putting in force those against yethe Romans those very laws of their own by wchwhich they had laid desolate yethe true Church: the Vandals professing that they retorted yethe Roman laws upon them by way of just retribution. For Huneric in his edict by wchwhich this persecution was acted, having repeated some evil behaviour of the clergy subjoyns: Adeò in hos est necessarium ac justissimum retorquere quod ipsarum legum continentiâ demonstratur, quas inductis secum in errorem Imperatoribus diversis tunc contigit promulgari: & then proceeds to repeat & put in force yethe Roman laws against them, wchwhich is yethe summ of his edict. This so expres a retribu tion 44tion I could not but note because it suits so signally wthwith yethe saying of yethe Angels celebrating God's just retribution: Thou art righteous, O Lord, wchwhich wast & art & shalt be, because thou hast judgdjudged thus &c. After Huneric's death, Gundabund his successor aa Victor Chron. Baron. An. 484. § 129 recalled yethe banished Bishops, bb Baron: An: 484. § 129. Ex Procopio qui Thrasamundūum vocat Persecutorem but wthwithin two or three years renewed yethe persecution, & so yethe next King Thrasamund cc Victor. Chron. Baron: Ann: 504 § 23 & 45. was at first indulgent but afterward persecuted for about 19 or 20 years together: God permitting the restaurations of yethe Roman African Church, as it were, that they might by iterated persecutions suffer o're & o're what they inflicted once upon the true Church. 45 The fourth Trumpet The last blast of yethe third wind, we may reccon to be that notable war (described at large by ProcopiusProcop. de Bello Vandalico.) wherein yethe Vandalic kingdom was overthrown by Bellisarius; wchwhich happened about in yethe yearyears 533 & 534. And this directs us to yethe fourth wind, namely to yeytthat famous Ostrogothic war wchwhich commenced immediately after. ffor so soon as yethe Vandals were overthrown the Emperor began to deliberate of this war, & in yethe year 536 Bellisarius entered Italy & began it began the next year. The main seat thereof was Venetia & Lombardy & yethe other regions between Rome & yethe Alps, that is yethe regioons besides some actions in Dalmatia Illyricum & perhaps in & perhaps in Pannonia Noricum & Rhætia. ffor how els came yethe Goths to be wholly deprived of those Provinces. Now these regions were northward northward of Rome wchwhich is yethe proper quarter of this wind: And therefore this must be yethe war intended by this wind becaus yethe first & most signall & durable war (between yethe Romans & Barbarians) whose main seat was in ytthat quarter. ffor first this warswar of yethe Goths continued for about 1618 years wthwith the Goths & ytthat wthwith very notable violence; & then their kingdom being ended ruined, the Lombards invaded Italy & succeed both in yethe Gothic Dominions & quarrel, but become a more fierce & lasting enemy: the war wthwith them from their first entrance aa. Viginti jam et septem annos ducimus quod in hac urbe inter Longobardorum gladios vivimus. Greg. mag. l 4. Epist. 34. Qualiter enim enim et quotidianis gladijs et quantis Longobardorum incursionibus ecce jam per triginta quinqꝫque annorum longitudinem premimur, nullis ex plere vocibus suggestionis valemus. Greg. lib 11, Epist 45 Ad Phocāam Imp Indic. 6 edit. Rom. lasting 3036 years together almost without intermission. The history of these wars wthwith their sad effects you may see at large in Procopius at large in Procopius IorndesIornandes de Regn. Sucess. Paulus Diaconus, Sigonius de Occidentali Imperio Annales Boiorum & others. In the former Trumpet you had yethe fall of yethe Western Cæsar, but this proceeds yet higher even to yethe darkning of yethe sun Moon & Stars, that is to yethe utter extinction of yethe remaining light of yethe western Empire. ffor yethe understanding of wchwhich you are to know that yethe Empire was fundamentally seated, not in yethe Emperor dominion of yethe Emperor but in that of the city of Rome. It was an Empire before the 46 48 the race of Emperors began, & might have continued so long after their fall could yethe City but have recovered its pristine extent of dominion. But though it could not recover that greatness yet it continued for some time after yethe fall of yethe Cæsars to shine considerably. The Consulship Odoacer indeed at first took away in anger, but after two years restored it & conserved it to yethe end of his reign; & then Theodoric King of yethe Ostrogoths being sent against Odoacer by Zenon the Greek Emperor against Odoacer & having conquered & slain Odoacer him & besides Dalmatia & Rhætia wchwhich were Odoacer's Provinces he added Sicily to his dominions ,& he freed Italy & his other dominions wthwith the rest of his Kingdom from yethe incursions of yethe Vandals & setled it in peace ⓐ ⓐ So far was yethe dominion of Italy restored by his coming that Ennodius in his Panegyric to him saith: Interea ad limitem suum Romana Regna remearunt. He repaired also yethe Walls &c - & ⓑ ⓑ Per Theudericum dignitas urbis Romæ non parva est restituta, muros enim ejus iste redintegravit, ob quam causam a Senatu instauratam statuam meruit. Isidorus in Chron. Patricio et Hypatio Coss: Rex Theodoricus Romam cunctorum votis expetitus advenit, et senatum suum mira affabilitate tractans, Romanæ plebis donavit annonas, atqꝫque admirandis manibus, deputata per annos singulos maxima pecuniæ quantitate, subvenit sub cujus felici Imperio plurimæ renovantur urbes, munitissima castella conduntur, consurgunt admiranda palatia; magnisqꝫque ejus operibus antiqua miracula superantur. Cassiodorus in Chron. Vide plura apud Sigonium, Baronium aliosqꝫque. [ Erat Theodericus fama quidem Tyrannus, re tamen præ se veri specimen Imperatoris ferebat, ut qui vel eorum qui a principio ea in dignitate probatiores fuissent, nemini inferior fuerit: et Gothos item ac Italos pari quadam ac summa benevolentia suapte humanitate prosequebatur, ita ut omnes (quod utiqꝫque difficillimum est) ejus Imperium oblectaret. Procop. De Bello Gottico lib 1. Idem Procopius Gothos et Belisariūum sic inducit colloquentes. -] Idem Procopius Gothos et Belisarium sic inducit colloquentes. Gothi: Zenon Theodoricum Bizantium obsessurum suadebat, ut ex Odoacre pœnas ob injuriam Augustulo Imp. illotam exigeret, hunc igiter in modum nos Italiæ suscepto Imperio leges simul et Rempublicam salvas non minùs reddidimus quàm superiorum alius quisquam Imperatorum. - Romanorum sacraria eo in honore sunt apud nos habita ut a nullo nostratium hominum sit, qui ad ea confugerit, violatus. Omnibus præterea urbanis antehac magistratibus RomanisRomani perfungebantur, Gothus vir nemo eorum particeps factus: vel producat procedat in medium qui profari nos ista non vere existimet: addat et Consularem quispiam dignitatem, qua etsi Gothi ab Orientis Imperatore donati Romanis tamen perfungi liberè permiserunt. Ad hæc Belisarius: Zenon quidem Imperator in Italiam Theodoricum transmisit Odoacro ut bellum inferret non sibi ut hujus Imperium vindicaret, sed et (quid enim a Tyranno Tyrannus differt) sed ut ea Provincia a se liberata Imperanti sibi subjiceretur. Procop de Bello Got. Lib 2. Theodericum magistrum militum & virem Consulem Romanum Zenon Imperatore Italia donavit, Senatum populumqꝫque Romanum ei commendans. Iornandes in Geticis & de Regn. Success. Evagrius Historicus Theodericum vocat & Athalaricum vocat Administratores occiden talis Imperij. Alij Imperium Occidentale ad Gothos translatum dicunt. &c. De hic vide plura apud Sigonium aliosqꝫque. repaired yethe walls of Rome & some other buildings wthwith a great summ of money given for that purpose, & changed no custome but retained yethe Senate, Consuls, Patricij, Prætors, Quæstors, Præfect of yethe City, masters of yethe hors & foot & other offices wchwhich had been in yethe time of yethe Emperors, & assigned them only to those of yethe Roman nation, as did also yethe succeeding Ostrogothic Kings Athalaric & Theodatus. Thus Rome flourished under yethe Goths after yethe same manner of as formerly under her own Emperors, (as if she had changed nothing but yethe title of her Emperors to ytthat of Kings or as if, to speak wthwith aa historians, the western Empire was translated to the Ostrogoths) And together wthwith Rome Ravenna & divers other cities (as Ravenna were repaired & restored to their pristine lustre, so ytthat Italy seemed in a state as peacefull & prosperous as in yethe reign of some of their best Emperors: as if she Rome had changed nothing but yethe title name of her Emperors to that of Kings, (or as if, to speak wthwith a Historians, as if yethe western Empire was translated to yethe Ostrogoths. So that historians speak not improperly when they In this degree yethe western light continued to shine till yethe sounding of yethe 4th This Trumpet, but then it was quite put out. ffor in yethe first year of yethe war Rome, being possessed first seized by yethe Goths, was betrayed to Bellisarius, in the end of yethe 2d year of the war, & from ffeb or March following for above a year together & from that time straitly beseiged by the Goths for above a year together all the third year & something more wthwith an Army wchwhich at first consisted of whereby B wchwhich siege her dignities being reduced to titular shaddows the Consulship expired after wthwithin five four five years after expi more (viz. A.D.C. 542) utterly expired excepting that the EmperorsEmperor bb Baron. ad Anni 566 & sequentis.IustinianIustin Tiberius & Mauritius much for one or two years in the beginnings of their reigns, to please the Italians & declare their his soveraignty over the west, took upon them yethe title of Consul wchwhich for the two years in them beginnings of their several his reigns or three first years of his reign - Consulship after 5 years more (viz A.C. 542 expired. Afterwards yethe city was again besieged & taken by Totila & for a time made destitute of all her inhabitants, & a third part of her walls demolished, & then recovered by Belisarius & again taken by Totila & retaken by Narses After this when Iustin came to yethe Empire, he to caress yethe Italians & together assert assert his dominion over them, took upon him yethe title of Consul for his two or three first years making a show as if he would restore yethe ruined dignities of Rome, but then yethe Lombards immediately invaded & wasted all Italy much more then yethe Goths had done, & again besieged Rome in yethe time of their 30 Tyrants A.C. 577. And partly by these desolations but chiefly by storms & fiery Meteors the City was so wasted that After- wards this 49 wards this siege yethe City was again twice beseiged & taken twice as oft by Totila, & g g A.C. Pet. Basilij, aggregato g. A:C. 547 Indic 10 Totila dolo Isaurorum ingreditur Romam die 16 Cal Ian: ac evertit muros, domos aliquantas igne comburens, ac omnes Rommanorum res in prædam accepit, hos ipsos Romanos in Campaniam Captivi abduxit, post quam devastationem quadraginta aut amplius dies Roma fuit ita desolata ut nec me ibi hominum nisi bestiæ morarent. Marcellin. Chron. the first there made destituddestitute of all her inhabitants & a third part thereof the walls demolished. And after all these slaughters & desolations, being retaken by Narses, it was wthwithin a while further wasted by storms & lightning, besides two more sieges of yethe Lombards, the one first in yethe yeare A.C. 577 besieged again by the aa. De hoc obsidio sic meminit Anastasius in Vitis Pontif [A.C. 577] Pelagius 2dus ordinatur absqꝫque jussione Principis eo quod Longobardi obsiderent civitatem Romanam, & multa vastatio ab eis in Italia fieret. Eodem tempore Evagrius tantæ pluviæ fuerunt ut omnes dicerent quiæ aquæ diluvij super nos inundantur & talis clades fuit qualem a seculo nullus meminit. Lombards in yethe time of yethe their 30 Tyrants, & the A.C. 577 other by Egilolphus in yethe year 60-, in wchwhich last, the siege after somthing more then a years continuance was raised by a violent pestilence common to yethe Enemy wthwith yethe inhabitants wchwhich had raged for 50 years together & was now ready to cease. And by all partly by these destructions but partly chiefly by storms & fiery meteors yethe city was so wasted ytthat ever since it hath scarce been yethe 10th part of what it was before, & that too for yethe most part without yethe compass of its former foundation. Thus was yethe Imperial City, wchwhich formerformerly shone gloriously wthwith her Consuls Senate & other dignities reduced into darkness being made a heap of ruins & deprived of her magistracy, & from being Queen of yethe world degraded to I know not what ignoble Dukedome, & compel'd to serve under Ravenna wchwhich formerly served under her, & (O darkness!) even to pay tribute to yethe Exarchs presiding there. This was yethe conclusion of this great Empire. ✝ ✝ This was yethe conclusion of this great Empire: concerning wchwhich I cannot but note ytthat it was accomplished by yethe direst desolations that (I believe) ever nation felt, God reserving his most grievous scourge for yethe fountain of Apostacy & yethe most grievous part of that scourge for yethe last place to try yethe utmost before he would give over an incorrigible insensible people. For all former desolations seem to be equald if not outdone by yethe Gothic (they & the Greeks both wasting Italy as the country of the enemy) & yet those desolations, & those were very manifestly outdone by the Lombardic. A little before yethe Lombardic invasion there was came a revelation to one Redemptus a Bishop in these words. Finis venit universæ carnis. Finis venit universæ carnis. Finis venit universæ carnis. which Gregory yethe great understanding of yethe end of yethe world made this comment upon it. Post illam Prophetiam dd Greg. Dial. l 3 c 38. mox illa terribilia in cœlum signa sub secuta sunt, ut hastæ atqꝫque acies igneæ ab Aquilonis parte viderentur. Mox effera Longobardorum gens de vagina suæ habitationis educta in nostram cervicem grassata est; atqꝫque humanum genus quod in hac terra præ nimiâ multitudine quasi spissæ segetis more surrexerat, aa. En illa plebe innumerabili quanti remanscritis aspicitis & tamen adhuc quotidie flagella urgent, repentini casus opprimunt, novæ nos et improvisæ clades affligunt. Greg. magn. Hom. in Luc 21. succisum aruit. Nam depopulatæ urbes, eversa castra, concrematæ Ecclesiæ, destructa monasteria virorum & feminarum, desolata ab hominibus prædia atqꝫque ab omni cultore destituta in solitudine vacat terra, nullus hanc possessor inhabitat occuparunt bestiæ loca quæ prius multitudo hominum tenebat. Et quid in alijs mundi partibus agitur ignoro. Nam in hac terra in qua nos vivimus finem suum non nunciat sed ostendit. Vpon wchwhich place of Gregory Baronius writes thus e. e Baron. ad An 567 sect 15 & 16.At nequis putet mendax fuisse Oraculum de fine universæ carne prædictum: sciant his verbis non seculi consummationem significatam sed gentis Italicæ cladem: sicut olim Deum per suum Prophetam comminatum fuisse constat ubi ait f f. Ezek 7 Hæc dicit dominus deus terræ Israel. Finis venit: Venit finis super quatuor plagas terræ: Nunc finis super te &c. Sicut ergo finem universæ carnis minitante Propheta non mundi est desig demonstratus interitus sed imminentes tantum clades præfiguratæ fuere, ita pariter eadem quæ prædicta sunt Redempto accipienda erunt. Certe quidem finis quodammodo tunc dici potuit advenisse Romani Occidentalis Imperij cum Longobardi Italiam invadentes rerum potiti sunt. Etenim post paucos Hexarchos Constantinopoli ab Imperatoribus in Italiam misos qui Ravennæ considere consuevere, ijsdem diu prævalentibus Longobardus, Occidentis Imperium penitus collapsum est est neqꝫque usqꝫque ad Carolum magnum restitutum, ut tamen in Gallias fuerit ipsum translatum. Sane quidem quàm durissima fuerit foret Longobardorum adventu grassatio ejusmodi factis divinitus vaticinijs præsignata potest intelligi, quibus mundi ipsiu interritus fuit creditus significari. Quid autem passa sit Longobardis Italia vele hoc uno collige argumento: Si teste Procopio cùm ijdem amici essent Imperatoris & laboranti. Italiæ bello Gothico in auxilium Longobardi venitentes longe deteriora hostibus perpetrarunt, ut opus fuerit eos dimittere: quid ab ijsdem factum potest existimari cum jam hostes redditi hostili animo Italiam invaserunt Sane quidem adeò immensa ubiqꝫque increbuere sub p ipsis mala ut non leves quæqꝫque personæ sed ipse Gregorius Papa existimarit jam instare novissimum dicem quo universi orbis conflagrato immineret. After this I know not what can be well said more: & yet out of yethe manymanifold lamentations of yethe same Gregory I shall trouble you wthwith one more where speaking to yethe people he thus breaks forth. Greg. in Ezek. Hom 18.Destructæ urbes, eversa sunt castra, depopulati agri in sollitudinem terra redacta est: Nullus in urbibus habitator agris incola pene nullus in urbibus habitator remansit, & tamen ipsæ parvæ generis humani reliquiæ adhuc quotidie & sine cessatione feriuntur & finem non habent flagella cœlestis justitiæ. Ipsa autem quæ aliquando mundi domina esse videbatur qualis remansit Roma conspicimus, innumeris doloribus multipliciter attrita desolatione civium impressione hostium frequentia ruinarum. - Ecce jam de illa omnes hujus seculi potentes ablati sunt - Ecce populi defecerunt - Vbi enim Senatus? ubi jam populus? contabuerunt ossa consumptæ sunt carnes, omnis enim secularium dignitatum ordo extinctus est et tamen ipsos nos paucos qui remansimus adhuc quotidiè gladij adhuc quotidie innumeræ tribulationes premunt - Vacua jam ardet Roma. Quid autem iste de hominibus dicimus. Cum ruinis crebrescentibus ipsa quoqꝫque destrui ædificia videmus: postqꝫquedefecerunt homines etiam dd. Vetus est vaticinium: Roma a Gentibus non exterminabitur sed tempestatibus, coruscis turbinibus, ac terræ motu fatigata in semet ipsa marcescet. Cujus prophetiæ mysteria nobis facta sunt luce clariora, qui in hac urbe dissoluta mœnia, eversas domos, destructas ecclesias turbine cernimus, ejusqꝫque ædificia longo senio lassata, quia ruinis crebrescentibus posternantur videmus. Greg. Dial. lib 2. cap 35 pariates cadunt. Iam ecce desolata, ecce contrita, ecce gemitibus oppressa est &c - Hanc autem quæ de Romanæ Vrbis contritione dicimus, in cunctis facta mundi civitatibus scimus, alia enim loca desolata sunt, alia gladio consumpta, alia fame cruciata, alia terræ hiatibus absorpta. Despiciamus ergo ex toto animo hoc 47animo hoc præsens seculum vel extinctum. Greg. in Ezek. Hom 18. Of the wars in other places wchwhich Gregory here touches upon, those made by yethe Huns invading Illyricūumoccidentale & orientale & Thrace (regions situate to yethe North east of Rome as yethe seat of yethe Lombardic wars inclined to yethe northwest) were yethe most grievous & lasting. They continued from yethe year 539 to yethe yeare 558 & upward wthwith notable violence, & soon after brake forth again. And these wthwith what others there were at this time wthwithin yethe Roman world, may be in general referred to this Trumpet, but the first place must be allowed to yethe Lombardic as yethe direst wars & those by wchwhich yethe effect of this Trumpet, that is yethe extinction of yethe western Empire, was accomplished. Now whereas this is expressedexprest by darking yethe 3d ꝑpart of yethe sun moon & stars - Now whereas this is exprest by the darkning of yethe third part of yethe sun Moon & Stars; by yethe Sun & Moon you may understand yethe Greek Emperor & Empress & by the third part of their light the third part of their dominions, that is yethe western Empire, the right of wchwhich by the ceasing of its own Emperors devolved upon yethe Greek Emperor & was accordingly claimed by him before & in his wars wthwith yethe Vandals Goths & Lombards, & for a time recovered And so by the stars are to be understood yethe subordinate Magistrates in yethe whole Empire, & by yethe third part of them yethe magistrates of yethe third part, that is yethe Consuls Senators & 50 & other dignities of Rome by wchwhich as stars this Empire had irradiated & influenced yethe world. ✝ ✝ And lastly by the expression that yethe day shone not for a third part of it & yethe night likewise we are to understand the duration of yethe darkness of the third part of yethe Empire Sun Moon & Stars that is of yethe obscure state or Eclips of yethe Western Empire: interpreting day & night of one & yethe same time of obscurity called day in respect of yethe Sun & night in respect of yethe Moon & Stars. For here yethe Sun moon & stars shine not alternatly, as in nature, to constitute successive days & nights, but shine altogether & are darkned altogether. Now of yethe western day & night of wchwhich wherof yethe darkness was a third part, the beginning the beginning must be at the beginning of yethe western Empire A.C. 395, that was yethe time of its Sun & moon-rise, for this Empire (as we shall explain hereafter) was the ten hornd beast the subject of these plagues, & that yethe time year yethe time of his ascention out of yethe bottomless pit reign of the Beast that was & is not A.C. 395 because he is yethe eighth King or head, the subject of this Prophesy of yethe Trumpets, beginning & ending together wthwith them; & tis his day & night that is darknes. Also yethe end of that day & night (so much of it as was darkned, so a third part) must be at the end of the darknes, not sooner becaus yethe darknes is a part of it (viz: the third part,), nor later becaus that is the latest time of wchwhich yethe Prophesy has hitherto taken a view, & if it should extend further it would be to us indefinite. The end of darknes I put in yethe aa year 607 when yethe Bishop of Rome obteined the universall Bishopric by yethe grant of yethe Emperor Phocas: Not sooner becaus yethe Lombardic wars continuing till yethe year 603 left Rome & Italy in yethe lowest degree degree of obscurity, nor later becaus Rome by that concession of Focas began again to be Empress of yethe world & to irradiate yethe whole west by that hermaphroditic Luminary yethe Pope & by those stars yethe Cardinalls wthwith yethe rest of his Court, wchwhich from that time brake forth more & more out of yethe cloud till they outshone all other temporal potentates. Moreover the beginning of yethe darknes I reccon at yethe beginning of yethe siege of Rome wchwhich was in March in yethe third year of yethe Gothic war aa. Belli primus annus docente Procopio, incidit in Consulatum Belisarij, hoc est in A.C. 535. Vnde initium obsidij anno 3o necessario cadet in A.C. 537. Id quod ex Maracellino confirmatur qui non tantum initium hujus obsidij ad Aureum secundūum post Cons. Belisarij Indict 15 hoc est ad A.C. 537 refert, sed etiam res in alijs annis belli hujus narrante Procopio gestas, ad correspondentes annos Consulum et Indictionum. Adde quod Obsidium hoc incidit in An 11 Iustinam (Evagr contigit annis 60 completis post Romam ab Odoacre occupatam (Procop. Evagr. l 4. c 19) Odoacer autem occupabat A.C 476. Marcellin. Cassiodor. A.C. 537 ineunte mense Martis for then began the western dignities wchwhich after 11 a few years more were annihilated began to be manifestly dark obscured. In yethe first year the war proceeded no farther then Dalmatia & Sicily, in yethe 2d it entred Italy, but approached not Rome till that siege wchwhich began in December in the end of yethe second or beginning of yethe third year, wchwhich was & that siege began wchwhich continued all yethe third year & something more a year & 9 days, & was so sharp that in the time thereof the Goths & Romans had no less then bb Procop. de bello Got. lib 2. threescore & nine conflicts. as Procopius besides several other less skirmishes. Suppsoing therefore yethe desolation of Rome between yethe fal desolation of Rome between yethe fall of yethe Temporal & rise of yethe Spiritual Empire to be yethe time of darkness, the length & yethe ascention of yethe beast out of yethe bottomless pit to be yethe begining of day & night: the length of yethe whole day & night will be less more then 212 & less then 213 years & the third part thereof almost less then 71 years, & yethe length of darkness will be between 70 & 71 years 70 years complete & some or something more part perhaps of the next., & almost 71 years if recconned to yethe promulgation of Phocas Edict by yethe Council called thereupon at Rome. ffor Boniface yethe 3d who obteined this grant of Phocas began his reign but in spring A.C 607 & died before yethe end of yethe year: & therefore yethe edict being obteined aa Platina de Vit. Pontif. not wthwithout struggling it was probably about Autumn when yethe Council came together. The day & night therefore shone not for yethe third part thereof as was to be explained. And this makes good also the prophesy of the 70 ears desolation of Tyre, wchwhich as we proved in proved in Posit was to be a 70 year's desolation of the Imperial City between yethe fall of yethe temporall & rise of yethe Spiritual Empire, & to happen in the time of yethe 4th Trumpet & be about yethe length thereof: all wchwhich being here so punctually fulfilled & applicable to no other time, is a most certain character of yethe right application of this Trumpet. And thus much concerning this Trumpet- And thus much concerning this Trumpet: the application of wchwhich is notably confirmed by yethe correspondent Vial. The tenour of this is that it was poured upon the Sun & power was given him to scorch men wthwith fire & men were scorched wthwith great heat & blasphemed God &c, that is,Def that yethe pouring of out of this Vial was an incitement of yethe supreme terrestrial potentate to torment men wthwith war & men were tormented wthwith vehement war & blasphemed God. And thus it happened. ffor yethe Greek Emperor (yethe supreme terrestrial potentate) was yethe cause of yethe wars of this Trumpet by sending his armies into Italy in pursuance of his claim to those regions. The aa Procop. de bello Got. l 1. Gothic King laboured by all means for peace, causing yethe Senate to mediate for it & yethe Bishop of Rome to go himself to go Embassador to yethe Emperor on yethe same account & promising to acknowledg his a crown held of yethe Emperor, & ytthat in his dominions yethe Emperor should have equall honour wthwith himself, as by cc. Hodiè reperta extant numismata incriptainscripta hac DN. IVSTINIANVS AVG. illac DN. THEODAHATHVS REX. Baron ad Ann 536. s 8. stamping both their images together on his coyn & by the people's naming yethe Emperor always together wthwith him & before him in public acclamations &c. But nothing would satisfy but yethe extirpation of yethe Gothic Kingdom & for ytthat end yethe imbroyling Italy in these wars.r. Præter calamitates in his Commentarijs descriptas aliæ multæ fuerunt eæqꝫque gravissimæ: et inter cæteros pestis gravissimus annorum quinquaginta duorum qui ab A.C. 544 incipiens, per totam fere hanc quartam Tubam, vastabat orbem: Evagr. Hist. Thus much concerning yethe wars of yethe four first Trumpets, yethe winds wchwhich blew upon yethe Empire till they had consumed it. These four relating to yethe same subject were not unfitly connected wthwith one another & distinguished from yethe next wchwhich introduces a new scene of things. And thus much concerning ----- in these wars I have now done wthwith yethe wars of yethe 4 first Trumpets, the winds wchwhich blew upon the Empire till they had consumed it & together wthwith frequent pestilences, famins, Earthquakes Tempests fiery meteors & other calamities were one continuall consumption of men & cities for above two hundred years together, leaving yethe Roman world barbarous & thin wchwhich they found flourishing in learning & so thick peopled that yethe northern nations were forced to disburthen themselves upon their neighbours for want of room. These 4 Trumpets relating therefore to yethe same subject were not unfitly connected wthwith one another & distinguisht from the next wchwhich introduces a new scene of things. a. Phocas Imp. cœpit Novemb 23 A.C. 602 ut Petavius in Rationario Temp. & notis ad Nicephori Breviarium, ex Chron: Alexandr. Theophane, Paulo Diac. Zonara, Cedreno alijsqꝫque probavit. Et Gregorius magnus obijt anno secundo Phocatis (P. Diac. Anastasius, Regino, Marianus Scotus, Hermannus Contractus, Vincentius in spec Histr. Cameracenas &c.) Mart 12 (Anastas. Marian: Scot. Platina, aa Martinus Chron. M.S. in Archivis Trin. Coll. Cantabrigio. Martinus chron M.S. Onufrius &c) & vacat sedes mens 5 dies 18 (Anastas: Platina, Martinus OnupriusOnuphrius.) Tunc sedet Sabinianus An 1. mens 5, dies 9 (Anastasius, Pla Hermannus, Platina, Author ffasciculi Temp. Onuphrius) vel An 1 mens 10 adjuncta præcedente vacatione (Marian. Scot.) Obit autem Feb. 22 (Anastasius,) vel 11 Cal. Mart: hoc est Feb 18 (Marian Scot) vel Feb 24 Indic 10 (Cameracenas.) & vacat sedes mens. 11 dies 26 (Anastas. Platina, Onuphrius) Dein Bonifacius 3 electus anno quinto Phocatis (Marian. Onufr.) sedet menses 8 dies 28 (Anastasius, Hermannus, Martinus Fascic: Temp. Platina) & obit Novemb 12 (Anastas.) vel 3 Id. Decemb (Marian: Sc. Cameracenas.) Patet igiter totūum Papatum Bonifacij incidisse in annum 607 inter Feb 18 & Novemb 12 circiter. Tempus obitus Gregorij, Baronius e veteribus monumentis stabilivit, cæterisqꝫque hic allatis numeris, (præsretim Anastasianis) assensum præbuit, nisi quod posuit Sabinianum sedisse tantum menses quinqꝫque & dies novem, asserens omnes tam Græcos quàm Latinos scriptores referre initium & finem ejus ad eundem annum. referre Sed hallucinatus est et forte per oscitantiam transtulit ad Sabinianum quæ de Bonifacio observârat. year was almost spent before when they entro yethe Emp. so they could not proceed far before yethe next spring but only send bef yethe into yethe a rumour of their coming. The irruption of yethe Ausurians In the next year A.C. 396 began yethe invasion of incursion of yethe Ausurians into Lybia for Synesius in yethe title inscription to his Catastasis puts it, Ηγεμ Γενναδwhen Gennadius was Augustal Præfect, Ἡγεμονεύοντος Γενναδίου, & this happend A.C. 396 as is manifest out of 14 Cod. Theodos: lex 1 Tit 27 lex 1 de Alexandr. pleb. Primat. Synesius also in his 130th Ep. written to Symplicius (as Gothofredus thinks as Goth. thinks), when Master of yethe Hors, laments much yethe invasion newly broke forth, wchwhich Epistle (as Got. well conjectures) was written to Symplicius (as Gothofredus well conjectures) when he was Mr of yethe hors; & that is AC 396 as is manifest out of 8 Cod. Theod. Tit 5. Lex 56 De cursu publico & 6 Cod. Theod. Tit 4 L 28 de Prætoribus. Hence it is manifest ytthat yethe desolation of Pentapolis so much lamented by Synesius in his Catastasis happened AC 402: And & yethe intermediate actions wchwhich he describledescribes between yethe Barbarians & Roman soldiers agree well to an edict of Arcadius dated Theodoro V.C. Cons. 1 i.e. A.C. 399 wchwhich begins thus Saturianorum The commotion of Gildo in Afric as Claudin informs us began in yethe beginning of winter Autumn Arcad 4 & Honor 3 Coss ( (i.e. A.C. 396) as is manifest out of Claudian & ended in spring A.C. 398. Quen veincus indoxit hicus Ver perculit hostem. Clad in Bello Gild. See also Marcellines Chronicle. The commotion of Tribigildus & G was began in yethe year 398 Honor 4 & Eutich Coss, as Gothofred (in Chron Cod Th collects out of divers constitutions of Arcad put out this year; & in yethe end of yethe year 400 it ended, Gainas being slain in yethe beginning of yethe month next year. See Marceline Chron & Chron Alexandr. The invasion of yethe Isau east by yethe Isauri began whilst Gil Tribigildus was harassing Asia as is manifest out of yethe Place of Phil. cited above; & that in yethe year 399 or before: for Claudian speaking of yethe eastern expedition of Eutropius in his consulship this year, thus described their outrages done at the timethat same time. The next Tr. hath these 3 main characters, 1 ytthat yethe wars to wchwhich it sounds are to be yethe next great ones which break out after those of yethe former Tr. & consequently the first notable wind wchwhich out in war in 2nd They are to be a western wind, that is in yethe regions westward of Rome . 3rd during these wars a great mountain - City. After yethe whole Empire from Rome eastward had been involved in wars for 11 years together together, began to cease After yethe year 405 the wars wherin in yethe regions eastward of Rome began to y cease insomuch that in yethe year 409 or a furthest in yethe next year wthwithin a year or two or at furthest A.C. 408 yethe Eastern empire was again reduced to an universal serenity. ffor of Theod. jun. so soon as he came came to yethe Empire at his first coming to yethe EmpireSozom. writes Thus Bella quæcunqꝫque - pepigere. And a little after: Orientis itaqꝫque - Imperator oppugnat &c Its manifest therefore ytthat yethe wars of yethe 1st Tr. ended about yethe year 406 or 407, & this leads us to yethe beginning of yethe next Trumpet: namely yethe wars here mentioned by Sozom wchwhich at yethe same time or immediately after brak forth in yethe west. ffor ffor yethe 2d Tr. hathe these 3 main characters City. Now these This was yethe serenity of yethe western regions in yethe time of the east wind till yethe war in yethe beginning of yethe year 407 [it was interrupted by ytthat great & fatal invasion of yethe Gallia by yethe northern nations wchwhich soon overspread the whole west.] yethe Vandalls - rapine. And therefore wthwith this invasion we must begin yethe [2d Tr. or] west wind, or 2d Tr. Again by yethe 2d Character we are to begin yethe 2d Tr wthwith those gt wars wchwhich next succeed yethe wars of yethe first. Now yethe wars of yethe first began to cease immediately after yethe yr 405 insomuch Trumpet & consequently - 406 or 407 that is at about yethe same time or immediately before yethe wars brake forth in yethe west, & consequently these wars as well because they immediately precede yethe return of are next after the wars of yethe former Trumpet as becaus they are in yethe western quarter & after yethe time of silence yethe first remark notable notable wars in ytthat quarter after yethe time of silence, must be yethe wars of yethe 2d Trumpet. Now yethe manner of these wars was this: first in yethe beginning of yethe year 407 & its casting down into yethe sea down yethe first sacking of it for - & yethe first sacking of this city wchwhich is it most eminent casting down yea & yethe only casting down from yethe height of pow its greatnes, the following sackings being only plungings of it deeper intoin yethe sea into wchwhich it was cast before. The same is also firmly established by yethe 3d character for yethe first saking of Rome happened in years 309 & 310 by Alaric as is famous in history. And having thus determined the time of this Tr being thus determined let us now see yethe manner of the w take a view of yethe wars to wchwhich it sounds. First then/ AgAnd this is confirmed by yethe 2d character. ffor at yethe breaking forth of these wars those of yethe first Trumpet ceased. The end of those wars we may suppose to be at yethe Conquest overthrow of Radagaisus & expulsion of yethe Isau A.C. 405 or at furthest at yethe flight of Huldin wchwhich most probably was yethe next year et in 6 Cons Honorij. Anno proxima verno tempore vincitur ad Pollentiam χόλαζα κατε᾽ρρ῾άγη Sozom l 8. c 27. Per id tempus Bella quæcunqꝫque adversus illum [Theodos: nouum Imp. conflata erant sua sponte discutiebantur. Etenim per id tempus Persæ cum ad bellum prorupissent, centum annorum inducias cum Romanis pepigere. Stilico vero - occiditur. Sozom l 9. c 4 Cum Honorius iter arrepturus esset [Constantinopolim paulo post obitum Arcadij, &c Stilico persuasit ei Stilico ut in Italia remaneret propterea quod Constantinus quidam te Tyrannidem paulo antea invasisset. Heu juventutem male a nobis amissam! Heu frugum a nobis frustra speratos proventus! Hostilibus flammis agros consevimus. Plærisqꝫque nostrum divitiæ in pecore erant, in arnicutis Camelorum in gregalibus Equis: periere omnia, omnia abacta. Sentio me præ dolore non esse mei compotem virum agnosce quæso: mœnibus enim septus sum, & obsessus hæc scribo. - Equorum ungulis pulsantur omnia omnemqꝫque late regionem hostes obtinent. Synesius Epist 130 ad Simplicium. Vide Prudentij lib 2 adversus Symmachum. Tentavit Geticus nuper delere tyrannus Italiam, patrio vinicus juratus ab Istro Has arces æ quare solo, tecta aurea flammis Solvere, mastrugis proceres vestire togatos. Iamqꝫque ruens, Venetos turmis protriverat agros & Ligurum vastarat opes, & amœna profundi Rura Padi, Thuscumqꝫque solum victo asserre premebat. Depulit hos nimbos - vertem equitum non pervigil aner Sed vis cruda virum præfractaqꝫque congredientum Pectora - duxDux agminis imperijqꝫque Christipotens nobis Stilico fuit - Illic ter denis gens exitiabilis annis Pannoniæ pœnas tandem deleta pependit. Corpora famosis olim ditata rapinis In cumulos conjesta jacent: mirabere seris Posteritas sectis inhumata cadavera latè Quæ Pollentinos texerunt ossibus agros. Prudentius In Symmachum lib 2. Scribit Olympiodorus apud Photiūum: Alaricum vivente etiamnum Stilicone, militiæ mercedēem centenarios quadraginta accepisse. Gothorum qui cum Rodogaiso erant primarios viros [οι κεφαλαιαιται] Optimatos appeallatos ait duodecim ferè millium numero. [Vide Cassiodorūum & S. August l 5 c 23 de Civ. Dei]. Before we proceed further it will not be amis to examin the chonologychronology of these wars ytthat we may see how far they are included wthwithin this Trumpet be assured of their being incl coming wthwithin the times of this Trumpet As for TheThose wars described by Philost. in his lib 11 11th c 8 8th chapter lib 11 newly cited, yethe accurate chonologerchronologer Gothofredus in his comment on that placeeplace referrs comprehends them all wthwithin yethe 10 years immediatly succeding yethe death of Theo Gothof The exact chronololegerchronologer Goth. in his com. on yethe newly cited place of Philostorgius comprehends those there mentioned wthwithin yethe first 10 years immediatly succeding next after yethe d. of Theod. But let us run over yethe particulars. After this in yethe year 404 When the Isauri had long wasted yethe East they advanced overflowedinto Asia also, & the news of wchwhich was brought to Const happened A.C. 404 a litte after yethe banish of Chrysostom when yethe Emperor began to was consultconsulting about repairing yethe ruins of Constantinople yethe City made by fire at yethe banishment of Chrysostom (Zosim supra) AC 404 A.C. 404 But yethe next year they were repulsed by Nabarnacius & forced to return home. () The expedition of Alaricus into Italy Gothofredus puts in Autumn A.C. 402, & at yethe Esther following he was beaten at Pollentia, & again at The incursion of Huldin into Thrace A.C. 404 circiter The expeditions of Alaric into Italy A.C. 402 Autumno & of Radagaisus into Italy a.c. 405 vel 405 The times of yethe incursions of Huldin into Thrace & of Al & Radag. into Italy is was from Rome & yethe regions on both sides of it to yethe utmost bounds of yethe east, at once as it were at yethe sounding of an alarm - destructive & continued in this deplorable state for 10 or 11 years together, the enemies invaders acting proceeding not like generous conquerors but striving by all means to setting themselves malitiously to spoil yethe lay wast all places & do what mischief they could, like waves ravening beasts furies sent in by Heaven to scourge yethe Romans. And this fulfills yethe 2 first conditions of this Trumpet, viz. yethe type of sounding a Trumpet, & of an east wind: It remains ytthat wee examin how yethe consider ytthat yethe show in yethe next place that yethe The Isauri Wth this grassation of yethe Isauri Freculphus conjoyns another great execution done upon an army of Goths, either perhaps those wchwhich Gainas invited into yethe Empire but more or another hand of ymthem wchwhich invaded yethe empire soon after. The event of Guildo's commotion was to be totally overthrown & that wthwith an army of 70 thousand in yethe first battel, by his brother Mascezel, & that wthwith an army of 70 thous. In his brothers army Marcelline puts but 5 th. But In his Army Marcellin puts whose army consisted but of 5 Th. as ZMarcelline relates it. But Zosimus makes his brother's army much greater. Stilico, inquit, amplis The army of Alaric was often beaten. As in Arcadia, wchwhich Cl. 1. v. Afterwards at Pollentia wchwhich there was ana whole great Army of Barbarians consumed in Thrace not by a metaphoricall but real storm, as Freculphus informs us, conjoyning it wthwith yethe grassations of yethe Isauri. Post Gainæ oppress. inquit Is. Before yethe end of these Emperors therefore we cannot account yethe 6t Seale fully accomplished. But in yethe beginning of yethe next Emperors Gratian Grat & Theod we may: ffor first Gratian (who began A.C. 375) yethe not only restrained the heathen worsh. but rejected yethe very title of Pontifex Max. wchwhich it was yethe cu set himself to restrainedrestraine the heathen worship from yethe beginning of his reign as is manifest by yethe demolishing of Idols even at Rome it selfe by Gracchas in time of his Vrbane PræfectionePræfectio A.C 376 & 377 wchwhich Ierome in epist. 7 thus mentions: Ante annos - insignia sunt. So Prudentius adversus Symmachum lib 1 Iam quid - regendos. And as Gratian did in yethe west so did Theodosius soon after in yethe east. For in yethe 3d year of his reign he put forth this edict: Siquis se - implis one or more former edicts of yethe same kind. And Zosimus describing yethe actions of Theod in yethe last year of yethe trienniall Gothic war (or second year of his reign (AC 380) in yethe 2 year of his reign adds subjoyns: Deum quoqꝫque - presently. This acting of Theodosius therefore happened in yethe year 380, & we may most In yethe former year Theodosius was wholly taken up probably suppose that it commenced wthwith yethe time of his sickness at Thessalonica, for before till ytynthen he was time he was so much taken up in yethe Gothic war that he had little or no time to turn himself to any other buisines. The year 380 we may therefore - ffor now & not till now yethe revenues - & Gratian (& I suppose after his example I suppose Theodosius also) rejected yethe very title of P.M. wchwhich it was yethe custome of yethe heathen Priests to present yethe Emperors wthwith in yethe beginning of their reign & all former Emperors, even Constantine & his son Constantius had accepted of & retained. ThisThe beginning of this Trumpet is also I might a There is a third argument of the beginning of this Seale, taken from yethe universall changeschange of religion in yethe end of yethe year 380, wchwhich of all changes that ever were wrought on a sudden in yethe christian Religion was yethe greatest both in regard of yethe universality, it being wrought over all yethe Empire, & in regard of yethe nature of yethe thing, it being yethe foundation of all following Apostacy. To those ytthat understand yethe religion of yethe ancient Christians this will prove a most evident & certain Demonstration of yethe beginning of this seal (Prop ) but I shall not here prosecute it becaus I would not now ingage my selfe in a dispute about religion. I proceed therefore to the other contents of this Seale. Besides this there was something to do between Gratian & wthwith yethe Alemans, ffor they were not so far conquered by Gratian but that they as to submit but kept themselves in a posture ready for further action, wchwhich made Gratian watch them continually wthwith his sword in his hand. What further attempts they made in yethe time of Gratian I know not. I read not of any. But soon after his death they taking advantage I suppose of his diversion by Maximus yethe Iugunthians (one sort of the Alemans) made an inrode into Rhætia, but were soon diverted not by the Roman Legions but by yethe Huns whom Valentinian hired to set upon them in their own country: The wchwhich proved such a firm restraint to this wind for yethe future that it did not so much as breath any more upon yethe Empire for untill yethe generall irruptions hereafter to be described yethe following 20 years & more [Ambrose Epist. ] And as for yethe ꝑpresent inrode, though that may be compared to a blast of wind, yet being only upon yethe skirts of ymthem & in so inconsiderably small a portion thereof yethe Empire & so short a time & proceeding only to pillaging some ꝑpart of yethe country wthwithout any battel wthwithin yethe Roman Empire conseqꝫquent thereupōon that I read of, it may be in comparison of yethe wars before & after be accounted as very gentle breathing rather th to a fierce wind, or & to loud noise a soft murmuring or whispering (such as you may imagine to be made by yethe prayers of yethe saints in this time of silence). The end of this time becaus this time is to end in & thundrings & lightnings & a shaking, that is Vrbem Romam ire mox pergit Vitiges, equitum peditumqꝫque ad centum & quinquaginta millia ductans, quorum pars maxima armis munita, vel equos ipsos armatos habebat. Procop de bello Got. l 1.