Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.7) Isaac Newton c. 29,601 words Newton Project London 2006-12-22 Newton Project, Imperial College

This text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

 c. 1670s-1680s, in English with quotations in Latin and Greek, c. 29,678 words, 210 ff. 210 ff.

in English with quotations in Latin and Greek

 Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.8) [Yahuda Ms. 1.8]Yahuda Ms. 1Untitled treatise on Revelation (Section 1.6) [Yahuda Ms. 1.6] Yahuda Ms. 1.7, National Library of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel IsraelJerusalemNational Library of Israel Yahuda Mss Yahuda Ms. 1.7 SL227 and 2 bundles from SL228; also (according to a note appended to Yahuda Var. 1 Ms. 10) 8 ff. of SL248; possibly other material c. 1670s-1680s England English Latin Greek Hebrew Arabic Holograph ReligionProphecy Catalogue information compiled by Rob Iliffe, Peter Spargo & John Young Transcription and tagging using Newton DTD 1x0 by John Young Tagging proofed by John Young Converted to modified TEI DTD by Michael Hawkins Non-Roman text encoded and outstanding tagging issues resolved by John Young Updated to Newton V3.0 (TEI P5 Schema) by Michael Hawkins Catalogue exported to teiHeader by Michael Hawkins
1

seats: who fleeing from them in two parts from to yethe side of yethe Danube, & being still prosecuted by yethe enemy, the western part or Visigoths the one part supplicates Valens to receive them into his dominions & protection, promising obedience: but being admitted into Thrace, the next year upon yethe recipt of some injuries, they for want of victualls being provoked through famin & oppression they are provoked to rebell spoile yethe country, & under yethe conduct of Fritigern repuls put to flight yethe Roman forces wchwhich came to suppress them. In yethe mean time yethe eastern other part or Ostrogoths also pass yethe Danube & yethe Hunses pursue them & subject them but yet permit them to live under their own king as a subordinate kingdom. After wchwhich they wthwithout leave under yethe conduct of Alatheus & Saphraces [the Guardians of their young King] & side wthwith yethe other Goths against yethe Romans, many of the Hunns & Alans also being invited to joynedjoyne towthwith them.

When Valens heard of these troubles, he made peace wthwith yethe Persians & led his army against this new enemy but was overthrown by them neare Hadrianople wthwith a very great slaughter, scarce yethe third part of his army escaping & himself being burnt in a country cottage whither he fled for safety. And after this they raged up & down Thrace & Mœsia & yethe neighbouring Provinces from yethe very walls of Constantinople to yethe roots of yethe Italian Alps, harasing & spoiling all places & captivating or killing many of yethe inhabitansinhabitants. This was in yethe year 378 But yethe next year Theodosius being made Emperor instead of Valens, set upon them & repulsed them in severall battels wthwith very great slaughter. & again in yethe beginning of yethe next year. But then falling sick at Thessalonica the Barbarians again break out of Thrace into Pannonia & Macedon the neighbouring regions depopulating all places as before:Sigonius de Occ wchwhich Gratian hearing of sent Baudo, Arbogastes & Vitalian against them, whereof Baudo & Arbogastes expelled those wchwhich had invaded Macedon & Thessaly, & Vitalian represt Fritigern in Achaia & Epire, & Alatheus & Saphraces in Pannonia, & towards the end of the year 380 made peace wthwith them in yethe name name of the Emperors, granting them Thrace to 2 to inhabit as before. This I have described yethe more particularly becaus it was yethe irruption wchwhich historians account to have been yethe cause of yethe dissolution of the Empire. Sub mortem Valentiniani in Orientis regno Gothorum gens sedibus suis pulsa per omnes se Thracias se infudit armisqꝫque urbes et agros vastare feraliter cœpit. E Valens ab hostibus circumventus in prædio quo ex bello trepidus confugerat exustus est: quæ pugna initium mali Romano Imperio tunc et deinceps fuit. Ruffin in calce Euseb. l 11. c 13. **** Hunnos Gothi, transito Danubio fugientes a Valente sine ulla fœderis pactione suscepti sunt qui tribuit ejs terras Thraciarum ad habitandum, arbitratus præparatum solatium ab eis habere contra omnes Barbaros: hac pro re milites de cæteris negligebat et eos qui dudum contra hostes elaboraverant Imperator despiciebat - Hoc ergo fuit initium ut in illo tempore Romana Respublica calamitatibus subderetur. Barbari namqꝫque cùm Thracias tenuissent, licenter Romanorum vastabant Provincias, &c Paulus Diaconus Hist. Miscell. l 12. c 14.

This war Idatius in his ffastus consulares describes thus. Valente 5 et Valentiniano Coss (i.e. AD 376) victi et expulsi sunt Gothi ———— —— vide alterāam pag. —— Anno 376 Valentis 13 Gens Hunnorum Gothos vastat, qui a Romanis sine depositione armorum suscepti, per avaritiam Maximi ducis ad rebellandum fame coacti sunt. Anno 14 superatis in congressione Romanis Gothi funduntur in Thraciam. Lachrimabile bellum in Thracia in quo, deserente equitum præsidio, Romanæ Legiones a Gothis cinctæ usqꝫque ad internecionem casæ sunt. Anno primo Theodosij primo, Theodosius summa cum fælicitate multis atqꝫque ingentibus prælijs Gothos superat et e Thracia pellit Anno 2do, procurante Gratiano, eo quod Theodosius ægrotaret, pax firmatur cum Gothis. Hieronymus et Prosper ad Calcem Eusebij Chron. Valente 5 et Valentin. coss. (A.D. 376) victi et expulsi sunt Gothi a gente Hunnorum et suscepti a Romanis. Proximo anno rebellarunt. Annoqꝫque tertio 5 Id August. Valens vincitur a Gothis et toto anno per diœcesim Thraciarum et Scythiæ et Mœsiæ Gothi habitarunt simul et eas prædaverunt deinde usqꝫque ad portas urbis constantinopolitanæ venerunt. Deinde victo Ausonio et Olybrio coss (AD 379) Theodosius fit Augustus 14 Kal Feb. Ipso anno multa bella Romani cum Gothis commiscuerunt, deinde victoriæ nunciatæ sunt adversus Gothos Alanos atqꝫque Hunnos 15 Kal. Decemb. Antonio et Syagria Coss: (A.D. Proximo anno Gratiano 5 et Theodosio Aug. Coss. victoræ nunciatæ sunt amborum Augustorum. Et ipso anno ingressus est TheodoTheodosius Constantinopolin 18 Kal. Decemb. [utpote cum jam convaluisset.] Antonio et Syagrio Coss (A.D. 382) universa gens Gothorum cum Rege in Romaniam se tradiderant 5. Non. Octob. [nempe biennio post initam pacem.] Idatij fast. Cons. post initam pacem. To the same purpose speake Ierom Prosper Marcelline & Victor lamenting yethe war of Valens & expressing how Theodosius overcame yethe Goths Huns & Alans in many & great victories. And Zosimus when he had newly described this war, adds: Eodem tempore (scilicet quo Gothi a Vitalione reprimerentur) Theodosio quidam alij quoqꝫque prosperi casus accidere: Nam Scyros & Carpodacos permistos Hunnis ultus est et prælio superatos Istrum trajicere suasqꝫque sedes repetere compulit. Hinc igitur militibus animorum fiducia redire, paululumqꝫque videri de rebus adversis superiorum temporum respirare Princeps, et agricolis exercendarum operarum suarum jumentis ac pecoribus liberi pastus copia fieri, ac Theodosius quidem Imperator in hunc modum acceptis detrimentis mederi visus est. Zos l 4. Soon after these things yethe Persians also who had much troubled yethe Empire in yethe reign of Valens, sent Embassadors to TheodosioTheodosius to desire yethe establishment of peace. And from that time yethe aa Oros. l 7. c whole east remained in quiet for many years, yethe irruption of yethe Huns only excepted wchwhich followed yethe death of Theodosius.

This was yethe Change wchwhich Theodosius on a sudden wrought in yethe Empire wchwhich was so great ytthat Claudian de 4 Consulatu Honorij writes

Nulla relicta foret Romani nominis umbra Ni pater ille tuus jamjam ruitura subisset Pondera, turbatamqꝫque ratem, certaqꝫquelevasset Naufragium commune manu &c

So Orosius: Oros l 7. c 34. Cùm Gratianus afflictum ac penè collapsum reipublicæ statum videret, eadem provisione qua quondam legerat Nerva Hispanum virum Trajanum per quem respublica reparata est, legit et ipse Theodosium æquæ Hispanum virum, et restituendæ reip. necessitate apud Syrmium purpuram induit . [Itaqꝫque Theodosius Alanos Hunnos et Gothos incunctanter aggressus magnis multisqꝫque prelijs vicit &c. In ijsdem etiam diebus Persæ qui Iuliano interfecto alijsqꝫque Imperatoribus sæpe victus nunc etiam in fugam acto, recentissimæ victoriæ satietatem crudè insultatione induit, Orientisqꝫque et Thraciæ simul præfecit Imperio. - Itaqꝫque Theodosius magnis multisqꝫque Alanos Hunnos et Gothos incunctanter aggressus magnis multisqꝫque prælijs vicit. Vrbem Constantinopolim victor intravit et ne parvam ipsam Romani exercitus manum assidue bellando deterreret fœdus cum Athanarico Rege Gothorum percussit. Athanaricus autem continuo ad Constantinopolim venit, diem obijt. Vniversæ Gothorum gentes Rege defuncto, aspicientes virtutem benignitatemqꝫque Theodosij Romano sese Imperio dediderunt. In ijsdem etiam diebus, Persæ qui Iuliano interfecto, alijsqꝫque Imperatoribus sæpe victis, nunc etiam Valente in fugam acto, recentissimæ victoriæ satietatem cruda insultatione ructabant, ultro Constantinopolim ad Theodosium misere legatos, pacemqꝫque supplices poposcerunt. Ictumqꝫque tunc fœdus est, quo universus Oriens usqꝫque ad nunc tranquilissime fruitur. Oros l This Orosius writ in yethe year 417 as is manifest by his last Chapter.

Whilst these things were doing in yethe Eastern ꝑparts &c -

3

Whilst these things were doing in the eastern parts, Gratian (who lately succeded his father Valentinian) was impolyed in defending Gallia from yethe incursion of yethe Alemans.Ammian l 31 Hieronymi chron.Of these he slew about thirty thousand in battel wthwith their King A.D 377 & made them supplicate for peace. butBut then hastning eastward wthwith his army wthwith intention to have assisted Valens against the Goths: in his absence yethe Alemans make a new irruption. Whereupon creating Theodosius Emperor & sending him against yethe Goths, he returned back into Gallia & spent yethe two next years in war wthwith yethe Alemans, wchwhich he concluded victoriously about yethe same time ytthat yethe peace was made wthwith yethe Goths. Gratiano 5 et Theodos. Aug. coss. (A.D. 380) victoriæ nunciatæ sunt amborum Augustorum. IdatiusIdatij fast. Sub hoc tempore Gratianus Alemannis Galatas (Gallos scilicet) occidentales adhuc infestantibus, ad paternam imperij sortem reversus est quam ipsi fratriqꝫque ipsius gubernandam reliquerat: cum prius Illyricos et Orientis Imperium Theodosio commisisset. Res autem illi ex voto contra Alemannos ut et Theodosio contra Istrum accolentes Barbaros confecta est. Illos quidem bello subegit, hos in amicitiam populi Romani supplices recepit: a quibus acceptis obsidibus firmata pace Thessalonicam venit, I suppose he went to see Theodosius who lay sick there Sozomenus l 7. c 4. This was so difficult a war ut Valentinianus, saith Ammian,Ammian. l 28.versando sententias multiformes anxiasanxia sollicitudine stringebatur reputans multa et circumspiciens quibus commentis Alemannorum & Macriani regis frangeret fastus sine fine vel modo rem Romanam inquietis motibus confundentes. Being thus at his wits end, he firstIb. l. 28sollicited yethe Burgundians to his aid & thenIb l 29 attempted to take away yethe life of Macrianus by treachery, & afterwards plotted to raise civil wars among yethe Alemans by setting up another king among them against Macrianus: all wchwhich practises were far from yethe custom of yethe Romans. But yet at length his son Gratian as was said brought things to a happy issue by conquering yethe enemy.

In the time of these actions, the Lombards also coming from the northern regions about Scandia to seek new seats enter 4 enter into Mœsia & make war upon yethe Vandals a barbarous people wchwhich were formerly seated beyond yethe Danube between yethe Goths eastward & Marcomans westwardIornandesBut in yethe time of Constantine yethe great being expelled their seats by the Goths, they were permitted by to pass the Danube & seat themselves in Pannonia, & had there continued there in absolute obediencobedience to yethe Roman laws for about forty years. butBut being now disturbed by yethe Lombards & not able to wthwithstand them, they make an incursion into Gallia, but are repulsed the next year by Gratian & forced to return back from whence they came. Anno primo Theodosij Longobardi ab extremis Germaniæ finibus Occaniqꝫque protinus littore, Scandiaqꝫque Insula magna egressi & novarum sedium avidi, Ibore et Ione ducibus Vandalos primum vicerunt. Prosper. The incursion of yethe Vandals into Gallia & their repuls by Gratian Iornandes puts in yethe next year when Theodosius was sick at Thessalonica.

These are yethe fatal winds wchwhich began to blow in the time of Valentinian & Gratian but from yethe end of yethe year 380 all are all restrained untill yethe appointed time: Afric & Brittain being quieted a little before.

For yethe history of yethe wars wthwith yethe Scots in Brittain, wthwith yethe Moors in Afric & wthwith yethe Sarmatæ & Quadi in Pannonia (all wchwhich were concluded before yethe year 380) I refer you to Ammian Marcelline. And besides these you may see in Iornandes mention made of an incursion of yethe Vandals out of Pannonia into Gallia: wchwhich Vandals, as yethe same Iornandes relates, had been received into Pannonia by Constantine, & lived there in perfect obedience to yethe roman laws like other subjects for about 40 years before this commotion. And now they were soon repulsed by Gratian & forced to return to their obedience again in Pannonia. This was when Theodosius lay sick at Thessalonica.

To these I may add also a commotion threatned by the Burgundians, aa Ammian who in yethe year 380 being invited by Valentinian against yethe Alemans & disobliged by breach of covenant, went back again to in anger & after three years returned again wthwith almost eighty thousand to yethe side of yethe Rhene wthwith intention to have invaded yethe Empire. But Valentinian bb Iornand. Regn. succes.sending Gratian against them their incursion was stayed for yethe prsentpresent. Yet they returned not back but seated themselves until at yethe side by yethe River untill yethe appointed time. Ierom at yethe end of Eusebius's Chronicle expresses yethe action thus. Anno 374 Burgundionum octoginta fermè millia, quot nunquam ante, ad Rhenum descenderunt. And this I thought fit to mention here becaus though not an actual war yet it is a preparation to those wars that are hereafter to break forth & therefore may be recconed among yethe winds that are at prsentpresent checked.

I have now shown you how the winds rose after yethe death of Constantine & blew more & more from every qter upon yethe Empire till they almost overwhelmedoverturnd it, but then were - blew & were checked in every quarter by the Angels in every quarter, & so the Empire by the ceasing of these warlike blusterings & noises reduced to an universal silence & tranquility, & silence: wchwhich commencing at yethe year 380, shows that we must there date yethe seventh Seale from thence. And this being established, you shall hear in yethe next Proposition how the winds are again let loos in order to blow upon yethe Empire till they consume it.

Prop The first Trumpet begins wthwith yethe invasions of Grece & yethe Eastern regions A.D. 396395. The second wthwith yethe invasion ofSpain & Gallia & Spain AD 407. The third wthwith yethe invasion of Afric AD 427. And yethe fourth wthwith yethe wars in Italy AD 536. Prop The first Trumpet begins wthwith yethe Visigothic wars A.D. 396395. the second wthwith yethe Alemanic wars A.D. 407. The third wthwith yethe Vandalic wars A.D. 428 & the fourth wthwiththe Ostrogothic & Lombardic wars A.D. 536.

As the four first seales were introduced by the four beasts wchwhich stood about yethe four quarters of the throne: so these four Trumpets are introduced by yethe four angels wchwhich stand at yethe four corners of yethe earth. Now whereas these hold yethe four winds wchwhich were to blow in those quarters we are 5we are to understand their preserving the four quarters of the earth in peace by restraining for a time the four wars wchwhich were to infest them & therefore by the four winds we must understand so many wars wchwhich were to be in yethe four quarters of yethe Earth, & those successive becaus I as I signified above they are yethe wars of the four first trumpets. As for yethe order of their succession we may learn it from their analogy wthwith the four Beasts, namely yethe first an East wind, the second a west wind the third a south wind & yethe fourth a north wind, for in this order yethe beasts succeed one another. And becaus yethe Roman Empire is yethe scene of this Prophesy we must reccon the center of that Empire, that is the Metropolis Rome, to be yethe center of yethe winds.

Of yethe fire of yethe Altar cast on yethe Earth, & yethe consequent noises. Having premised these things of yethe winds, I should now proceed to describe yethe wars of yethe Trumpts wchwhich they signify. But first there are some other wars between them & yethe half howers silence to be taken notis of. ffor yethe fire of yethe Altar wchwhich yethe Angel wthwith his censer cast on yethe earth (Def Psal & yethe noises consequent voices & thundrings & lightnings & shaking (Def ) are all expressions of war. Now this war has these four characters. ffirst it is yethe war wchwhich puts an end to yethe time of silence 2 Because yethe wars of yethe Trumpets are expressed by winds wchwhich lie still during this war, therefore this war must be of a different kind. Suppose the difference be that this is civil & yethe other wthwith a forreign enemy; ffor winds blowing upon an Empire are yethe most proper representative of wars made by invaders. 3 This is to be such a war as is accompanied wthwith yethe overthrow of some dominion. ffor so yethe shaking signifies. 4 It is to be in a time wchwhich has a very great affinity wthwith yethe time of silence; so that both those times together may make one uniform revolution, excepting so far as they are discriminated by this war in yethe latter part of it. And the reason of this is becaus both together make up the whole time expressed by the performance of divine rights in chap 8 & by yethe sealing of yethe Saints in chap 7. These are the characters of yethe war wchwhich is to precede yethe Trumpets & these lead us to yethe memorable civil wars of Theodosius wthwith Maximus & Eugenius. ffor those put an end to yethe peace signified by the half howers silence, & were civile, & overthrew the Dominions of Maximus & Eugenius, & together wthwith yethe time of silence made up that singular & pretty uniform period of time during the reign of Theodosius, wchwhich ended wthwith the division of yethe Empire & new irruptions of yethe Barbarians. Now these wars I reccon to begin about May or Iune A.D. 388. ffor between that & yethe year 380, I cannot meet wthwith so much as one battel fought wthwithin the Empire. Gratian indeed in the year 383 when Maximus first rebelled led his Army against him, but having formerly disobliged his soldiers aa Zosim they fell off from him him & Maximus,a Zosim l 41. insomuch that after the Armies had been only five days wthwithin sight of one another, hewas forced to fly fled out of despair wthwithout giving battel, & in his flight was bGratianus ab exercitu suo proditus et ab obijs urbibus non receptus ludibrio hosti fuit, cruentæqꝫque manus vestigia parietes tui Lugdune testantur. Hieronymꝫmus Epist 3. You may see how he was slain in Socrates l 5. c 11. describes how he was betrayed slain slain at b Leyden by the treachery of Andragatius: & Maximus succeeded in his part of yethe Empire, residing at Trevirs & ruling over Gallia Spain & Brittain by the consent of Theodosius & Valentinian. After this there came in yethe year 386 a great hand of yethe Thuringians under the conduct of Odotheus from remote norther regions to yethe side of the Danube. But Theodosius hearing beforehand of their coming, lead his Army against them, & getting intelligence of their councell about passing the river, cc Zos. l 4. Claudian de 1mo Honorij consulatu set upon them unawares in their passage wthwith such ships as he had in readiness & destroyed most of them upon yethe river. This indeed was a battel but not wthwithin yethe Empire, nor did yethe enemy otherwise then captivated come wthwithin yethe bounds of yethe Empire to disturb its tranquility: & therefore we are not to look upon this as an interruption of yethe time of silence. We may rather esteem it a wind checked in its first indeavour then suffered to blow. The next year Maximus being desirous to inlarge his dominion into Italy, whilst he pretended peace led his Army secretly over the Alps: & Valentinian surprised by the unexpectedness of the action left his dominions to yethe invader, & fled by sea to Theodosius. Whereupon Theodosius prepared for war & the next year advancing towards Italy, first meets wthwith Maximus at Sciscia & in a set battel beats him there, & then pursuing him meets towards Italy, meets & beats his Brother Marcellin at Petavion in another battel. After wchwhich he goes to Aquileia whither Maximus was fled & besieges him there, & sends Arbogastes into Gallia against his son whom he had d Maximus Scisciæ et Petavione et ubiqꝫque terrarum victus est D. Ambros. D. Hierom in Epist 3 calls Valentinians part of yethe Empire recovered by this war recuperatum multo sanguine Imperium. The history of yethe war you may see in Zosimus l 4. [Socrates l 5. c 14. Paul Diac &c.]In this time yethe greatest misfortune of yethe Empire was, that of certain forces wchwhich Theodosius sent against yethe Franks, a part pursuing yethe enemy over the Rhene into their own Country were there circumvented, & yethe most of them cut off. Sigon de Dei Imp. created Cæsar & left at Trevirs; & wthwithin a while both of them are slain, the soldiers of Maximus delivering him bound to Thodosius. This was a manifest & notable civil war & therefore yethe period of the half howers silence. And yethe war wthwith Eugenius & Arbogastes was like this: wchwhich being ended, Theodosius now sole Emperor, fallsfell sick at Millain & dying leavesleft yethe Empire in ee Theodosius composita tranquillitateqꝫque republica apud Mediolanum constitutus diem fuit Oros l 5. c 35. Omnibus in invicis Theodosius superatis in pace rebus humanis Mediolanum excessit Iorn de regn. succ. an universal tranquility, divided between his sons Arcadius & Honorius giving yethe East to Arcadius & yethe west to Honorius. This I take to be yethe revolution of time expressed by yethe performance of holy rites: wchwhich being explained I now proceed to expound the Trumpts. And wthwith them I shall jointly consider the Vials becaus they are collaterall & both together make up one complete prophesy, the one supplying what is sometimes wanting in the other. The position of these winds to that center before they were restrained by yethe angels we need not much regard. Its enough that there were winds in all quarters of yethe Empire before yethe angels restrained them, & that these four winds wchwhich were to break out again blew somewhere among the rest, & were (perhaps not unlike naturall winds) to wheel about into yethe four quarters against yethe time that they were to break out. These things being premised of the winds, I proceed now to expound the Trumpets. And together wthwith them I shall joyntly consider the Vials becaus they are collaterall & both together make up one complete Prophesy, the one supplying what is wanting sometimes wanting in the other. The first Trumpet The wars of the first Trumpet have these three characters 1st they are to be yethe wind wchwhich blows next after that calmness wherewith the seventh seal begins. 2ly They are to be an eastern wind, that is a war eastward of Rome, & 3dly in this war there is to be a great battel wthwith loss to that side signified by the earth, that is to yethe enemies of the Roman Empire. ffor by def. the hail & fire mingled wthwith blood signify a great battel, & their being cast on the earth denotes the overthrow of that side signified by the earth & 6 & yethe earth is that people wchwhich takingtakes part wthwith yethe woman against yethe Dragon, at length swallowing up yethe waters wchwhich yethe Dragon casts out of his mouth, & consequently is at enmity wthwith yethe Dragon, that is wthwith yethe Roman Empire/ The people of yethe Empire are signified by yethe watry Element being as by the waters wchwhich yethe Dragon cast out of his mouth, by the many waters where yethe whore sitteth & by yethe sea out of wchwhich yethe ten horned beast arose, & therefore the Earth must be yethe enemy to yethe Empire because, as I intimated above, yethe earth & inhabitants of yethe earth & Sea ch 12 are two sorts of people, & thesethe winds wchwhich hurt this earth & seassea are yethe wars between them whereby they are alternately hurt. Conceive therefore ytthat yethe compas of the Empire is this political Sea & ytthat yethe round about it are yethe earth wchwhich bounds & comprehends it as yethe natural Earth does an an inland Sea: for this similitude I suppose was yethe ground of the figure. And that this earth hail storm falling on the earth will signify Now these characters lead us to yethe Gothic wars wchwhich broke out immediately after yethe death of Theodosius. For during yethe reign of that Emperor the Empire flourished very much bearing up against the indeavours of all all forreign enemies & injoying a more then usuall tranquility Hunnos & Gothos, saith Iornandes,Iorn. de regn. succesqui rempublicam sub Valente defatigassent diversis prælijs vicit atqꝫque a prava vastatione compescuit - omnibusqꝫque inimicis Theodosius superatis in pace rebus humanis Mediolanum excessit. There was indeed an insurrection by Maximus & another by Eugenius & an attempt or two by yethe ffranks: but these prospered not nor troubled any great portion of yethe Empire. These were but indeavours of winds checked by yethe angels as often as they began to blow. They were rather gentle breathings then winds, and in comparison of the wars before & after may be esteemed a time of stillnessstilness & silence rather then of noise. ffor I suppose by the half howers silence it is not necessary to understand an absolute silence but a cessation an intermission of those loud noises of yethe voices & Thuders & Trumpets wchwhich break out at yethe end of this time. ffor at least yethe prayers of yethe saints in yethe interval may be supposed to make a soft murmuring noise. We are therefore to begin this Trumpet at yethe break ing 7 forth of those violent wars wchwhich were restrained in the second year of Theodosius & this is soon after his death. ffor in that very year Alaric first wthwith a great army of Goths & other Barbarians brake out of Thrace into MacedoniaMacedon sparing neither towns nor men. And going thence by Thessaly into Grece, ytthat is Achaia, he laid wast rased all cities in his way but Thebes & Athens. Then rushing into Peloponnesus he laid wast Corinth Argos & Sparta, & from thence he betook himself into Epire where he continued yethe same depopulations The next year going out of Epire he overan Achaia, & for four yeares together continued to wast it & Epire & the neighbouring provinces wthwith fire & depopulation. And when he had thus for five years together harassed yethe East he determines to invade yethe west passes determins to invade yethe Western Empire, & passingpasses into Dalmatia & Pannonia he& depopulates also those regions./ The most sad state of this time, the storm still raging, StSaint Ierom who then lived, laments thus in his third Epistle written about this time wchwhich was something more then twenty years after yethe first irruption in yethe reign of Valens. Viginti et eo amplius anni sunt cum inter Consantinopolin et Alpes Iulias quotidie Romanus sanguis effunditur. Scythiam Thraciam Macedoniam Dardaniam Daciam Thessaliam Achaiam Epiros Dalmatiam cuctasqꝫque Pannonias, Gothus Sarmata Quadus Alanus Hunni Vandali Marcomanni vastant trahunt rapiunt. Quot Matronæ, quot virgines Dei et ingenua nobiliaqꝫque corpora his belluis fuere ludibrio? capti Episcopi interfecti Presbyteri et diversorum officia Clericorum: subversæ Ecclesiæ, ad Altaria Christi stabulati equi, martyrum effossæ reliquiæ ubiqꝫque luctus ubiqꝫque gemitus, & plurima mortis imago. Romanus orbis ruit & tamen cervix nostra non flectitur. Quid putas animi nunc habere Corinthios, Athenienses, Lacedæmonios, Arcadas, cunctamqꝫque Græciam quibus imperant Barbari? So Synesius in his oration to yethe Emperor Arcadius, speaking of his father Theodosius saith Ille supplicantes (scil. Gothos) erexit et belli socios ascivit & civitate donavit, et omnium bonorum participes fecit et partem Romani agri ijs attribuit. At illi, quod Pater tuus mitem se ijs præbuit, nos in hunc usqꝫque diem derident. Sed id primus fecerat Valens. 8 The next yeare (A.D. 402) the same Alaric wthwith his army of Goths Alans, & Huns & other Barbarians purposing to invade Italy breaks through Noricum, comes into Venetia, in a short time makes himself master of those cities, & besieges yethe Emperor Honorius at Hasta, so that every one began to think of leaving their seats in Italy, Butbut Stilico the General of Honorius raising a great army sets upon him & beats him at Pollentia in yethe aa Baron. Annal. Ann. 403. sec 50 & 52. year 403 wthwith a very difficult victory & after another battel forces him to retire into Pannonia from whence he came. And thence soon after, having made a league & being honoured by Honorius wthwith a military Prefecture, he departed into Illyricum a Province of yethe East. Whilst these things were doing Radagaisus a Pagan & King of another dynasty of yethe Goths prepares a far greater army then that of b Alaric consisting of Goths Sarmatians & Germans to the number four hundred thousand according if we may beleive Zosimus, or according to yethe least accounts, cc Marcellinus of two hundred thousand & dd Orosius l 7. c 37 upward. With these he passes yethe Iulian Alps & yethe regions of Venetia, & having wasted many Cities in yethe way, beseiges fflorence. In wchwhich seige when Stilico understood that he was intangled, & hedged in wthwith mountains on all hands so that he had no room to dilate & draw up his army to battel, & that his army lay divided into three parts: Stilico wthwith Huldin & Sarus two confederate princes of yethe Huns & Goths unawares sets upon one of yethe three parts of his army wthwith so great success that without any considerable loss of his own soldiers he slew above a hundred thousand of yethe enemy: wchwhich StSaint Austin in his fift book de Civitate Dei thus declares.Cum Radagaisus, saies he, agmine ingenti et immani jam in urbis vicinio constitutus Romanis cervicibus immineret, uno die tanta celeritate sic victus est utine uno, quidem aa This victory is attributed to yethe virtue of Huldin & Sarus wthwith their Huns & Goths, whence it is like that yethe Romans came in onely to yethe slaughter after yethe others had put yethe east to confusion. Huldin et Sarus Hunnorum Gothorumqꝫque Reges Radagaisum continue confecerunt. Marcelin Chron. non dicam extincto sed nec vulnerato Romanorum multo amplius quam centum millium prosternerentur ejus exercitus, atqꝫque ipse cum filijs mox 9 mox captus pœna debita necaretur. And this I take to be the hail storm of hail & fire mingled wthwith blood wchwhich were cast upon the earth, these enemies of Rome. ffor by the former afflictions of yethe Empire under the depopulations of Alaric I rather understand yethe noisome & grievous sore described in the first Vial wchwhich fell upon the men wchwhich had yethe mark of the beast, & ffor worshipped his Image. ffor the linguering pain of a sore most suitably expresses such a tedious languishing under durable affliction, but the storm of hail & fire by reason of the suddenness & fury & yethe blood mingled with it is yethe proper most suitable & most lively emblem of a fatal battel. This battel therefore I take to be yethe storm of hail & fire wchwhich consumed burn falling upon yethe earth burnt up yethe third part of yethe trees & every kind of green herbs that is (by Def the third part of yethe Commanders & other soldiers of this great Army: as Prosper thus appositely describes.Anno undecimo Arcadij et Honorij (i.e. aa Baron. Ann. 406. sec. 1A.D. 406) multis ante vastatis urbibus Radagaisus occubuit cujus in tres partes per diversos Principes divisus exercitus aliquam repugnandi Romanis apperuit facultatem: Insigni triumpho exercitum tertiæ partis hostium circumactis Hunnorum auxiliaribus Stilico usqꝫque ad internecionem delevit. After this Radagaisus terrified wthwith so great a slaughter betakes himself wthwith the remains of his army from these valleys to yethe hill of ffæsula: but Stilico pursues & beseiges him there suffering none to escape nor any thing for sustenence to be carried thither Wherefore seing he could neither fight by reason of the straitnes of the place, nor subsist long there for want of sustenence, he is taken & killed flies privately from his army but is taken & killed, & then almost all the Barbarians being prest wthwith famin yeild themselves captive. Tanta vero multitudo captivorum fuisse fertur 10 fertur (saith Orosius l 7. c 37.) ut vilissimarum pecudum modo, singulis aureis passim greges hominum venderentur Sed nihil superesse Deus de eodem populo sivit. Nam illico cunctis, qui emebantur, morientibus, quod improbi emptores eorum non impenderunt turpiter pretijs, expenderunt misericorditer sepulturis.
The second Trumpet. The next Trumpet hath these two main characters: that yethe wars wchwhich it introduces are to be a western wind that is in yethe regions westward of Rome; & that during this wind a great mountain burning with fire is to be cast into yethe sea, that is (by Def ) a great aa Def. City bb Def. consuming by war to be cast down & sink in yethe midst of that cc Def. people signified by the midst sea, into a very lowerlow condition then yethe waters of that sea round about it disturbing the waters. & by its fall to disturb the waters And no doubt this City is Rome yethe metropolis of the third part of the great political sea whose banks are yethe adjacent nations, its bottom the dition of yethe empire, & its waters the people. For it is this City wchwhich is every where in the Apocalyps called yethe great city. ** & by its fall to disturb yethe waters. And no doubt this City is Rome yethe Metropolis of yethe third part of yethe political Sea whose bottom is yethe dition of yethe Roman dominions & its waters the people, & its banks yethe circumjacent nations. For it is this City wchwhich is every where in the Apocalyps called yethe great city. ** I said that Rome was yethe Metropolis of the third part of yethe Roman Sea: for yethe understanding of wchwhich you are to know that Theodosius at his death divided the Roman dominions into two Empires between his sons Arcadius & Honorius making Constantinople yethe seat of yethe Eastern Empire & Rome of yethe Western, & that the western is about the third part of the whole. ffor dividing yethe whole into three equall parts according to yethe length of it; Mesopotamia Armenia, Syria Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Asia, Thrace, Grece, & Illyricum to another: & Afric Pannonia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to yethe third. And yethe two first are the Provinces of yethe eastern Empire & yethe third of yethe western And hence you may understand why that wchwhich is here called the third part of the sea is in yethe second Vial called yethe Sea: for as it is a distinct Empire it is a Sea by it self, although but the third part of yethe whole Roman Ocean. By the third part of the Sea we are therefore to understand the western Empire whose waters were smitten at the fall of the Impe Imperial city & became blood &c: & consequently we are to look onelyonly wthwithin the compas of this Empire for yethe effects of this Trumpet. Now for yethe event - Besides this the third part of yethe Roman Sea is to become blood, that is yethe western Empire to be steined wthwith much bloodshed. ffor by the third part of the sea in this & the two foll & of all other things in this & yethe two following trumpets I understand the western Empire becaus it is about yethe third part of the whole as you may easily perceive by adding dividing yethe whole Empire into three equall parts according to yethe length of it. ffor Assyria Mesopotamia Armenia Syria Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Asia minor, Thrace Grece & Thrace Illyricum to another; & Africa, Pannonia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to yethe third. And hence you may understand why this last division wchwhich is here called but yethe third part of the sea is in yethe second Vial called the sea: for as it is a distinct empire it is a Sea by it self, although but the third part of yethe whole ocean Roman Ocean. Impp. Arcadius & Honorius AA. Messalæ PF. P. Saturianorum conjurationem armis sumus, ut oportuit, persecutio: Sed aliquoties immineret panæ evitatione ad diversa semet latibula contulerunt. - Dat XIII Kal. August Theodoro V.C. Conss. (399. 6 Cod. Theod. Tit 19 De Saturianis Ευνεσίου Κυρηναίου Κατάστασις ῾ρηθεισα ἐπὶ τη μεγίστη των βαρρων ἐφόδω, ἡγεμονεύοντος Γενναδίου, καὶ Δουκὸς ὄντος Ιννοκεντίου Titulus est Catastaseos. Eo tempore hanc incursionem memorat Synesius Ep 130 ad Symplicium quo Simplicius Magister militum erat Id quo accidit AC. 396 ut docet lex 5, 6. decensit. & lex 28 de metatis lex 56 de cursu publico (8 Cod. Theod. Tit 5. lex 56.) & Lex 28 de Prætoribus. (6. Cod. Theod. Tit 4 De Prætoribus lex 28) Idem & in id tempus refert quo Gennadius Præfectus Augustalis fuit ηγεμονεύοντος Γενναδίου ut habet inscriptio Catastaseos. At quia discimus ex l 1. de Alexandr pleb. Primatib. (14 Cod. Theod. Tit 27 De Alexandr. pleb. Primati 6. lex 1.) Gennadium hunc præfectūum Augustalem fuisse (P F. Augustalis AD 396. Indic 11. Honorio 4 & Euthychiano Coss.(398) Gildo comes idemqꝫque Paganus qui mortuo Theodosio Principe Africæ præerat - Africam nititur obtinere. Frater ejus Mascezel cognita ejus vesania relictisqꝫque duobus apud Africam filijs in Italiam venceat. Gildo utrumqꝫque fratris filium dolo trucidat. Mascezel fratris scelere cognito cum quinqꝫque millibus suorum contra Gildonem cum 70 millibus armatorum sibimet obviantem infestus accedit Gildonemqꝫque parricidiam fugavit. Gildo fugiens pria se manu strangulavit. Indic 12 Theodoro et Eutroio Coss (399) Gaina Comes apud Constantinop. ad bellūum civile barbaros occultè hortatur, Vrbeqꝫque digreditur. proximo anno bellum navale contra Gainam Tyrannūum inter Chersonnesum & Hellespontūum gestūum est. Multitudo ibidem Gothorūum cæsa vel reversa sunt. Gaina Comes de evasit, sed mense febr. sequenti occiditur. Ponit ex Hæc e Marcellini Chron. Idem ponit exiliūum Chrysostomi anno 403. Sed Chonol.Chronol. Cod. Theod. ad an 404 Illyricum erat in Occidente ut testatur Olympiodorus apud Photium. Ruffinus occiditur 5 Kal Decemb Arcad et Honor coss. ut testatur Zosimus l 6 Socr l 6. c 1. Sozom l 8. c 1. Oros l 7 c 36. Marcellin & Chron Alexandr alijqꝫque. Gildo Comes Arcad 4 & Honor 3 Coss (i.e. 396.) Gildo per Africam sub finem autumni, veniente Hieme, teste Claudiano de bello Gildonico Tirannidem arripuit Tribigildi in Phrygia Pisidia et Pamphylia motus primi huic anno Honor 4 et Eutich Coss AC 398 congruunt ut e plerisqꝫque Arcadij constitutionibus hoc anno editis colligit Gothofredus in Chron. Cod. Theod. Gildo in Africa verno hujus anni 398 tempore debellatus est: de quo Claud in bello Gild: Quam veniens induxit hicus ver perculit hostem. vide Marcellin chron et Zosim l 5. Gainas superiore anno (400) victus, cum per Thraciam Istro transito in patriam reverti cogitaret ab Hulde Hunnorūum duce cæsus est ineunte anno 401. Marcel Chron. Chron Alexandr Gothi Alarico duce Pannonia Norico Rhetiaqꝫque superatis in Italiam brumæ tempore summa celeritate pentrarunt. Prudentius l 2 adv. Symmachum: Claudian de Bell. Get 11 Now whereas at yethe fall of this Mountain the third part of yethe Sea became blood: by blood we are to understand first slaughter & then any kind of death, & by death yethe destruction even of a thing without life. See Ezek 14.19 & 3.18, 20 & 18. 13. Amos 2.2. Rom 7.9. Apoc 9.5. And by yethe third part of yethe Sea we are are to understand yethe western Empire becaus that was being about yethe third part of yethe whole Roman dominions as you may easily perceive by dividing yethe whole into three equal parts according to yethe length of it. ffor Arabia Mesopotamia Armenia Syria Arabia & Palestine amount to about one third part: Egypt, Asia minor, Thrace, Grece & Illyricum to another: & Afric, Pannonia, Italy, Gallia, Spain & Brittain to yethe third. The two first are yethe Provinces of yethe Eastern Empire & yethe third of yethe Western. And hence you may understand why that wchwhich is here called yethe third part of yethe sea, is in yethe second Vial called yethe sea: for as it is a distinct Empire it is a Sea by it self, although but yethe third part of yethe whole Roman Ocean. By the third part of yethe seas becoming blood at yethe fall or being made bloody at yethe fall of the great Mountain, we are therefore to understand not onely much bloodshed but yethe politicall death of yethe Western Empire as if it were slain & its blood spilt by yethe fall of its Metropolis like an animal beheaded or torn in pieces. Now for yethe event: In yethe beginning of yethe year 407 when the Eastern wind had newly done blowing began to be allayed there brake forth a far more another very vehement & pernicious irruption in yethe west ffor yethe Alemans, Burgundians, Vandals & Alans wthwith great multitudes of other Barbarous nations out of Germany & Pannonia all at once overflow Gallia, & after two or three years grassation wasting it with fire & sword & rapine, the Vandals Alans & Swevians advance into & Spain & overrun that country also wthwith yethe like desolations & at yethe same time the Franks break into Gallia Lugdunensis, & yethe Picts & Scots also a while after, that no part of the west might be free, invade yethe Brittains. wchwhich desolations StSaint Ierom in 12 his eleventh epistle hath thus partly expressed & partly hinted. Innumerabiles et ferocissimæ nationes universas Gallias occuparunt; quicquid inter Alpes et Pyrenæum est quod Oceano et Rhodano Rheno includitur Quadus Vandalus Sarmata, Alani, Gepides, Heruli, Saxones Burgundiones, Alemanni, & (O lugenda respublica) Pannonij vastarunt. MagunciacumMagunciatum capta atqꝫque subversa est, et in Ecclesia multa hominum millia trucidata. Vangiones longa obsidione ducti; Rhenorum urbs præpotens, Ambiani, Atrebates, Morini, Tornacus, Nemetæ, Argentoratus translati in Germaniam, Aquitaniæ novemqꝫque populorum Lugdunensis et Narbonensis Provinciæ, præter paucas urbes populata sunt cuncta. Non possum absqꝫque L lacrymis Tolosæ facere mentionem, quæ ut hucusqꝫque non rueret, sancti Episcopi Exuperij merita præstiterunt. Ipsa Hispaniæ jam jamqꝫque petituræ quotidie contremescunt. Roma Vitam auro redimit. After Gallia had been thus wasted for two or three years the Vandals Alans & Suevians pass into Spain & overrun ytthat country also wthwith yethe like desolations, & at yethe same time yethe Franks break into Gallia Lugdunensis; & yethe Picts & Scots also a while after, that no part of yethe west might be free, aa. Ethelwedus edit. Londi, f. 474. b.invade BrittrainBrittain, forcing many of yethe inhabitants to fly into that part of France wchwhich tofrom them is to this day called Brittain. Whilst this torrent overwhelmed yethe west; Alaricus wthwith his Goths, leaving their seats in Pannonia to yethe Huns, invades Italy & beseiges Rome & thoug at first bought off, yet then renuing the seige after two years takes it in yethe year 410 when it had been first so much wasted by famin & Pestilence that StSaint Ieromsaith in Epist 16 saith Fame perit antequam gladio: et vix pauci qui caperentur inventi sunt. Ad nefandos cibos erupit exe uriculium rabies & sua invicem membra laniarunt: dum mater non parcit lactenti infanti, et suo recipit utero quem paulo ante effuderat. And Zosimus l 5 Famem pe (ceu consentaneum erat) pestis comitabatur, omniaqꝫque plena cadaveribus erant. Cumqꝫque non possent extra urbem sepeliri cadavera quod omnem exitum hostes observarent: Vrbs sepeliri cadavera quod omnem exitum hostes observarent: Vrbs ipsa mortuorum sepulchrum erat: adeo quidem ut alioqui etiam solitudo in urbe foret, siquæ nulla fuisset alimentòrum penuria, vel 13vel exhalans e cadaveribus odor ad inficienda corrumpendaqꝫque corpora suffecisset. When yethe City was almost taken Alaric set up Attalus a new Emperor at Rome in opp reserving to himself yethe command of both armies; & sends him to beseige Honorius at Ravenna, whereupon Honorius out of desperation began to think of flying to his Brother in yethe East. But when Alaric had thus sufficiently derided yethe lost condition of yethe Empire he degrades Attalus & But Attalus behaving him self foolishly Alaric degrades him again restores Honorius.Oros. l. 7. c. 42.Quid de infelicissimo Attalo, loquar, saith Orosius, cui occidi inter Tyrannos honor, & morilucrum fuit? In hoc Alaricus Imperatore facto, infecto, refecto ac defecto, citiùs his omnibus actis penè quàm dictis, mimum risit & ludum spectavit Imperij. Castinus in Hispaniam cum exercitu mittitur A.C. 422.Prosp l 2 A.C. 425 Castinus. exulat Idat Chron Prosp l 2 Iwo puts Theudemir between Pharamund & Clodio, but ytthat can't be for Castinus who slew him A.C. 422 was sent wthwith an army into Spain A 422 to make war upon yethe Barbarians there & A.C. 424 fled to Boniface in Afric. A.C. 425 was banished & A.C. 428 Codio began. After these things the city being taken Alaric lead his army into yethe furthest parts of Italy & attempted to sail into Afric but being shipwracked & soon after dying there dying his successor Adulphus returned back to Rome & spoiled it a second time. But then he made a leage wthwith Honorius & soon after dying Honorius that A.D. 412, that he might recover Rome wthwith the remains of his Empire Italy granted him Ataulphus his successor Aquitain a Province of Gallia to inhabit: But being arrived there wchwhich gave occasion to new various fresh wars in Aquitain & Spain for about 10 or 12 15 or 16 years together between yethe Goths Romans Vandals Suevis & Alans.. Comes The first ten years of these & yethe former wars in his country Aquitain, Prosper thus laments - inhabit; aa Sigonius de Occid. Imp. lbut being arrived there he begins to invade & spoile yethe neighbouring regions: whereupon Honorius sends Constantius wthwith an army against him who after two years war expelled him almost out of Aquitain & drove him upon spain. Then next in the year A.D 415 Honorius makes a league wthwith yethe Goths & sends Constantius with an army agains into Spain to recover that country from the Vandals Alans & Suevians, & wthwith him yethe Goths joyn forces wchwhich caused a very fierce war in those regions for about 8 or 9 years together wherin yethe Kingdom of yethe Alans was ruined & yethe Goths possessed themselves of a great part of Spain, & were also readmitted into Aquitain upon compact for their good service done in those yethe Emperors wars. Yet after this, Honorius dying they turn again upon yethe empire, but are repulsed a & a peace concluded in yethe yeare 427. yethe The first ten years of yethe wars in Aquitain from yethe beginning of yethe invasion, you may hear Prosper thus lamenting Prosper. in Prolog. lib. de provid. DeiCumqꝫque animum patriæ subijt fumantis imago Et stetit ante oculos quicquid ubiqꝫque perit: Frangimur immodicis, & pluribus ora rigamus Dumqꝫque pios agimus vertimur in quærulos And a little after - Heu cæde decenni Wandalicis gladijs sternitur & Geticis. Non castella petris non oppida montibus altis Imposita, aut urbes amnibus æquoreis Barbarici superare dolos atqꝫque arma furoris Evaluere omnes: ultima pertulimus. And These are yethe wars by wchwhich yethe western Sea became bloody & every body politiqꝫque therein died by the corruption of yethe fountain of life & tearing yethe members in pieces soul therein suffered the pains of death, & yethe third part of the ships, (that is yethe towns & Cities of yethe western Empire whose 14 houses are analogous to ships) were destroyed, sinking as it were in this tempest like yethe great mountain by being reduced into yethe power of yethe enemy. But here least by death you should understand only bloodshed & real death: I must put you in mind that blood is used to signify not only slaughter but any other kind of death Ezek 14 19 & death is a figure to express any state of affliction & misery wchwhich for yethe acuteness & misery may be compared to yethe pains of death. Thus yethe torments of hell, although of living men, are by yethe holy Ghost called death to express their acutenesseacuteness, & this kind of death is expressed by blood in Ezek 3.18, 20 & 18.13 &c. And that blood & death are here to be extended to this figurative meaning you may easily collect from the third Vial compared wthwith yethe third Trumpet. For that wchwhich is exprest in yethe third vial by yethe water's becoming blood is exprest in yethe third Trumpet by their becoming wormwood, so that men died of the waters becaus they were made bitter: wchwhich is as much as to say that through these northern invasions men drank of the waters of affliction acuated to so great a degree of bitterness as was analogous to yethe pain of death. I know not whither it may be worth yethe while to take notis of Afric yethe only Province of yethe western Empire wchwhich in this Trumpet escaped yethe Barbarians. Yet to prevent an objection I may tell you that as it escaped so it seems exempted from yethe main sea of this western Empire becaus separated divided from it by yethe Mediterranean. The third Trumpet. The western Empire being now rent into many kingdoms, & those pretty well setled under their new lords: there breaks out a war in yethe southern quarter wchwhich is yethe quarter of yethe third wind. For yethe Vandals ADAC 427 passing out of Spain into Afric, the next year invade & afflict those regions wthwith all kind of calamities afflict those regions untill by degrees they subdued it. ⊛ ⊛ The calamity of Afric in yethe first two or three years of this invasion when yethe Vandals had newly beaten yethe forces of Boniface & began to beseige him in Hippo; b Possidius Bishp of Calama who was present atto these miseries thus laments in his Oration upon yethe Death of StSaint Austin. Brevi, inquit, consequenti tempore, divina voluntate & potestate provenit ut manus ingens telis armata et bellis exercitata immanium hostium Vandalorum et Alanorum commixta secum habens Gothorum gentem aliarumqꝫque diversarum gentium personas ex hispania partibus transmarinis navibus Africæ influxisse & incisset: universaqꝫque per loca Mauritaniam etiam ad alias nostras trans eus Provincias & regiones, omni sæviens crudelitate & atrocitate, cuncta qua potuit expoliatione, cædibus alijsqꝫque innumerabilibus & infandis malis depopulata est, nulli sexui, nulli parcens ætati, nec ipsis Dei sacerdotibus & ministris, nec ipsis Ecclesiarum ornamentis seu instrumentis vel ædificijs. Et hanc, pergit, ferocissimam hostium grassationem et vastationem ille homo Dei (Augustinus) - profundius considerans, solito amplius fuerunt ei lacrymæ pane die et nocte, amarissimamqꝫque & lugubrem cæteris suæ senectutis jam pene ducebat et tolerabat vitam. Videlicet enim illi homo dei civitates excidio perditas pariter cum ædificijs, villarumqꝫque habitatores alios hostili nece extinctos, alios effugatos atqꝫque dispersos dispersos, &c. b Possi. c 28. So Victor in his history written many years after Invenientes saith he pacatam quietamqꝫque &c. InventusInvenientes, saith Victor,Victor de persec Wandal. lib 1 in præf. pacatam quietamqꝫque Provinciam, speciositatem totius terræ florentis quaquaversum, impietatis agminibus impendebant, deastando depopulabantur incendio & homicidijs totum exterminantes. Sed nec arbustis fructiferis omninò parcebant: ne fortè quos antera montium, aut prærupta terrarum, vel seclusa quæqꝫque occultaverant, post eorum transitum illis pabulis nutrirentur: et sic eadem atqꝫque iterum tali crudelitate furentibus, ab eorum contagione nullus remansit locus immunis. - In ædificijs nonnullis magnarum ædiūum vel domorum ubi ministerium ignis minus valuerat, tectis admodum despicatis pulchritudinem parietum solo æquabant ut nunc antiquasantiqua illa speciositas civitatum nec quia fuerit prorsus appareat. Sed et urbes quamplurimæ aut raris aut nullis habitatoribus incoluntur. Nam & hodie siqua supersunt subinde, desolantur. Nor did yethe mediterranean Islands escape their fury: For Marcelline saith A.C. 439 Theod. 17 & Fausto Coss: Vandali Piratæ multas insulas insulas sed præcipuè Siciliam vastavere. Wasted When they had thus by a tedious war wthwith yethe Emperors forces wasted Afric & subdued it, they invaded Sicily & & Sicily, they from thence A.D. 455 saild into Italy & spoiled Rome carrying into Afric yethe whole treasures of yethe city & consequently of yethe Empire wchwhich yethe more merciful & abstemious Goths had spared: & captivating yethe flower of Italy. Post exitum Maximi confestim secuta est multis digna lachrymis Romana captivitas. Vrbem omni præsidio vacuam Gensericus obtinuit - et per 14 dies continuos secura et libera scrutatione omnibus opibus suis Roma vacuata est, multaqꝫque millia captivorum prout quisqꝫque aut ætate aut aræ placuerant cum Regina et filiabus ejus Carthaginem abducti sunt. Prosper apud Euseb l 1. Gensericus vacuam præsidio civitatem capit, et occursu Leonis Papæ mitigatus ab incendio cædibus atqꝫque supplicijs urbem immanem servavit, omnibus tamen opi bus 15 bus ablatis, multa inde captivorum millia cum Augusta Eudoxia & ejus filiabus Carthaginem revexit. Paul. Diac. l. 15. Exinde Regum multarum divitias cum populis captivavit. Victor de Pers. Vand. l 1. Gazam omnem Imperatoriam in navibus positam secum in Africam tulit: ac siqua erant Romæ decora, itemqꝫque Iovis Capitolini tegularum ex ære auratarum partem dimidiam abripuit. Vnam vero ex his nabnavibus ubi statuæ fuerant, tempestate perijsse dicunt cæteras incolumes in Africam delatas. Procop. de bello Wandal. l 1. Amongst other things were yethe aa Procop. de bello Wand. l 2. Niceph l 15 c. 11. vessels of yethe Temple of Ierusalem wchwhich Titus had sent to Rome. And to these spoiles of Rome they added at the same time the prey of several other Cities. Miles Genserici avidus prædæ in avidus prædæ in Campaniam incursat, Capuam evertit, Neapolin expugnat, Nolam obsidet, urbes reliquas diripit - cum ingenti captvorum numero Africam repetit. Annales Boiorum. From this time the Vandals possessing themselves of many of the mediterranean Islands continued to play yethe Pyrats & infest Europe wthwith very frequent incursions. Post mortem Valentiniani, saith Victor,Victor de Wand. pers l 1.Gensericus totius Africæ ambitum obtinuit, necnon et insulas maximas Sardiniam Siciliam Corsicam Ebusum Majoricam Minoricam et alias multas superbia sibi consueta defendit. And Procopius:Procop. de bello Wandal. l 1. Post mortem Valentiniani, aliquot annos Veris initio continuo longas fecit prædando & populando incursiones, nunc in Siciliam, nunc in Italiam, civitates insuper partim diripiendo partim solo æquando: ubi vero omnia delevit ad Orientis conversus Imperium Illyricum omne simul & Peloponnesum, hisqꝫque adjacentes insulas cum reliqua Græcia invadit. Ad Italiam rursum Siciliamqꝫque reversus quicquid erat reliqui diripuit. So Sidonius in his Panegyric called Anthemius: ****** - Anthemius speaking of yethe short reign of yethe Emperors after Valentinian III saith - Quemcunqꝫque creavit axe Axe meo natum, confestim fregit in illo Imperij fortuna rotas. Hinc Wandalus hostis Vrget et in nostrum numerosa classe quotannis Militat excidium, conversoqꝫque ordine facti Torrida Cacaseos infert mihi Byrsa furores. Præterea invictus Ricimer, quem publica Fata respiciunt, proprio solus vix Marte repellit Piratam per rura vagum, qui prælia vitans Victorem fugitivus agit quis sufferat hostem Qui pacem pugnamqꝫque negat? Nam fædera nulla Cum Ricimere jacit. - Hinc Wandalus hostis Vrget, et in nostrum numerosa classe quotannis Militat excidium &c. This was yethe afflicted estate of Afric & Europe under the insolencies of this troublesome enemy: for yethe restraining of wchwhich Procop. de bello Wandal. l 1. Nicephorus l 15. c 27.Leo yethe Greek Emperor AD 468 set forth a navy of eleven hundred ships & an hundred thousand men wchwhich at first prevailed but having landed a great part of their men in Afric yethe Vandals set upon them afresh & burnt their ships & then beat yethe forces also wchwhich they had landed. And thus having baffled both the Emperors, they continued their Pyraticall incursions till about about yethe year 500, when Theodoric King of yethe Ostrogoths having newly propogated his Kingdom into Italy, made peace wthwith them as Baronius in his Annalls (ad Ann 500 sect 11) thus mentions: "Iam tutum inquit, redditum erat commercium inter Africanos et Italos cùm sancivisset fœdus Rex Theodoricus cum Wandalorum Rege a quo hactenus frequentes fiebant in solum Italicum incursiones. Stabilita est enim inter eos pax fœdere nuptiarum, data ei in matrimonium Amalafred Amalafrida. De qua inita inter illos concordia hæc Enodius in Panegyrico Theoderici: Quid castigatas Wandalorum ventis parentibus eloquar deprædationes, quibus pro annua pensione satis est amicitia tua? Evagari ultra possibilitatem nesciunt. Duce sapientia affines esse meruerunt quia obedire non abnuunt." And these I suppose are yethe wars to wchwhich yethe third Trumpet - And these I suppose are yethe wars to wchwhich yethe third Trum -pet 16pet sounded because yethe onely memorable wars in the south quarter, wchwhich is yethe condition of yethe third wind. Now the effect of these wars is that a great star fell from heaven burning as it were a Lamp; that isDef some very great Prince from yethe heaven of his dignity consuming by war. And this points Def at the fall of the western Cæsar, who from that time that yethe Vandals rent Afric & yethe Mediterranean Islands from yethe Empire & spoiled Rome & Italy, retained almost nothing but yethe nameof Emperor: insomuch that some historians make that the peri time yethe end of yethis Empire. Yet it resisted absolute death for about twenty years longer under yethe titular Cæsars Avitus, Majoranus, Severus Anthemitis, Olybrius, Glycerius & Nepos falling by the sword of one another untill at last A.D. 476 it was utterly extinguished under yethe fatal name of Augustus or Augustulus by Odoacer King of the Heruli who being invited by some of the Italians translated his nation into Italy. The reason why I interpret this star of no less dignity then that of yethe Western Emperor is becaus it is described of yethe greatest magnitude, & whilst there are two Emperors in yethe Roman world, it would be against nature to represent them by suns. Yet least you should think doubt of this interpretation unwarrantable you may compare it wthwith Isa 14 12 where the fall of as great a Monarch yetheas the King of Babylon, though a greater Monarch & wthwithout becaus he had in like manner the king of the Medes for his a fellow unless yethe King of yethe Medes be accounted one, is expressed by the like Parable of a falling star. How art thou fallen from heaven Con, saith the Prophet from heaven O Lucifer son of the morning saith the Prophet, how art thou cut down to the ground wchwhich didst weaken yethe nations. Now whereas this star is described to fall upon the third part of yethe rivers & fountains of waters, it is a figure, likethat of casting yethe mountain into yethe Sea, to express at once both yethe ruin of the star & yethe disturbance of yethe waters. & embitring them by that burning wchwhich consumed yethe star By the third part of the rivers I still understand the people of yethe Western Empire the same waters wchwhich were before called the third part of the Sea but are now compared to rivers because no longer in one intire mass but inter- 17 intermixed wthwith yethe Earth those many northern nations wchwhich in yethe last Trumpet by invading yethe Sea aa Fig dried up its waters & converted yethe residue as it were to disseminated rivers. On these therefore & on yethe bb Fig towns & Cities the fountains - of these waters, the great star fell burning as it were a lamp, & by its fall & burning (that is by the decay of the Emperors power which should have defended yethe Romans & by the wars in wchwhich he consumed smote yethe waters & made them bitter as if they had been imbibed wthwith so much wormwood, or, as is exprest in yethe third vial it turned them to blood: the plague of wchwhich blood being there much aggravated, it will not be amis to add somthing more of history becuase there were othersother very great wars in Europe, contemporary to yethe cardinal war in Afric, wchwhich notably bloodied yethe rivers & conduced much to yethe fall of the great burning star Sigonius de Occ. Imp. l Iornand Get. Paul. Diac. continuatio hist Eutrop. l 15.And first the hunsHuns under Attila A.C. 450 having for yethe five years before spoiled Grece & Illyricum wthwith unexpressible violence, raises a very great army in yethe year 450 out consisting of divers of yethe Scythian & German nations, amongst wchwhich were yethe Gepides with their King Ardaricus & yethe Ostrogoths lead by yethe three brothers Valamir Theodomir & Vindemir. With these immens forces Attila sets forward to invade yethe western regions like a whilrwind, & making towards Gallia depopulates all places in yethe way. & yethe Marcomans, Suevians, Quadi, Heruli, Rugi, & what other nations had ben conquered by yethe Hunns, every one wthwith their King: their whole number amounting to ba Paul Diac l 15 b Iornand. Get.five hundred thousand their number Sigebert puts five hundred thousand or at least five. With these immense forces Attila setsset forward to invade yethe western regions like a whirlwind & making towards Gallia dGreg. Turon. l 2. c69 depopulated all places in the way. dChunni (saith Gregory Turonensis) e Pannonijs egressi; ut quidam ferunt, in ipsa sancti Pascæ vigilia ad Metensem vrbem reliqua depopulando pervenirent tradentes urbem incendio, & populum in ore gladij trucidantes, ipsosqꝫque sacerdotes Domini ante sacrosancta Altaria permentes, Dein cum multas Galliarum civitates opprimerent Aurelianos aggrediuntur &c. In the mean time Ætius yethe General of the Emperor, & 18& the Kings of yethe west, Theodoric King of the Wisigoths Gudicar of yethe Burgundians, Sangiba of another Dynasty of yethe Alans, & Merovæus of yethe Franks combined to oppose him wthwith yethe utmost of their strength. And yethe next year, aa. Hunni erumpentes et per totam Galliam diffusi partim simulatæ pacis arte tenebant urbes partim vi expugnabant. Ex vita Lupi Frecensis Episcopi apud Sur. die 29 Iulij. ✝ Tota vastation✝ Tota vastatio populatori Attilæ, ascribitur. Tum Coloniæ Agrippina. Tungrorūum oppidum, Novesium, Vtricensium, Castra Herculis, Vetera, Ascibargium, Noviomagus, Antennacum, Bingium, Magonciacum, Borbetomagus, Sebutium, Saletio, Brocomasus, Argentoratum, Elebus, Argentuaria, Augusta Rauricorum, Vindomissa, Forum Tiberij, Vitudurum, Aventicum, et multa alia oppida funditus destructa sunt. Non multò post Ætius profligavit auxiliantibus Gothis profligavit Attilam apud Catalaunos. Beat. Rhenan. l. 1, p. 62. after yethe Huns had wasted a great part of Gallia, the two armies meet & ingage in yethe fight there fell ingaging rr Sic Iornandes Get: sed Idatius ponit 150000 Hunnos & 200000 Gothos cæsos fuisse præter innumerabilem multitudinem quæ paulo post occubuit in alio prælio trium dierum inter Attilam & Thorismundum qui patrem Theodericum in priori prælio occisum ulsisci desiderans novum Gothorum exercitum collegerat. Isidorus autem ponit in utroqꝫque prælia trecenta fere millia prostrata. on both sides there fell a hundred & sixty two thousand besides ninety thousand Gepides & Franks wchwhich fell yethe night before. At length Attila wthwith much difficulty iswas beaten, but not being pursued retired wthwith yethe residue of his forces into Venetia& yethe next year out of indignation harrassed all Italywthwith great violence bb Attila continuò resumpta fiducia cruentus Italiam petit Aquileiam captam funditus eradit, Ticinumqꝫque Mediolanum regias urbes excidit. Paul. Diac. Misc. ✝ Hoc tempore funientes Itali Vrbem Venetorum a regione denominatum condiderunt. forcing & rasing the prinicpall severall Cities & scarce being prevailed wthwith to spare Rome it self. Yet in the end of the year he was prevailed wthwith by the Bishop of Rome to depart out of Italy into his own dominions & amongst wchwhich was Aqui others Aquileia the second to Rome, but in yethe heat of his fury towards yethe end of the year he was ada Isidor. Hist. Got. curbd by a persuaded numerous army sent by the Greek Emperor Marcian, & forced to return home wthwith damage, & dying yethe next year dying, his sons quarrel fell into civil wars about sharing his dominions & fall into civil wars: on wchwhich advantage yethe Ostrogoths laying hold, rebelled, & subdued them in Pannonia, erecting there a very potent Kingdom; & soon after (viz A.DA.C 489) makemade war upon Odoacer King of Italy yethe Heruli in Italy, & vanquishing him propagated their Kingdom thither succeeded in yethe western Empire. These wars (besides some others of less note) since they conduced very much to yethe bloodying of yethe western rivers may not unjustly be recconed among yethe wars to wchwhich yethe 3d Trumpet sounded. But then you will perhaps object: How can yethe wars of this Trumpet be esteemed a southern wind since they happened as well in other quarters? To wchwhich I answer j That yethe four winds are not to be taken so stricktly that while they blow there shall be wars in none but yethe cardinal quarter. It is enough ytthat yethe principal war is in that quarter; & therefore when there are divers wars together, the quarter is to be estimated by yethe principal. And 19 such was the Vandalic war. For though yethe wars of Attila were sufficiently wonderfully violent for the time, yet they were he kept in no quarter the certain quarter that he invaded as the Vandals did in Afric but from east to west. his wars were also very short being in yethe western Empire) but of two or three years continuance, & so may be more properly resembled to a whirlwind then a wind; whereas yethe Vandalic war lasted 70 years together & upward wthwithout any considerable intermission, & was far much more pernicious to yethe Empire that depriving the Empire of no one Province but this rending away all Afric wthwith Sicily & most of yethe Mediterranean Isles, besides yethe frequent Pyratical invasions of all european countries bordering upon the Mediterranean & amongst other spoiles yethe carrying away yethe immens treasures of Rome & other chief Cities of Italy wthwith yethe flower of their youth & Gentry wchwhich was of so fatall consequence ytthat yethe Empire never lookt up afterward, the following emperors being accounted litle more the titular, & some reccon this the period of yethe Empire as if the following Emperors were Emperors over nothing. The wars of Attila therefore cannot be accounted the principal wind but may rather for their shortness violence & uncertain quarter, may be compared to a whirlwind or Hurricane. 2dly In recconing up yethe four winds we are to regard only such winds as blow upon yethe Empire, that is such wars as are waged by yethe barbariansBarbarians not against one another but against yethe Romans. And this excludes almost all yethe above mentioned wars except yethe Vandalic. For yethe wars of yethe Ostrogoths were not against yethe Empire but first against yethe Huns & then against yethe Heruli. Nor was yethe great Army of Attila at first designed against yethe Empire aa See Iornandes Get. Marcellinus & Idatius but against yethe Visigoths, he being sollicited by yethe Vandals to invade them. But becaus Ætius yethe General of yethe Emperor (fearing least after he had subdued yethe western barbarian kingdoms one after another he should turn upon yethe Empire) ingaged together wthwith all those kingdoms against him, therefore in revenge he turned his fury upon yethe Romans, & this was yethe second summer only. And as for yethe translation of yethe kingdom of yethe Heruli into Italy, whereby yethe western Empire was finally abrogated race of Emperors fel ceased, that was done wthwithout any memorable war, Odoacer being called in by some of yethe Italians. There may be another objection, namely that the 20Vandalic nation whilst in Spain concurred wthwith yethe other barbarous nations to constitute yethe western wind, & therefore the southern wind ought not also to be derived from them but from some other nation & rather from a southern nationsnation (as yethe Moors, who especially since they were in yethe winds when they blew altogether before yethe angels held them) especially since they were in the wind when they blew altogether before the angels held them) then from yethe Vandals who came from yethe north. But this is easily answered by considering yethe nature of winds: ffor yethe same air accordingly as it moves this way or that way may constitute a wind one while in one quarter & afterwards in another quarter; & so yethe same Vandalic nation accordingly as they war in divers quarters may constitute divers metaphorical figurative winds. And as we denominate a wind in this or that quarter only from yethe prsentpresent motion wthwithout considering from what country the Air came originally, so we are here not to regard from whence yethe Vandals came originally but only in what quarter they war at prsentpresent. And for yethe same reason it is not material whither yethe nations wchwhich now successively constitute yethe 4 winds be yethe same wthwith those wchwhich constituted them when they blew all together before yethe angels held them. It is enough that they break forth in yethe 4 quarters wherein they blew before, though the Air be changed. And hence in yethe next Trumpet because yethe successive wars of yethe Goths & Lombards were in yethe same quarter, I consider them but as one & the same wind notwithstanding the diversity of theirthe Nations. The 21 The fourth Trumpet. The last blast of yethe third wind we may reccon to be ytthat notable war wherein yethe Vandalic kingdom was overthrown by Bellisarius: wchwhich happend in yethe years 533 & 534. And this directs us to yethe fourth wind, that famous Ostrogothic war wchwhich began yethe next year (between yethe Romans & Barbarians) whose main seat was on yethe north of Rome, yethe quarter of this wind: ffor yethe main seat thereof was Venetia & Lombardy wthwith yethe other regions between Rome & yethe Alps, besides some actions in Illyricum; & yethe duration was first ✝✝ The Gothic war began at yethe invasion of Dalmatia A.C. 535 & ended A.C 555 at yethe overthrow of yethe great army of Leuthares & Buccellinus whom yethe Franks sent into Italy to assist yethe Goths: the ✝ Procop & Agathias History of all wchwhich you may see at large in Procopius & Agathias & Hist. Miscel.‡ ‡ in Procopius & Agathias & Hist Miscell. To which I may add this Passage in Chronico Divionensi apud Dacherium Tom: 1 gij. Theodebertus Rex Francorum cum exercitu Italiam ingressus eam maritimis depopulatus est, Narcete Patricio in fugam verso. Postea Buccellinus Dux jussu Theodeberti Siciliam occupavit, dtotamqꝫque Italiam fugam vertit, eorumqꝫque exercitum proterit. Tandem infirmatus a profluvio ventris, exercitusqꝫque suus ea infirmitate attritus, Belisario jam interfecto a Narsete superatur & interficitur. - Miserat et Theudebertus Saxones in Italiam qui ibi commovati sunt usqꝫque ad tempora Clip Longobardorum post Albuinum Regis. about 20 or 21 years wthwith yethe Goths, in wchwhich yethe Lombards sided wthwith aided yethe Romans, & aa Viginti jam et septem annos ducimus quod in hac urbe inter Longobardorum gladios vivimus. Greg. Mag. l. 4. Epist. 34. Qualiter enim et quotidianis gladijs & quantis Longobardoum incursionibus ecce jam per triginta quinqꝫque annorum longitudinem premimur, nullis explere vocibus suggestionis valemus. Greg. Mag. lib. 11 Epist 45 Ad Phocam Imp Indic. 6. edit. Roma. then wthwith yethe Lombards for 37 or 38 years together more wthwiththe Lombards almost wthwithout intermission. Between these there was an little respite interruption, but yethe last war being yethe more violent & lasting ynthan yethe f ynthan yethe first & in yethe same regions wthwith yethe first, fulfilling yethe desolations wchwhich yethe first began, so as to put an absolute period to yethe Empire; it deserves more especially also to be referred to this the last wind, & that more especially as being yethe principal part thereof. Between these wars bb Hist. Misc. lib. 18. there was also another a war wthwith yethe Heruli under Sindual in Tuscia; of whome cc. Anastas. in vita Ioan. 3. Anastasius says, peremibant cunctam Italiāam. But this I mention only as a copula of yethe years before & after. In yethe former Trumpet you had yethe fall of yethe Western Cæsar, but this proceeds yet higher, even to yethe darkning of yethe Sun Moon & Stars, that is to yethe utter extinction of yethe remaining light of yethe Western Empire: ffor yethe understanding of wchwhich you are to know ytthat yethe Empire was fundamentally seated, not in yethe Dominion of yethe Emperour, but in that of yethe city of Rome. It was an Empire before yethe race of Emperours began & might have continued so long after their fall could yethe city but have recovered it's pristine extent of dominion & greatnes. But 22 But though it could not recover them yet it continued for some time after yethe fall of yethe Cæsars to shine considerably. The Consulship Odoacer indeed at first took away in anger, but after two years restored it & conserved it to yethe end of his reign: & then Theoderic King of yethe Ostrogoths being sent by Zenon yethe Greek Emperor against Odoacer & having conquered & slain him, besides Dalmatia & Rhætia wchwhich were Odoacer's Provinces he added Sicily & ✝✝ Agathius l. 1. all Alemannia to his dominions & freed Italy wthwith yethe rest of his Kingdoms from yethe incursions of yethe Vandals & setled it in peace. ✝✝ Tenuit Theudericus,, inquit Grotius, Italiam, Siciliam, Rhætiam, Noricum, Dalmatiam ✝ cum Liburnia Istriáqꝫque & Suevorum ibi parte, Pannoniam illam in qua Singidon & Sirmium; Galliæ prætereæ, multa ob quæ cum Francis bella gessit, pendebant ei tributa Alemanni. Hispaniam autem regebat idem Theudericus tutoris nomine pro Amalaricho suo nepote. Quæ omnia partim apud Procopium partim apud Cassiodorum videas. Hæc Grotius in Prolegomenis. So far was yethe dominion of Italy restored by his coming ytthat Ennodius in his Panegyric to him said: Interea ad limitem suum Romana Regna remearunt. He bPer Theudericum dignitas urbis Romæ non parva est restituta, muros enim ejus iste redintegravit, ob quam causam a senatu instauratam statuam meruit. Isidorus in Chron. Patricio et Hypatio Coss: Rex Theudericus Romam cunctorum votis expetitus advenit, et Senatum suum mira affabilitate tractans Romanæ plebi donavit annonas, atqꝫque admirandis mœnibus, deputata per annos singulos maxima pecuniæ quantitate, subvenit: sub cujus fælici Imperio plurimæ renovantur urbes, munitissima castella conduntur, consurgunt admiranda Palatia; magnisqꝫque ejus operibus antiqua mimiraculamiracula superantur. Cassiodorus in Chron. Erat Theodoricus fama quidem Tyrannus re tamen præ se veri specimen Imperatoris ferebat, ut qui vel eorum qui a principio ea in dignitate probatiores fuissent, nemini inferior fuerit: & Gothos item ac Italos pari quadam ac summâ benevolentiâ suapte 23 suapte humanitate prosequebatur, ita omnes (quod utiqꝫque difficillimum est) ejus Imperium oblectaret. Procop. de Bello Gottico lib. 1. Idem Procopius Gothos et Belisarium sic inducit colloquentis. Gothi: Zenon Theodoricum Byzantium obsessurum suadebat ut ex Odoacre pænas ob injuriam Augustulo Imp. illatam exigeret, hunc igitur in modum nos Italiæ suscepto Imperio leges simul et Remp. salvas non minùs reddidimus quàm superiorum alius quisquam Imperatorum. - Romanorum sacraria eo in honore sunt apud nos habita ut a nullo nostratium hominum sit, qui ad ea confugerit, violatus. Omnibus præterea urbanis antehac magistratibus Romani perfungebantur, Gothus vir nemo eorum particeps factus: Vel procedat in medium qui profari nos ista non verè existimet: Addat et Consularem quispiam dignitatem, qua etsi Gothi ab Orientis Imperiatore donati Romanis tamen perfungi liberè permiserumt. Ad hæc Belisarius: Zenon quidem Imperator in Italiam Theodoricum transmisit Odoacro ut bellum inferret, non sibi ut hujus imperium vindicaret, (quid enim a Tyranno Tyrannus differt?) sed ut ea Provincia a se liberata Imperanti sibi subjiceretur. Procop. de bello Gott. Lib. 2. Theodoricum Magistrum militum et Consulem Romanum Zenon Imperator Italiâ donavit, Senatum Populumqꝫque Romanum ei commendans. Iornandes & Get. & De Regn. success. Evagrius Historicus Theodericum & Athalaricum vocat Administratores Occidentalis Imperij. Alij Imperium Occidentale ad Gothos translatum dicunt. De his vide plura apud Sigonium aliosqꝫque. repaired also yethe wals of Rome & other buildings wthwith a great summ of money given for that purpose & changed no custom but retained yethe Senate, Consuls, Patricij,Prætors, Quæstors, Præfects of yethe City, Masters of yethe hors & foot & other offices wchwhich had been in yethe times of yethe Emperors, & assigned them these Roman dignities only to those of yethe RomanRomans nation, as did also yethe succeeding Ostrogothic Kings Athalaric & Theodatus. Thus Rome still governed by her own Senate flourished under yethe Goths after yethe same manner as formerly under her own Emperors between Romans a Roman was judged, between a Goth & a Roman a Goth & a Roman. as if she had changed nothing but yethe title of Emperors to that of Kings And Inin this degree yethe western light continued to shine till yethe sounding of yethe fourth Trumpet, but then was quite put out. - put out. The Goths partly by constraint partly on their own accord aa Agathias l 1. dissmissed most of their dominions & amongst yethe rest all Alemannia from their subjection; letting go what ever was not of present use that they might contract their whole strength into Italy; & Feb 20 A.C. 537 laid strait siege to Rome wthwith an army of an hundred & fifty thousand: by wchwhich siege - - - ffor Rome being first seized by yethe Goths was betrayed to Belisarius in yethe ✝✝ 4 Id. Decemb. Anastas: in vita Silvesij. begin beginning of yethe second third year of yethe war Ian. 9, & gg. 9 Kal. Mart Anastas. ib.from Feb. 20 to March following for above a year together straitly beseiged by yethe Goths wthwith an cc. Vrbem Romam ire mox pergit Vitiges equitum peditumqꝫque ad centus et qunquaginta millia dectans quorum pars maxima armis munita, vel equos ipsos Procop De Bello Got. l. 1. By wchwhich seige her dignities being reduced to titular shaddows, yethe Consulship after five years more (viz: A.C. 542) expired. Afterward yethe City was again besieged & dd A.C. 547. Indic 10. Totila dolo Isaurorum ingreditur Romam die 16 Kal. Ian. ac evertit muros, domos aliquantas igne comburens, ac omnes Romanorum res in prædam accepit, hos ipsos Romanos in Campaniam Captivos abduxit: post quam devastationem quadraginta aut amplius dies Roma fuit ita desolata ut nemo ibi hominum nisi bestiæ morarentur. Marcellin. Chron.taken by Totila & for a time made destitute of all her inhabitants & a third part of her walls or more demolished, & then recovered by Belisarius & again taken by Totila & retaken by Narses. After this when Iustin came 24 came to yethe Empire, he to caress yethe Italians & together assert his dominion over them took upon him yethe title of Consul for his two or three first years, making a show as if he would restore yethe ruined dignities of Rome: but ✝ then yethe Lombards immediately invaded & wasted all Italy much more then yethe Goths had done & again ee De hoc obsidio sic meminit Anastasius in Vitis Pontificum. (A.C. 577.) Pelagius 2dus ordinatur absqꝫque jussione Principis eo quod Longobardi obsiderent civitatem Romanam, & multa vastatio ab eis in Italia fieret. Eodem tempore tantæ pluviæ fuerunt ut omnes dicerent quia aquæ diluvij super nos inundantur, & talis clades fuit - qualem a seculo nullus meminit. besieged Rome in yethe time of their 30 Tyrants, A.C. 577. And partly by these desolations but chiefly by storms & fiery meteors yethe City was so wasted ytthat ever since it hath scarce been yethe tenth part of what it was before, & that too for yethe most part wthwithout yethe compas of its former foundation. Thus was yethe Imperial City, wchwhich formerly shone gloriously wthwith her Consuls Senate & other dignities reduced into darknes, being made a heap of runs, & deprived of her Magistracy, & from being Queen of yethe world degraded to I know not what ignoble Dukedom, & compel'd to serve under Ravenna wchwhich formerly served under her, & (O darknes!) even to pay tribute to yethe Exarchs presiding there. This was yethe conclusion of this great Empire: concerning wchwhich I cannot but note ytthat it was done accomplished by the direst desolations that (I beleive) ever nation felt: God reserving his most grievous scourge for yethe fountain of Apostacy & yethe most grievous part of that scourge for yethe last place to try yethe utmost before he would give over an incorrigible insensible people. For all former desolations seem to be equalld if not outdone by yethe Gothic (yethe Goths & Greeks both wasting Italy as yethe countrey of yethe enemy,) & yet those desolations were manifestly outdone by yethe Lombardic. For yethe order of yetheir history I refer you to Procopius, Iornandes de Regn. success. Paulus Diaconus, Sigonius de Occid. Imp. Aventinus's Annales Boiorum, & others, & shal only 25 only for a tast of their direness give you a passage or two out of Gregory yethe great who being then Bishop of Rome both saw & felt what he wrote of. A little before yethe Lombardic invasion, as this Gregory relates, there came a revelation to one Redemptus a Bishop in these words. Finis venit universæ carnis. Finis venit universæ carnis. Finis venit universæ carnis. Which Gregory understanding of yethe end of yethe world, made this comment upon it. Post illam Prophetiam ff. Greg. m. Dial. lib. 3. cap. 38. mox illa terribilia in Cœlum signa secuta sunt ut hastæ atqꝫque acies igneæ ab Aquilonis parte viderentur. Mox effera Longobardorum gens de vagina æ habitationis educta in nostram cervicem grassata est; atqꝫque humanum genus quod in hac terra præ nimiæ multitudine quasi spissæ segetis more surrexerat, gg Ex illa plebe innumerabili quanti remanseritis aspicitis & tamen adhuc quotidiè flagella urgent, repentina casus opprimunt, novæ res et improvisæ clades affligunt. Greg. Magn. Hom. in Luc. 21. succisum aruit. Nam depopulatæ urbes, eversa castra, concrematæ Ecclesiæ, destructa Monasteria virorum & feminarum, desolata ab hominibus prædia, atqꝫque ab omni cultorescultore destituta in solitudine vacat terra; nullus hanc Possessor inhabitat, occuparunt Bestiæ loca quæ prius multitudo hominum tenebat. Et quid in alijs mundi partibus agitur ignoro. Nam in hac terra in qua nos vivimus finem suum non nunciat sed ostendit. - Vpon wchwhich place of Gregory Baronius writes thus. At hh. Baron. Ann 567. § 15, 16. nequis putet mendax fuisse Oraculum de fine universæ carnis prædictum: sciat his verbis non seculi consummationem significatam sed gentis Italicæ cladem: sicut olim Deum per suum Prophetam comminatum fuisse constat ubi ait, ii. Ezek. 7. Hæc dicit Dominus Deus terræ Israel: Fini venit: venit finis super quatuor plagas terræ: Nunc finis super te &c. Sicut ergo finem universæ carnis minitante Propheta non mundi est demonstratus interritus, sed imminentes tantum clades præfiguratæ fuere, ita pariter eodem quæ prædicta sunt 26 sunt. Redempto accipenda erunt.NBCertè quidem finis quodammodo tunc dici potuit advenisse Romani Occidentalis Imperij cum Longobardi Italiam invadentes rerum potiti sunt. Etenim post paucos Exarchas Constantinopoli ab Imperatoribus in Italiam missos qui Ravennæ considere consuevere, ijsdem diu prævalentibus Longobardis, Occidentis Imperium penitus collapsum est, neqꝫque usqꝫque ad Carolum Magnum restitutum, ut tamen in Gallias fuerit ipsum translatūum. Sane quidem quàm durissima fovet Longobardorum adventu grassatio ejusmodi factis divinitus vaticinijs præsignata potest intelligi, quibus mundi ipsius interritus fuit ereditus significari. Quid autem passa sit Longobardis Italia, vel hoc uno collige argumento: Si teste Procopio cum ijdem amici essent Imperatoris & laboranti Italiæ bello Gothico in auxilium Longobardi venientes longè deteriora hostibus perpetrarunt, ut opus fuerit eos dimittere: quid ab ijsdem factum potest existimari cum jam hostes redditi hostili animo Italiam invaserunt. Sane quidem adeò immensa ubiqꝫque increbuêre sub ipsis mala ut non leves quæqꝫque personæ sed ipse Gregorius Papa existimarit jam instare novissimum diem quo universi orbis conflagratio immineret. After this I know not what can be well said more: & yet out of yethe manifold lamentations of yethe same Gregory I shal trouble you wthwith one more wchwhich he makes thus to yethe people. k k. Greg. M. in Ezek. Hom. 18. Destructæ urbes, eversa sunt castra, depopulati agri etin solitudinem terra redacta est. Nullus in agris incola, penè nullus in urbibus habitator remansit. Et tamen ipsæ parvæ generis humani reliquiæ, adhuc quotidiè et sine cessatione feriuntur, & finem non habent flagella celestis justitiæ. Ipsa autem quæ aliquando mundi 27 mundi domina esse videbatur qualis remansit Roma consipcimus, innumeris doloribus multipliciter attrita, desolatione civium impressione hostidie, frequentia ruinarum. - Ecce jam de illa omnes hujus seculi potentes ablati sunt. - Ecce populi consumptæ sunt carnes, omnis defecerunt - Vbi enim Senatus? ubi jam populus? contabuerunt ossa, consumptæ sunt carnes, omnis enim secularium dignitatum ordo extinctus est, et tamen ipsos nos paucos qui remansimus adhuc quotidiè gladij, adhuc quotidie innumeræ tribulationes premunt. - Vacua jam ardet Roma. Quid autem ista de hominibus dicimus. Cum ruinis crebrescentibus ipsa quoqꝫque destrui ædificia videmus: postqꝫque defecerunt homines etiam ll. Vetus est Vaticinium: Roma a Gentibus non exterminabitur sed tempestatibus, coruscis turbinibus, ac terræ motu fatigata in semet ipsa marcescet. Cujus Prophetiæ mysteria nobis facta sunt luce clariora, qui in hac urbe dissoluta mœnia, eversas domos, destructas Ecclesias turbine cernimus, ejusqꝫque ædificia longo semis lassata, quia ruinis crebrescentibus prosternantur videmus. Greg. Dial. lib. 2. cap. 35. parietes cadunt. Iam ecce desolata, ecce contrita, ecce gemitibus oppressa est &c - Hanc autem quæ de Romanæ urbis contritione dicimus in cunctis facta mundi civitatibus scimus; alia enim loca desolata sunt, alia gladio consumpta, alia fame cruciata, alia terræ hiatibus absorpta. Despiciamus ergo ex toto animo hoc præsens seculum vel extinctum. Greg. M. in Ezek. Hom. 18. Of yethe wars in other places wchwhich Gregory here touches upon, those made by yethe Hunns invading Illyricum Occidentale & Orientale & Thrace (regions situate to yethe Northeast of Rome as yethe seat of yethe Lombardic wars inclined to yethe north west) were yethe most grievous & lasting. They continued from yethe year 539 to yethe year 558 & downward wthwith notable violence & soon after brake forth again. And these wthwith what others there were at this time wthwithin yethe Roman world may be in general referred to this Trumpet, but yethe first place must be allowed to yethe Lombardic as yethe direst wars & those by wchwhich yethe effect of this Trumpet, that is yethe extinction of yethe western Empire was accomplished. Now whereas this is exprest by yethe darkning yethe third part of yethe Sun Moon & Stars: by yethe Sun & Moon you may 28 may understand Fig. yethe Greek Emperour & yethe next to him in dignity whether yethe Empress or any other person by their light, yethe splendor & glory of their Imperial Cities Rome & Constantinople by wchwhich they irradiated the Empire, & by yethe third part of that light yethe splendor of Rome by wchwhich they irradiated Italy Sicily Afric & Dalmatia Rhætia & Noricum. yethe remainingremainder half of the western Empire wchwhich being about one half thereof was therefore the third part of their prsentpresent dominions. So by the third part of yethe stars are to be understood yethe Consuls Senators & other Magistrates & dignities of yethe western Empire wchwhich formerly shone as stars in yethe heaven of this third part. All these I referr to yethe Greek Emperor as yethe sun in this heaven rather then to yethe king of yethe Goths partly because yethe Goths never intermedled not wthwith yethe government of Rome but left it wthwith all it's dignities (yethe stars of this heaven) wholly to yethe Romans to manage & enjoy after yethe old manner as if still yethe head city of yethe western Empire & sister of Constantinople; & partly because yethe Greek Emperorhad a right to this city wthwith it's territories & claimed it before his wars wthwith yethe Goths claimed it as his right; but chiefly because yethe Emperors forces took it for him a little before yethe yethe darkning of yethe third part of yethe Sun moon & stars, (as you shall hear,) & held it during yethe darkness. ffurther by yethe expression ytthat yethe day shone not for - [& by yethe third part of their light,Fig. the third part of their dominions, that is the Western Empire, yethe right of wchwhich by yethe ceasing of its own Emperors devolved upon yethe Greek Emperor & was accordingly claimed by him before & in his wars wthwith yethe Vandals, Goths, & Lombards, & for a time recovered. And so by yethe stars are to be understood yethe subordinate Magistrates in yethe whole Empire, & by yethe third part of them yethe Magistrates of yethe third part, that is yethe Consuls Senators & other dignities of Rome by wchwhich as stars this Empire had irradiated & influenced yethe world.] And lastly Further by yethe expression that yethe day shone not for a third part of it & yethe night likewise we are to understand yethe duration of yethe darknes of yethe Sun Moon & Stars, that is, of yethe obscure state or Eclips of yethe Western Empire: interpreting day & night of one & yethe same time of obscurity called day in respect of yethe Sun & night in respect of yethe Moon & stars. For here yethe Sun, Moon & stars shine not alternately, as in nature, to constitute successive days & nights, but shine altogether & are darkned altogether. Now of yethe western day & night whereof yethe darknes was a third part, yethe beginning must be at yethe beginning of yethe reign of yethe Beast wchwhich was & is not viz: A.C. 395,) because he is yethe eighth king or head yethe subject of this prophesy of yethe Trumpets, beginning & ending together wthwith them; & 'tis his day & night ytthat is darkned. Also yethe end of that day & night, (so much of it as was darkned to a third part) must be at yethe end of yethe darknes; not sooner because the darknes is a part of it, (viz: yethe third part,) nor later because that is yethe latest time of wchwhich yethe Prophesy hath hitherto taken a view & if it should extend further it would be to us indefinite. The end of dark- nes 29 nes I put in yethe m m. Phocas Imp. cœpit Novemb 23. A.C. 602, ut Petavius in Rationario temp. & notis ad Nicephori Breviarium, ex Chron. Alexandr. Theophane, Paulo Diac. Zonara, Cedreno, alijsqꝫque probavit. Et Gregorius Magnus obijt anno secundo Phocatis (P. Diac Beda Anastasius, Regino, Marianus Scotus, Hermannus Contractus Otto ffrisingensis, Vincentus in Speculo Hist. Cameracenas &c) Mart. 12 (Anastasius, Marian Scotus Platina, Martinus Chron. M.S. Onufrius &c) & vacat sedes mens. 5, dies 18 (Anastas. Platina, Martinus, Onuphrius) Tunc sedet Sabinianus An. 1, mens. 5, dies 9 (Anastas. Hermannus, Platina, Author ffaciculi Temporum, Onuphrius) vel ann. 1, mens. 10 adjuncta præcedente vacatione (Marian. Scot.) Martinus tamen ponit ann 1 mens 8 dies 9 absqꝫque ista vacatione. Obit autem Feb. 22 (Anastas.) vel 11 Kal. Mart. hoc est Feb. 18 (Marian Scot.) vel Feb 24 Indic. 10 (Cameracenas,) & vacat sedes mens. 11, dies 26. (Anastas. Platina, Onuphrius.) Dein Bonifacius 3 electus anno quinto Phocatis (Marian. Onufr. sedet mens. 8, dies 28, (Anastas. Hermannus, Martinus, Fascic. Temp. Platina,) & obit Novemb. 12 (Anastas.) vel 3 Id Decemb. (Marian. Sc. Cameracenas.) Patet igitur totum Papatum Bonifacij incidisse in annum 607 inter Feb. 18, & Novemb. 12. Tempus obitus Gregorij Baronius e veteribus Monumentis stabilivit cæterisqꝫque hic allatis numeris (præsertim Anastasianis) assensum præbuit, nisi quod30 quod posuitposuerit Sabinianum sedisse tantum menses quinqꝫque & dies novem, asserens omnes tam Græcos quam Latinos scriptores referre et initiam & finem ejus ad eundem annum. Sed hallucinatus est et forte per occitationem transtulit ad Sabinianum quæ de Bonifacio observaret. year 607 when yethe Bishop of Rome obteined yethe universal Bishopric by yethe grant of yethe Emperor Phocas: not sooner because yethe Lombardic wars continuing till yethe aa Anastasiꝰius & Platina in vita Sabin. Papacy of Sabinian that is till yethe year year 605, left Rome & Italy in yethe lowest degree of obscurity, nor later because Rome by that concession of Phocas began again to be Empress of yethe world & to irradiate yethe whole west by ytthat hermaphroditic Luminary yethe Pope, & by those stars yethe Cardinals wthwith yethe rest of his Court, wchwhich from that time brake forth more & more out of yethe cloud till they out shone all other temporal Potentates. Moreover the beginning of yethe darknes I reccon at yethe beginning of yethe siege of Rome wchwhich was in March 9 Kal. Feb: 20 in yethe third year of yethe Gothic war nn. Belli Gothici primus annus docente Procopio incidit in Consulatum Belisarij hoc est in A.C. 535. Vnde initium obsidij anno tertio necessario cadet in A.C. 537. Id quod ex MacellinoMarcellino confirmatur qui non tantum initium hujus obsidij ad Annum secundum post Cons. Belisarij Indic. 15, hoc est ad A.C. 537 refert, sed etiam res in alijs belli hujus annis narrante Procopio gestas, ad correspondentes annos Consulum et Indictionūum. Adde quod Obsidium hocce contigit annis 60 completis post Romam ab Odoacro captam occupatam (Procop. Evagr. l. 4, c. 19.) Odoacer autem occupabat eam A.C. 476, (Marcellin. Chron.) Cassiodor.). Quare cum Anastasius diem apposuerit 9 Kal Mart. Erit initium obsidionis Feb 20 5 an: 537. Feb: 20.A.C 537: for then the lost western dignities wchwhich after a few years more were annihilated began to be manifestly obscured. In yethe first year yethe war proceeded no farther then Dalmatia & Sicily, in yethe second it entred Italy but approached not Rome till ytthat siege began wchwhich continued a year & nine months days & was so sharp ytthat in yethe time thereof yethe Goths & Romans had no less then oo. Procop. De Bello Got. lib. 2.threescore & nine conflicts besides several other less skirmishes, besides pp Vide Anastasiumyethe sore afflictions of fa--min & rapine wthwithin.NB. Martinus Chron. Ms. in Archivis Trin. Coll. Cantabr. Then it was that yethe western dignities yethe light & splendor of yethe Empire began to be utterly extinguished. Nothing then regarded but a soldier. Nothing remained but titles of dignities of dignities but their titles, yethe shaddows of things that had been; & those too, yethe substance being gone, soon vanished of their own accord as it were in a moment. T Consules enim quarto anno post hoc obsidium cessarunt et senatus non multo post dissolutus decennio et senatus non multo post dissolutus mox Senatus itidem. Nam nono anno Vrbs anno a Gothis iterum obsessa est capta est a Gothis, mœnia ex parte diruta, opum reliquiæ direptæ quicquid opum erat direptum, & cives omnes in Campaniam captivi abducti: post quam devastationem Roma quadraginta dies aut amplius inquit Marcellinus Roma fuit ita desolata, inquit Marcellinus, ut nemo ibi hominum nisi bestiæ morarentur. In Vrbem dein se recepit belisarius, Et Gothi iterum capiunt [iterum obsessa est et proximo anno post famem gravissimum capta. Ex civibus qui soli in urbe remanserant, in Supposing therefore yethe desolation of Rome between yethe fall of yethe temporal & rise of yethe spiritual Empire to be yethe time of darknes & yethe ascention beginning of yethe BeastBeast's out of yethe bottomles pit reign to be yethe beginning of day & night: the length of yethe whole day & night will be more then 212 & les then 213 years & yethe third part thereof between 70 & 71 years, & yethe length of darkness wil be 70 years complete & some part perhaps of yethe next year running wchwhich agreeing so well wthwith yethe said third part, makes good yethe Prophesy that yethe day & night shone not for a third part thereof. It makes good also yethe prophesy of yethe seventy years desolation of Tyre, wchwhich as we proved in Posit was to be a seventy year's desolation of yethe Imperial City betwen yethe fall of yethe temporal & rise of the spiritual Empire & to happen in yethe time of yethe 4th Trumpet & be about yethe length thereof: All wchwhich being so punctually fulfilld & applicable to no other time is a most certain character of yethe right application of this Trumpet. The correspondent Vial too confirms its' application notably. The tenour of this is that it was poured on yethe Sun & power was given him to scorch men wthwith fire & men were scorched wthwith great heat & blasphemed God, &c. That isFig. yethe pouring out of this Vial was an incitement of yethe suprem power terrestrial potentate to torment men wthwith war & men were tormented wthwith vehement war & blasphemed God. And thus it happned. For yethe Greek Emperor (yethe supreme terrestrial Potentate) was yethe cause of yethe wars of this Trumpet by sending his armies into Italy in pursuit of his claim to those regions. The p Gothic pp. Procop De Bello Got. l. 1. Gothic King laboured by all meanes for peace causing yethe Senate to mediate for it & yethe Bishop of Rome himself to go Embassadour to yethe Emperour on yethe same account & promising to acknowledg his p Crown held of yethe Emperour & that in his dominions yethe nEmperour should have equal honour wthwith himself as by qq Hodiè reperta extant numismata inscripta hac DN. IVSTINIANVS AVG. illac DN. THEODAHATHVS REX. Baron. Ann. 536, § 8. stamping both their images together on his coyn & by rr. yethe peoples naming yethe Emperor always together wthwith him & before him in public acclamations, &c. But nothing would satisfy but yethe extirpation of yethe Gothic Kingdom & for that end yethe imbroyling Italy in these scorching wars. I have now done wthwith yethe wars of yethe first four Trumpets yethe winds wchwhich blew upon yethe Empire till they had consumed it, & ss. Præter Calamitates in his Commentarijs descriptas aliæ multææ fuerunt eæqꝫque gravissimæ: et inter cæteras pestis stupendus annorum quinquaginta duorum pestis qui ab A.C. 544 incipiens per totam ferè hanc quartam Tubam, vastabat orbem. Evagr. Hist. together wthwith frequent Pestilences, ffamins, Earthquaks, Tempests, fiery Meteors, & other Calamities, were one continual consumption of men & Cities for above two hundred years together, leaving yethe world barbarous & thin wchwhich they found flourishing in learning & so thick peopled that yethe northern nations were forced to empty themselves upon their neighbours for want of room. These four trumpets relating therefore to yethe same subject were not unfitly connected wthwith one another & distinguished from yethe next wchwhich in troduces a new scene of things. By these four he wchwhich hindred being fully taken out of yethe way, we are now to expect yethe revelation of yethe man of Sin 2 Thes. 2.7 But his description belongs not to yethe Trumpets. But before we But we proceede in yethe explication of yethe Trumpets. 31 Prop. The fift Trumpet expresses the wars of yethe Saracen Empire upon yethe Romans & begins with yethe rise ofyethe Mahometan religion A.C. 609. The conditions of the fift Trumpet are these 1. It wasis to begin wthwith yethe rise of a new fals religion: ffor this yethe ascention of any thing out of yethe bottomless pit implies. To rise out of yethe sea or earth is a phrase accommodated to expres yethe rise of temporal dominions wthwithout respect to religion, but to rise out of yethe bottomless pit expresses further the bringing up some infernal devises together wthwith that dominion wchwhich arises. Thus the ten horned beast is said to rise out of yethe bottomless pit (chap 11.7. & 17.8) becaus he was to rise together wthwith yethe great Antichristian Apostacy. And so in chap 20 to express yethe ceasing of fals religions for a 1000 years & afterds their springing up again, the Dragon is said to be cast into yethe bottomles pit that he should deceive the nations no more till after yethe 1000 years & then to be let out again to deceive them. 2. This fals religion is to rise at soon after yethe ceasing of yethe wars end of yethe 4th Trumpet. For this yethe order of yethe Trumpets requires. Yet between yethe contents of these two Trumpets some little intervall may be allowed answering to yethe space taken up by yethe flight of yethe Angel through heaven which cryed Wo. 3. The professors of this religion are to be very numerous, becaus exprest by a smoke so thick as to darken yethe Sun & Air, & by Locusts wchwhich 32 being a very numerous insect were by yethe ancient interpreters applied to numerous Armies. See Def By the Smoke you may understand yethe whole multitude of this new sect & by yethe Locusts their Armies. ffor yethe Locusts plainly signify armies by their description. ffor yethe first to signify that they are not real Locusts but men, it is said that they should not hurt yethe grass herbs of yethe earth neither any green thing neither any tree but only those men wchwhich have not yethe seal of God in their foreheads; that is, that they should not prey upon real herbs & green things of the earth as natural Locusts do, but upon yethe figurative herbs & green things, the men wchwhich have not yethe seal of God in their foreheads. They are therefore not real Locusts but men & not peaceable men but such as are hurtfull to others. Moreover it is said that they were like unto horses prepared tounto battel, & had faces like men (i.e. were horsmen,) & had breastplates as it were of iron, & yethe sound of their wings was as yethe sound of chariots of many horeshorses running to battel. And to represent them yethe more pernicious & dreadfull they are said to have tailes like Scorpions wthwith stings in them, & teeth as yethe teeth of Lyons, both wchwhich are also of a aa Def.pugnacious military signification by Def & The Locusts therefore are soldiers: & since they come out of yethe Smoke, yethe smoke wchwhich (by Def ) signifies a multitude must be yethe whole multitude of yethe followers of this new religion. 4. The professors of this new religion are to constitute a kingdom. ffor it is exprest that they have a king over them. 5 Their king is yethe same wthwith yethe Author & 33& Guardian of their religion. ffor he is called yethe angel of yethe bottomless pit, that is, He (wthwith his successors) to whom power over the pit was given, who a little before was exprest by yethe star wchwhich fell from heaven to whom was given yethe key of yethe bottomles pit that he should open it. Their king is therefore both a spirituall & temporall Prince: a temporall prince as he is King over yethe Locusts, that is chief commander over soldiers, & a spirituall prince as he is yethe angel of yethe bottomless pit. 6. This King is further described by his name, wchwhich in hebrew is said to be Abaddon & in greek Apollyon: both wchwhich words signifying yethe same thing namely a Destroyer, it is to be supposed that there is some further mystery in yethe hebrew word then the bare signification. ffor it is not likely ytthat yethe holy Ghost would make an excursion into yethe hebrew tongue for a mere tautology. 7. ThiThe generation Locusts were to be a people wthwith long hair & wthwith some ornament upon their heads resembling a crown; in that they are said to have crowns of gold & hair like weomen. They were to be enemies of yethe Roman state ffor yethe Trumpets are alarms to so many plagues of war upon yethe Romans, whereof this inflicted by yethe Locusts is one. Those whom yethe Locusts torment are described to be yethe men wchwhich had not yethe seal of God in their foreheads, that is those wchwhich stand in opposition to yethe sealed saints, or wchwhich had yethe mark of yethe Beast. And acording yethe fift vial (wchwhich expresses yethe same thing wthwith this seal) is said to be poured upon yethe seat of yethe Beast. It is yethe Beast there- fore 34fore, that is yethe Roman state, on wchwhich yethe plague of this Vial & Trumpet are is inflicted, & consequently yethe Locusts are their enemies. 9. They were not to kill men but torment them only; that is (as was explained above in yethe second Trumpet) to afflict kingdoms by war but not utterly to ruin them. ffor here by yethe killing of men is to be understood not yethe killing of single men but of Kingdoms as was explained above in yethe 2d Trumpt 10 They were to rage five months, that is, five times thirty prophetiqꝫque days or 150 years; & this repeated, vers 5 & 10. ffor this repetition I cannot but esteem rather mysterious then superfluous, especially since there is not (that I know) any where in yethe prophetiqꝫque scriptures (ytthat I know) such another instance of a repetition in yea continued narration of yethe same type. These are yethe conditions of this seal Trumpet, & they singularly point out yethe Saracenical Kingdom. For 1. There have been since yethe writing of yethe Apocalyps but two notable new fals religions of large extent & long duration, yethe Roman & yethe Mahometan. And so in yethe Prophesy of yethe Seales & Trumpets there are described but two states wchwhich arise out of yethe bottomless pit, yethe Beast & yethe Locusts. Wherefore since yethe Beast is yethe Roman religion state (as shall be further explained hereafter,) it remains ytthat yethe Locusts be yethe Mahometan. 2. The Mahometan is yethe religion wchwhich arose soon after yethe ceasing of yethe wars at the end of yethe 4th Trumpet. For these wars the darkness of the Sun Moon & stars in that Trumpet continued till yethe year 604609, & then there was a lasting peace concluded between yethe Lombards & Romans whereby an end was put to yethe desolations of Italy. And in yethe year 604609 yethe Mahometan religion began to be hatched; as is manifest out of Elmacinus who in yethe beginning of his history records that Mahomet 35 natum etiam et Hist. Saracen. Vide Pocockij notas in Abulrajium de origine et moribus Arabum. Mahomet was born in yethe year of called to yethe of prophesy office of a Prophet in yethe Month Rabie prior in the beginning end of yethe 40th year of his age, wchwhich was in yethe 20th year of Casras King of Persia 922d year of Alexander yethe great, & ytthat in yethe 44th year of his age he began to manifest his vocation having before invited only privatly to Islamism (as they call their religion,) & in yethe beginning of yethe 14th year of his vocation & 54th year of his age (namely in the very beginning of those years) he fled to Medina entring yethe City on yethe 12t day of yethe same month Rabie prior: from wchwhich flight yethe Æra of yethe Hegira begins yethe first year thereof being yethe same wthwith yethe 54 of Mahomet. Wherefore both by yethe 20th year of Casrae wchwhich fell in yethe year 606 922 year of Alexander wchwhich began in september A.C. 609 & in whose first month the month Rabie prior began & by yethe Æra of yethe Hegira, wchwhich by yethe common consent of Chronologers began Iuly 17 A.C. 622, yethe yeare 609 was that in wchwhich & wthwith wchwhich yethe 54th year of Mahomet was coincident yethe Mahometan religion took its beginning in autumn in yethe year 609 of orour Lord 609. ffor from yethe Autumn in yethe year 622 (yethe time at wchwhich Mahomet entred Medina) discounting 1213 years (not Lunar years of yethe Hegira, but Syro-Caldaic years wchwhich were in use wthwith yethe Hagarenes before yethe Hegira began & were equipollent to solar years,) you will fall upon Autumn in yethe year 609. ** ** The same is also evident out of Abul Pharajius history who writes ytthat Mahomet was born in yethe year of Alexander 882 & died on yethe 29th day in yethe beginning of yethe 11th year of yethe Hegira having lived 63 years whereof 40 were spent before he arrogated to himself yethe his prophetiqꝫque function, 13 years more whilst he was at Mecha & the last 10 years after yethe Hegira during wchwhich time he was at Medina after yethe Hegira began. Sic et in Tractatu de ejus de origine et moribus gentium Arabum scribit Mahometeum post com Supposing therefore Mahomet (yethe Angel of yethe bottomless pit) to be yethe star wchwhich fell from heaven to yethe Earth & opened yethe pit; we may reccon that he fell from heaven in yethe year 604609 when he first began to contrive his doctrine, & consequently from thence date this Trumpet; & that in yethe year 612 when he first manifested his pretended vocation, he began to open yethe pit & let out yethe smoke; & that in yethe years 622 & 623, when (as yethe same Elmacinus writes) he first armed his followers, yethe Locusts began to come out of yethe smoke. 3. The great multitudesmultitude of these Locusts is notoriously manifest conspicuous; their kingdom being as large as yethe Roman Empire in its greatest extent & their armies far more numerous. 36 4 & 5. Also yethe qualities of their king, that he should be both angel of yethe bottomless pit & king of yethe Locusts do singularly agree to Mahomet & yethe succeeding race of Califas, who founded & propagated as well their religion as their Empire, being Princes both spirituall & temporall in yethe strictest sence. Nor hath there been, that I know, any other considerable Prince to whom this character so well agrees. The Pope indeed comes nearest to it, being such another spirituall Prince among Christians as yethe Califa was among Mahometans, but in temporall power he falls short thus far short, that although he claims & exercises superiority over kings yet he never had yethe absolute command of their armies. He never appeared in yethe head of an army like Mahomet & yethe Califas & therefore cannot be called King of Locusts. 6. As for this Kings name Abaddon it seems to allude to yethe common name of yethe ancient Kings of ytthat tract of Arabia from whence yethe Saracenical Kingdom I conceive took its beginning: wchwhich tract from an ancient king Obodas (deified by his posterity) was called Oboda, & yethe Kings thereof Obodas, after yethe same manner that yethe Kings of Egypt were called Pharaoh & Ptolome, of yethe Romans Cæsars, of yethe Parthians Arsacæ, & of yethe people bordering upon Arabia petrea Arstæ. Concerning Obodas yethe deified King or God of yethe Arabians you may see Tertullian ad Nat. l 2. c 8. & yethe notes of Gothofredus thereupon. Also Eusebius mentions him in his book de laudibus Constantini p 478. Ἄραβες, saith he, Δούσαρίν τινα καὶ Ὄβδον θεοὺς ἀνηγόρευσι. Of this deified king & yethe name of the Country derived from thishim deified King, Stephen a Byzantine writer, out of Vranius a writer of Arabic matters, in his 4th book saith Ὄβοδα37 Ὄβοδα χωρίον Ναβαταίων ὅπου Ὀβόδης ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁν θεοποιουσι τέθαπται: wchwhich Nabathæans were Ismaelites (that is Hagarens or Saracens) so called from Nabaioth yethe first born of Ismael Gen 25 13. ✝ ✝ Dr Pocock out of Firanzabad tells us also how Obaid yethe father of a Tribe Obadius became a patronymical word word & ى٨ٺإفت Obida the name of a Province with its king among them, that is yethe common name of the kings of that Province, informing us also how of Obaid the signification of yethe word & of yethe various names of men derived thence: both wchwhich make yethe word more fit to be alluded to by StSaint Iohn. Inter veri Dei titulos, inquit, vocem ںøڢ ~ ~ recenset ipse Mohammedes, docente Ebnol Athir. A themate ى٨ڢ nominis hujus ratio petenda, a quo ٨ڡ٨ٶڢ Maabud dicitur quicquid colitur et ى٨ٶں٥ Obudah, cultus, obedientia. - Varia autem sunt ab isto Themate derivata virorum nomina, qualia ى٨٨ڢ Obaid, ى٬٨١ڢ Obad, ١ى٨ڢ Aabod, ى٨ٶب Abbud ى٨ڢ٥ Obdah &c. Ab Obaid patre Tribus formatur patronymicum ى٨بى Obadius, ى٨ڢ١ل, et Regis & Provinciæ in Yaman nomen teste Al ffirauzabad. Apud eundem ١٧ى٨ٶب Al Obud, Al Sacsaci septimi regum Hamy arensium filius. Hæc Pocockius in notis in Abul Pharajium de origine et moribus Arabum. What relation this Al Obud had to this kingdom I know not but towards yethe end of it Iosephus mentions two of their kings twice by this name wchwhich agrees well with what was said of this name, being common to them all. One of them was well known to yethe Iews by his victory - And lastly concerning yethe kings of this country that they also were from hence called by yethe common name of Obodas seems deducible out of Iosephus who mentions two of their kings under this name, aa Ioseph. de Antiquit. Iud. l 16. c 11, 13 bello Iuda. l 1. c 3. the one well known to yethe Iews by his victory over their king Alexander Iamneus whom that Arabian Obadas, having slain his whole army in the region of Galaad, compelled to fly to Ierusalem about 90 years before Christ. And him the Iews might well by a slight mutation have called Abaddon, ytthat is, yethe Destroyer. The other bb Ioseph. de Antiq. Iud. l 16. c 11, 13, 14, 15. Obodas was in yethe time of Herod yethe great, in whom yethe line ended for after his death yethe neighbouring King Aretas by the favour of Augustus united his Kingdom to his own. Of this Obodas Strabo also in yethe Arabic expedition of Ætius Gallus makes mention; out of whom it may be collected that yethe Kingdom Oboda bordered upon yethe red Sea southward of Aretas's territories, where I suppose Mahometism took its rise. 7. Moreover yethe shape of these Locusts, in that they had hair like weomen & crowns of gold, points out yethe Arabians who, as Pliny writes, intonso utuntur crine & (mulierum more) mitrati degunt. Plin. l 6. c 28. & wthwith whom it is aat custom prsentpresent a custome as travellers affirm, for those that go into battel (ex proprijs capillis sibi cornua et cincinnos nectere) to adorn their heads wthwith their own hair tied up. Camerar. operum subcis. Tom 1. c 93. Herodotus indeed mentions that they cut their hair round underneath, but I suppose he means only upon yetheir foreheads becaus he adds that they did it shaving their temples. However it is not to be doubted but Pliny had seen Arabians at Rome. 8 Again 38 8. Again yethe Saracens Empire is further characterised by their wars upon the Romans, in that the Trumpets denote so many plagues inflicted upon the Roman territories by war whereof yethe 5t is one of yethe three greatest & accordingly yethe wars of yethe Saracens upon them hath been one of yethe most universal & lasting plagues wchwhich yethe Christian world hath hitherto felt. As for yethe universality there is scarce any Roman territory wchwhich hath not felt them, Syria, Egypt, Afric, Spain, France, Italy, Illyricum, Grece, Thrace & Asia & Armenia. And yethe duration was much greater then of any former plague. 9. The precise duration of this plague, exprest to be five months, & that repated, I limit thus. In yethe 13th year of yethe Hegira (wchwhich began March 7th A.C. 634) the Saracens first entred Syria & began to make war upon yethe Romans as Elmacinus writes, & yethe next year in yethe month Regjebo (wchwhich was in orour September A.C. 635) they took Damascus & made it the seat of their Empire. And from yethe taking of this City I date yethe beginning of their Empire as well becaus it laid yethe foundation to their conquests (all Syria & Egypt together wthwith yethe whole world like a flood following thereupon,) as becaus yethe holy spirit usually measures yethe duration of Empires by that of yethe Metropolis. Moreover yethe end of this Empire I put to be in yethe year 936 when yethe Califa lost all temporall power & Bagdad (yethe new seat of yethe Empire) came into yethe hands of temporal Princes. For this Kingdom is not to be extended beyond yethe time that yethe angel of the bottomless pit continued King of yethe Locusts. Now that this downfall of yethe Califa was completed in the year 936 is evident out of the same Elmacinus. ffor having described before how the severall Provinces of yethe Empire were rent from the Califa, so that (Egypt in 39 in the last place being lost the year before) there was now nothing left but Bagdad: he proceeds thus to describe how Arradis yethe last absolute Califa subjected both Bagdad & himself to Muhammed one of yethe temporal Princes who had shared yethe Empire. Anno, inquit, Hegiræ 324 (qui cœpit Novemb. 30. A.C. 935) ad se venire jussit Califa Arradis Billa Imperatorem Muhammedem f. Rajici qui Wasiti erat & ibi dominabatur; cogente ad id eum necessitate propter perturbationem Imperij & ineptitudinem Consiliarij ad eam dignitatem. Venit itaqꝫque filius Rajici Bagdadum, & constituit eum Arradis Imperatorem Imperatorum, commisitqꝫque ei administrationem regni - et jussit eum pro se concionari super suggesto, induit quoqꝫque ei vestem dignitatis ac dedit ei vexillum. Venit autem Bagdadum vicessimo quinto Dulhiggiæ (i.e. Novemb 13. A.C. 936) - curavitqꝫque ea omnia quæ curare soliti erant Consiliarij () Atqꝫque ab eo tempore dignitas Consiliarij Bagdadi obsolevit, neqꝫque remansit nisi nomen ejus.nisi nomen ejus Potestas autem omnis cessit Imperatoribus qui rerum potiebantur. Atqꝫque id duravit donec florere desierunt desierunt Salgjuki (i.e. Turcarum Imperatoris) Bagdadum. Ineunte itaqꝫque anno Ineunte itaqꝫque anno325 (qui cepit Novemb 19. A.C. 936) mundus in manibus erat Principum qui Imperio se ingesserant & reges terræ et reges terræ erant. Quicunqꝫque enim urbem aliquam nanciscebantur nanciscebanturRegem re ejus nominabat, alios omnes arcens. Eratqꝫque Basra Eratqꝫque Basra limitum & Ahwaza in manu Abu Abdallia et fratrum ejus; Persia in manu AmaAmaduddaula, Dailami et Wasmakini; Mausila, & Diarrebia & Diarbeera in manu filiorum Hamadani; Ægyptus et Syria in manu Mahammedis Achsijdi; Occidens et Africa in manu Caijmi. Hispania in manu filiorum Ommiæ. Chorasana in manu Nasri. Iamama, Bahraina & Hagjara in manu Taheri. Tabristana & Gjorgjana in manu Dailamorum. Neqꝫque mansit in manu Chalifa & filij Rajici quicquam præter 40 præter Bagdadum. Et abolita sunt telonia Regni. - Pecunia autem omnis portata est in gazophylacia Imperatorum, qui pro lubitu suo de ea disponebant & impensas imperiales omnes faciebant. ** ** To yethe same purpose writes Abul-Pharajius another Arabic historian, whose words are these translated. Anno (Hegiræ scil.) trecentesimo vicesimo quarto impulit necessitas Al Radium ut Abu-Becrum Mohammedem filium Raycki imperatorem exercitûs crearet. Eum ergo Imperatorem Imperatorum constituens vectigalibus & tributis & curijs per omnes regiones præfecit, jussitqꝫque in omnibus suggestis nominis ejus in concionibus mentionem fieri, atqꝫque ab eo tempore irritum factum est Vizieri munus. F. Raycki siquidem & ipsius scriba omnium rerum curam gerebant: eodemqꝫque modo quicunqꝫque post eum Imperatores Imperatorum fiebant se habebant. Omnes peculinæ in eorum Gazophylacia importebantur, easqꝫque pro lubitu erogabant, & Chalifæ nihil aliud quãm quod ipsis visum, relinquebant. This may suffice to determin yethe end of this Empire of yethe Chalifas: wchwhich deter yet is further confirmed by the ensuing actions. ffor before yethe son of Raijci had been Emperor of Emperors two full years, Bagdad (as yethe same Elmacinus writes) was taken by one Iahcamus a Turk, & from that time often taken & retaken, being sometimes in the hands of yethe Turks & sometimes of yethe Saracens untill at length Togrulbec took it & there laid the founddation of yethe Turkish Empire established it to yethe Turks. The whole duration of yethe whole duration of yetheEmpire therefore from its beginning at Damascus beginning at Damascus A.C. 635 to its end at Bagdad A.C. 936 is 301 years. A.C. 936 is 301 years from wchwhich if yethe last year be exempted wherein be exempted wherin Egypt being lost there remained nothing to yethe Chalifa nothing to yethe Chalifa of those Provinces wchwhich had been taken from yethe Romans, taken from yethe Ro& consequently the Romans were no longer tormented no longer tormented by any Locusts wchwhich had yethe Angel of yethe bottomles pit of yethe bottomles pit for their King; there will remain 300 years remain 300 years precisely, that is twice five months of years months of years for yethe whole time that men were tormented by these tormented by these Locusts. Eutychius yethe Patriarch of Alexandria in his history wchwhich was written two or three hundred years at least before ytthat of Elmacinus yethe taking of Damascus to yethe 1 th year of yethe Hegyra, wchwhich fell in wthwith yethe to yethe year of orour Lord 636 & from hence to yethe end of yethe empire a year later then Elmacinus, & so, the Empire will just 300 years. Take wchwhich computation you like best. The former is confirmed by Theophanes & Anastasius & Cedrenus who put refer yethe taking Damaskus to yethe 25t year of Heraclius; wchwhich agrees wthwith Elmacinus, for Heraclius began A.C. 610. Octob 3. as Petavius (in Rationario Temporūum lib 4, cap 15 & more at large in his notes ad Nicephori Breviarium) demonstrates out of Chron: Alexandr. , Theophanes Cedrenus & others. If you now ask If you now ask why yethe duration of this kingdom was not exprest was not exprest by one round number of ten months rather then by a repetition of five months: I answer jst it was done for yethe property of the type For Locusts continue but five months, namely from yethe rise of the Pleiades (esteemed by yethe Ancients yethe end of Spring, being about a month after yethe Vernall Equinox) at wchwhich time they are hatched out of eggs left all winter in yethe earth, untill yethe begining of Autumn when having 41having left eggs in yethe earth for a new ofspring, they die. See Pliny lib 11. c 29. 2dly The condition of the Saracens empire required it. ffor this was not one only uniformly continued Empire but compounded of two Dynasties succeeding one another the first at Damascus yethe second at Bagdad. And therefore yethe holy Ghost measuring the duration of Empires by that of their Metropolis, it was not fit to combine both these in one number but to express yethe duration of each apart: As if he had said ytthat yethe Kingdom should continue five months at a seat & by yethe repetition thereof in yethe family of Ommia, yethe second at Bagdad in yethe race of yethe Abasides. ffor yethe Abasides wresting yethe Chalifate from yethe family of Ommia, took Damascus by force & pulled down yethe walls, & in yethe year of yethe Hegira 145 (wchwhich began April 1. A.C. 762) gave commandment that for yethe building of Bagdad translating yethe seat of yethe empire thither so soon as it was finish the building was finished it was habitable. See Elmacinus lib 2. The time of this translation I find not recorded, but it seems to have been either at or before yethe year 775; for in ytthat year Mahad was there created Chalifa, his father Almansor dying neare Mecca. Now the Empire being thus translated from one seat to another, & yethe holy Ghost measuring yethe duration of Empires by that of their Metropolis, it was not fit not to combine both these in one number, but to express yethe duration of each apart: as if he had said ytthat yethe Empire should continue five months at a seat, & by yethe repetition thereof insinuated yethe duality of seats. Tis true yethe duration of yethe Empire at these two seats was not justly of this length, but the difference not being great it may suffice that the last Dynasty exceedsexceeded five months as much as yethe first fallsfell short so that one wthwith another they may be recconed at 5 months a piece: perhaps not much unlike Locusts wchwhich according to yethe condition of the year may sometimes continue longer then five months & sometimes not so long, & yet their life one 42 one yeare wthwith another be recconed at five months, if at one time they exceed that continuance as much as they fall short of it at another. 10. In yethe last place whereas it is said ytthat the Locusts should torment men but not kill them, I suppose it is spoken chiefly wthwith respect to to distinguish them from yethe Constan Euphratean horsmen who in yethe next Trumpet killed yethe 3d part of men, ytthat is overthrew yethe Constantinopolitan Empire as I shall explain in its place: whereas these Locusts though they often harassed yethe whole whole Empire wthwith fire & sword, & beseiged Constantinople no less then 8 times, & that sometimes for two or three years together, reducing yethe inhabitants to so great straits that they came even to man's flesh, yet they could not take yethe city, it being not granted that the Prop. The sixt Trumpet conteins yethe wars of the Turkish Empire upon yethe Romans, & begins wthwith yethe solution of yethe four Euphratean Sultanies A.C. 1258. The conditions of yethe sixt Trumpet are these. 1. The Euphratean horsmen are to be yethe next great enemy after yethe Locusts wchwhich makes war upon yethe Roman territories. 2. There is a great affinity between yethe Locusts & & Euphratean horsmen. For yethe Locusts were represented like horses prepared to battel wthwith faces like men & breastplates, wchwhich is yethe shape of these horsmen. Also both have tailes of a serpentine form, whereby I conceive their affinity in religion is insinuated. ffor a tail of ytthat shape is an emblem of their cognation to yethe old Serpent, as well as of their pugnacious disposition. 3. These 43 3. These horsmen were at first a quaternion of Kingdoms for they are yethe army wchwhich was loosed to slay yethe third part of men & consequently yethe same wthwith yethe 4 Angels wchwhich represent so many that is 4 great bodies politiqꝫque. In yethe former Trumpet an Angel was put to signify a king painted yethe King of yethe Locusts, & thence it is obvious to collect ytthat yethe four Angells here may signify so many kingdoms or nations, since For as a King in these prophesies is used promiscuously to signify sometimes a single person & sometimes a Kingdom (as in Dan 7.17 & 8.20 & Apoc 17.10, 12,) & Angels so may Angels be used since they are beleived to be no less superintendents over nations then Kings. **** 4. These nations were seated in a foursquare position. This is hinted by yethe 4 horns of yethe golden Altar from whence yethe voice concerning them came. ffor yethe horns by this their voice are made a type of yethe Angels & consequently of their position. ffor they can typify them in nothing but their position & number, & it would be a superfluous circumstance were it only to express their number since ytthat is otherwise sufficiently defined. 45. These Nations were at first seated upon Euphrates, as is manifest by yethe expression ytthat yethe angels were bound in ytthat river. 56. This Trumpet begins at their loosing from ytthat River. 67. The Army is described exceeding numerous. δύο μυριάδες μυριάδων, or according to some readings μυριάδες μυριάδων the word δύο being omitted. In either reading we are to understand only an immense number (as in Psal 58.17, The chariots of God are two myriads) For yethe number μυριὰς רבוא or רככה is of those numerall words wchwhich yethe Hebrews use not only for ten thousand but indefinitely for any great number, especially when it is doubled, as may be seen in Dan 7.10. 78. Their armour is described after a very singular manner; viz: That they had breastplates of fire & Iacynth & Brimstone, & out of yethe mouths of yethe horses (whose heads were as yethe heads of Lyons) issued fire & smoke & brimstone whereby they killed men. 89. By these three (yethe fire ye& smoke & brimstone) yethe third part of men was killed. 910. The rest of men wchwhich were not killed by these plageesplagues repented not. 1011. The time for wchwhich they were prepared was an to destroy yethe third part of men is an hower & a day & a month & a year. These 44 These being yethe conditions of this Trumpet, they do after a very singular manner point out yethe Turkish Empire. ffor 1 The Turks were yethe next great enemy to yethe Roman territories. Their's & yethe Saracen's Empire have been yethe two greatest & yethe only two very great scourges of yethe Christian world for this last thousand years, & therefore none but these can be intended by yethe two first of these three great woes, unles we will suppos ytthat yethe Holy Ghost has been very particular in describing some smaller plagues of yethe Christians & taken no notis of yethe greatest, wchwhich would be to make yethe parts of yethe Prophesy hold no proportion wthwith those of history. The common period of these two Trumpets I assigne to yethe year 1258. For I measure yethe whole duration of yethe former Trumpet by the standing of yethe Chalifate & not by yethe twice five months raging of yethe Locusts, that being but a more signal intermediate period. For after ytthat time yethe world continued in yethe hands of yethe Saracens for many years, though not under yethe dominion of yethe Chalifa but broken into many temporal kingdomes & the Chalifa himself was always of the Saracen nation & from before yethe foundation of Bagdad to yethe end of yethe Chalifate of one & yethe same family of yethe Abasiom. And therefore as this Trumpet began wthwith yethe birth of yethe angel of yethe bottomles pit (exprest by yethe falling of yethe star from heaven) wchwhich was before his empire was founded, so it should end wthwith yethe deceasing of ytthat angel though long after his empire was rent in pieces. Now yethe deceasing of this Angel was in yethe year 1258 when Hulacu yethe Tartar took Bagdad & put an end to yethe Chalifate; & immediately after this followed yethe loosing of yethe four angels as shall be explained hereafter. The Turks indeed long before this time erected severall powerfull Sultanies among yethe Saracens, & were for some time Lords even over yethe Chalifa. But yethe last hundred years yethe Chalifa shook of their yoke & became sole Lord of Bagdad wthwith its territories Iraca & a good part of Persia 45 Persia; & therefore now equalling or rather exceeding yethe Turkish Sultanies in temporall greatness, & as to spirituall jurisdiction being universally acknowledged & honoured as well by yethe Turkish Sultans as by yethe Saracens, much after yethe same manner ytthat yethe Pope is acknowledged supreme among Christian Princes; it will be more proper to to look upon yethe Turkish Sultanies hitherto as grafted into yethe Saracen's Empire then as another Empire planted in its stead. This at least we must do if we will follow yethe judgment of yethe Eastern historians who are in this yethe most competent & unprejudic't judges. For Elmacinus, although he distinguish yethe Saracen Empire into three parts or Dynasties, the first conteining its increase during yethe reign of yethe Abasides at Bagdad untill they subjected themselves to temporall Princes (wchwhich two Dynasties I interpreted to be yethe twice five months reign of yethe Locusts,) & yethe third its continuation after its distactiondistraction: yet at yethe setting up of yethe Turkish Sultanies, whether by Togrulbec or others, he makes no distinction but interweaves their history wthwith yethe Saracen's in yethe third Dynasty. And Abul-Pharajius, who divides his history into so many dynasties as there had been supreme Empires since the creation & reccons yethe Empire of yethe Saracens in yethe 9th place, extends this from yetheir Prophet Mahomet to yethe taking of Bagdad by yethe Tartars & there concludes it making yethe shortliv'd Empire of yethe Tattars then founded upon yethe ruins of yethe Saracens & Turks by Hulacu to be yethe 10th Dynasty or supreme Empire & yethe year 1258 their common period. By extending yethe fift Trumpet thus far downward its length will be verey great in proportion to yethe former Trumpets. But it was fit ytthat yethe first Trumpets should be but short being a description of ytthat most criticall time wherein yethe true religion was everted & yethe Apostacy set up, & therefore to be 46 be delineated more articulately: & yethe H. Ghost has signified yethe far greater length of these last Trumpets by dwelling much longer upon their description. 2. The affinity between yethe Turks & Saracens & Turks is sufficiently conspicuous, yethe last having been interwoven wthwith yethe Empire of yethe former, (sometimes as subjects, sometimes as neighbouring fellow Princes) for some hundreds of years together so as to be esteemed almost one people: & both being also of yethe same religion. 3, 4 & 45 The originall of yethe Turkish Empire agrees also to yethe prophesy ytthat it should be from a quarternion of kingdoms seated upon Euphrates in a square position. For such was yethe constitution of yethe Turks between yethe time that they first grew powerfull & the invasion of yethe Tartars as may be learned out of yethe histories of Abul-Phrajius, Elmacinus. William Tyrius & Ayton Armenus. The first that notably promoted their state was Togrulbec (called also Togra, Tangrolipix, Dogrissa & Sadoc,) who having conquered Chorasan & Persia added Bagdad to his Empire A.C. 1055 & made that the seat thereof. And his successor Olub'Arslan (called also Asan Olbarsalan, Alpasalem, & Aspasalem) who began his reign A.C. 1063, added also Mesopotamia; a good part of wchwhich he took from yethe Greeks, captivating at yethe same time their Emperour Diogenes Romanus. The third Sultan Malechsah or Melecla who began his reign A.C. 1071, sent Aksis & Sjarfuddaulas the governour of Mausela to invade Syria & Cutlumuses to invade yethe lesser Asia, the two first of wchwhich took Damascus A.C. 1075 & the second & added Aleppo to Mausela AC 1079 [added Aleppo to Mausela A.C. 1079 & between them subdued yethe mostalmost ofall Syria, & yethe other made no less progress in Asia, [taking Cæsaria A.C 1079.] And now this Empire being arrived to its ἀκμὴ became after yethe death of Malechsah (wchwhich happened A.C. 1092) became rent in pieces by civil dissentions, yethe subordinate Sultans of yethe principal cities asserting to themselves absolute dominion over yethe territories wchwhich they formerly held by yethe favour of Malechsah & his predecessors; whence sprang yethe following Dynasties. 1 The remainder of yethe Sultans of Bagdad, whose Sul- tans 47tans were Barchiaruc (or Belchiaroc,) Muhammed, Mahmud, David, Masud, Melechsah, Muhammed, & Solyman Shah in whom yethe race of yethe Salghucides at Bagdad ended about yethe yeare 1160 or soon after: & from thence forward unto the taking of Bagdad by yethe Tartars, the ChalifasChalifa recovered & maintained yethe Supreme temporal power wthwithin this Sultany, wchwhich had been intermitted for about 224 years. The Sultany of Mausela or Mosul a city of Mesopotamia seated upon Tigris about 6 or 7 days journey aa Geogr. Nubiensis clim 4. part 6. westward from Bagdad, & almost one or two days journey from one of yethe streames of Euphrates. Its Sultans were 1 Iagarmish. 2 Zengius fil: who began his reign A.C 1107. 3 Maudud 1109. 4 Oksenkar (or Assangur) 1121. 5 Ezzoddin fil: 1126. 6 Zengius (or Sanguin) frat: 1127. 7 Gaza fil: 1145. 8 Cotboddin frat. 1149. 9 Gazi fil: 1170. 10 Ezzoddin frat: 1180. 11 Nuroddin fil 1193. 12 Ezzoddin fil. 1211. 13 Nuroddin fil 1218. 14 Naseroddin frat: 1218. 15 Badroddin 1234. 16 Saleh fil: with his brothers 1259, whose dominions after two years were taken from them by yethe Tartars. To this Sultany belonged yethe southern regions of Mesopotamia together wthwith a good part of Assyria on yethe other side Tigris. 3. The Sultany of Maredin, Mirdin, or Marde another city of Mesopotamia seated also upon Tigris northwest of Mausela. Its territories were watered by yethe river Alchabur wchwhich is an arm of Euphrates & afterwards runs through yethe regions of Mausela. into yethe main channel of Euphrates. Its sultans were 1 Ortoc who was contemporary to Olub-Arslan, Melechsah & Barkiaruc. 2 Gazi fil. 3 Tamartash fil: who began his reign A.C. 1122. 4 Nojmoddin fil: who began 1152. 5 Gazi fil. 6 Cotboddin fil. 7 Hosamoddin fil: who began 1184. 8 Kotboddin frat: who began about yethe year 1200 & did valiantly. * 9 Pater Modhafferi anonymus. 10 Modhaffer who began A.C. 1260. This Sultany towards yethe latter end became divided into two. ffor when Saladin invaded Mesopotamia, amongst his other victories he took from this Sultany Miepharekin a City of yethe greater Armenia upon yethe borders of Mesopotamia, seated aa Geogr. Nubiensis about two days journey beyond Tigris. And after yethe 48 death of Saladin, Miepharekin had its proper Sultans, Abdel Modhaffer, & Ashraf, yethe last of wchwhich was slain by yethe Tatars A.C. 1260. 4. The Sultany of Syria usually seated at Damascus & Aleppo. Its Sultans were 1 Tagjuddaulas Tatash yethe son of Olub-Arslan. He first obteined Damascus A.C 1079, & then Aleppo & Antioch wthwith all Syria A.C. 1085. * * 2 Decac fil 1095 wthwith his brother Roduan. 3 Togtacin Atabec (or Doldequin Abacuc) 1104. 4 Buri fil. 5 Muhammed fil (Shehaboddin or Tegel-melud) 6 Majiroddin fil. 7 Nuroddin who began at Aleppo A.C. 1145 & at Damascus AC 1154. 8 Malec Saleh fil 1174. 9 Saladin 1175. 10 Dhaher fil 1193. 11 Aziz fil 1216. 12 Naser fil 1237 who was slain by yethe Tatars A.C. 1260. After yethe death of Tajuddaulas this Sultany became divided between his sons Decac & Roduan, yethe first residing at yeDamascus, yethe other at Aleppo. And in this divided state it continued about 29 years yethe successors of Roduan being Tajuddaulas fil 1113. Bulgar 1117. Solyman 1122. & Balac 1123. The next year A.C. 1124 Aleppo became subject to Oksenkar yethe Sultan of Mausela, & after him to his Son Zengius untill yethe year 1145. And then he dying his son Nuroddin inherited Aleppo wthwithout Mausela, & after 9 years reunited it & Damascus under himself. And from that Th time yethe regions of Damascus continued almost always joyned either to yethe Sultany of Aleppo or Egypt or divided between them. [2 Roduan fil: wthwith his brother who began A.C. 1095. 3 Tajuddaulas fil 1113. 4 Bulgar 1117. 5 Solyman 1122. 6 Balac 1123. 7 Oksenar 1124. 8 Quidam e filijs Oksenkar, 1126. 9 Zengius frat 1128. 10 Nuroddin fil: 1145 11 Malechsaleh fil 1174. 12 Saladin 1175. 13 Dhaher fil: 1193. 14 Aziz fil: 1216. 15 Naser fil: who 1237 who was slain by yethe Tartars A.C. 1260. After yethe death of Tajuddaulas this Sultany became divided between his sons Roduan & Decac, yethe first residing at Damascus Aleppo, yethe other at Damascus. And in this divided state it continued about 60 years, namely till yethe reign of Nuroddin who reunited it A.C 1154. And from that time yethe regions of Damascus continued almost always subject either to yethe Sultan of Aleppo or Egypt or divided between them.] 5 The Sultany of Asia seated chiefly at Iconium & watered by an arm of Euphrates wchwhich runs through yethe midst of it. Its SulansSultans were 1 Cuthumish of yethe son race of Saljuk. 2 Solyman fil. 3 Kelvi-Arslan (or Tanisman) fil: who began his reign A.C 1100. 4 Masud fil: 1106. 5 Kelij-Arslan (or Clisastlan) fil: with his brothers 1152. 6 Cai-Closroes fil wthwith his brothers: 1192. 7 Ezzoddin fil: 8 Aladin frat: 1219 9 Giyathoddin fil 1237. 10 Ezzoddin fil 1244, together wthwith his brothers Rocnoddin & Aladin. Besides these (& yethe Sultanies of Egypt & Chorasan, wchwhich I reccon not here as well becaus they c as well by reason of their distance from Euphrates as becaus they ceased in yethe time of the fift Trumpet) there were sometimes other Sultanies split out of these; but those were but of small extent, bearing perhaps ytthat proportion to these wchwhich yethe European Dukedomes & Principalities do to Kingdoms. And if any of them were at any time greater yet they were but of short continuance & extinct before yethe incursion of yethe Tartars end of the fift seal Trumpet, & therefore deserve not to 49 to be here remembred unless wthwith reference to yethe forementioned cardinall Sultanies out of wchwhich they were derived & into wchwhich they returned again. Now of these five Sultanies if yethe first be omitted becaus it ceased long before yethe loosing of yethe Angels, & was coincident wthwith yethe Chalifate while it lasted; there will remain only four, according to as yethe number of yethe Angels requires. These four, & only these are fellows in all respects: ffor they were all of yethe same people, & sprang out of yethe same great Empire & took their beginning much about yethe same time, & lasted together for almost two hundred years, though not wthwithout variety of fortune, till at length they were ruined by yethe Tartars: & therefore being also situate upon yethe branches of Euphrates on all sides so as to comprehend that river, they & that in a square position, they fully answer to yethe type of yethe 4 angels bound in that river in therein. ****** Their position was not indeed exactly square. But as Daniel expressed that yethe successors of Alexander yethe great should be divided toward yethe four winds of Heaven Dan 11.4, & yet they lay not exactly east west north & south from any common center but only something nearely approached ytthat posture: so here it may suffice if yethe posture of yethe 4 Turkish nations pretty nearly resemble a square. And this they seem to do whether you consider their dition in general or their head cities. ffor, accounting Damascus yethe head of Syria as it was unquestionably in yethe beginning of this Sultany & many ages before; their position, so nearly as I can gather it out of & yethe Nubian Geography, is this 5. Suppposing therefore that these Tetrarchies are yethe 4 Angels & that by their being bound in Euphrates is meant their residence upon ytthat river, the loosing of them, must be interpret as since it stands in opposition to binding, must be interpreted their loosing from those seats. And this happened at yethe invasionsinvasion of yethe Tartars, yethe history of wchwhich is as follows. In yethe year 1203 the supreme Empire of yethe Tartars (a name not heard of before this time) was founded by Iingiz Chan, by whom amongst other eastern & northern regions Chorasan was subdued & by his successors yethe Kingdom of Armenia much afflicted & yethe Sultany of Iconium also (A.C. 1243,) but not ruined. At length Mangaca Chan yethe 4th Emperor of yethe Tatars being converted to Christianity by means of Ayton king of Armenia, sent his brother Hulacu (or Halaon) wthwith a great army to invade yethe Turks & root out their religion. Hulacu therefore advancing from yethe east, after he had stayed some time in Persia & 50 & subjected it, came to Bagdad Ian 22 1258, & in a day & a night compassed yethe city wthwith a wall & a ditch, & took it yethe 10th of February following; & his soldiers continuing to spoile kill & make captives for seven days together, at yethe end of wchwhich time yethe Chalifa was also yethe put to death & so yethe Chalifate dissolved. After this Hulacu yethe same year Hulacu upon some provocation sends his son Yashmut wthwith part of his army to beseige Miepharekin, who in a day & a night compas it wthwith a wall & a deep ditch & begin to assault it, but after some sharp conflicts finding they could not take it by force, they determined to keep it shut up till it should be worn out by famin. The next year A.C 1259 Hulacu cites yethe Sultans of Syria & Asia to come to him & submit themselves, wchwhich Ezzoddin yethe Sultan of Asia wthwith his brother Rucnoddin did, but Naser yethe Sultan of Syria refused. Wherefore he sent back yethe Asian Sultans honourably & established th confirmed them in their dominions, but invaded Syria A.C. 1260 wthwith an army of four hundred thousand, taking first aa Carrhæ Harran (Churrha) & bb Edessa Roan (Edessa) wthwith yethe adjacent regions on yethe east of Euphrates wchwhich belonged to the eastern Syrian Sultany, & then having passed yethe river, whilst his Captains invaded yethe other cities of this Sultany, (amongst wchwhich was Damascus, Emessia, Hama, Moarra &c) he himself besieged Aleppo & took it in a few days, a greater number of people being slain there then at Bagdad. Naser himself was fled before yethe siege, but soon after taken & slain wthwith his whole family In the mean while Naser, who wthwith his court resided at Damascus, hearing of yethe progress of the Tatars fled wthwith his family into yethe Desert Carac & Shaubac, & the Nobles of Damascus so soon as the Tatars approached yethe City delivered it to ymthem. & after a while Naser wthwith his family was taken & slain. Not long after Hulacu being about to return into yethe eastern regions, yethe other army came to him from yethe siege of Miepharekin, bringing wthwith them Ashraph yethe Sultan thereof, & relating how they had slain all ytthat were in yethe city, there being but few of them whom yethe famin had not destroyed before, because otherwise yethe army of Tatars would not have been sufficed to take yethe citty About yethe same time Hulacu, so soon as he came neare 51neare Maredin cited yethe Sultan thereof to appeare before him, but he refusing, yethe Tatars beseige ytthat city also, But yethe Sultan dying suddenly, his son Modhaffer presently yeilds yethe city to Hulacu; whereupon Hulacu treated him honourably & restored yethe city to him wthwith yethe rest of his fathers dominions. Yet about 30 years after this Sultany as well as yethe rest was dissolved. Whilst Hulacu besieged Maredin, Naser wthwith his family was taken & slain. And Thethe next year A.C 1261 Saleh yethe sultan of Mausela wthwith his brother combining wthwith yethe Egyptians against yethe Tattars, was invaded also by them under yethe leading of Samdago one of Hulacu's captains, & Mausela beseiged & taken, yethe soldiers continuing for eight days together to spoile kill & captvate. And amongst yethe rest Saleh was taken & commanded to be slain by Hulacu. Ducæ Hist. Byzant.Vntill this time yethe Greeks had constantly possessed Asia stricktlystrictly so called, Paphlagonia, Bythinia, Phrygia magna, Phrygia Pacatiana, Caria & part of Cilicia. And yethe rest of yethe Asian Provinces to Euphrates, namely Lycaonia, Galatia, Pamphilia, Armenia, Hellenopontus, Pisidia, & Lycia belonged to yethe Sultany of Iconium. But now yethe Turks of Mesopotamia & Syria being molested by yethe Tatars flocked into Asia to shelter themselves under yethe Iconian Sultan, & to obtein new seats their severall Princes made wars upon yethe Grecians. Mantachia subdued yethe city Ephesus & yethe Province Caria, Atin conquered Lydia as far as Smyrna. Sarchan all Magnesia to Pergamus together wthwith yethe whole Province of yethe Magedi. Carmian all Phrygia. Carasses yethe other Phrygia between Hellespont & yethe city Asso, & Othman all Bythinia wthwith part of Paphlagonia. In yethe mean time yethe Iconian Sultany became much afflicted 52afflicted & weakned by yethe Tatars pressing upon them & taking from them yethe regions next Euphrates insomuch ytthat at yethe death of Aladin it was utterly dissolved. And then or soon after, namely in yethe year 1299, Othoman being grown more powerfull then yethe rest of yethe Turkish Princes took upon him yethe dignity & title of Sultan & by degrees became yethe universall Monarch of yethe Turks, yethe rest of yethe Princes uniting under him under him yethe whole body of yethe Turks united by degrees: whereby being rendred more powrfull they prevailed still more upon yethe Greeks, & wthwithin a while invaded Europe, not ceasing to propagate their victories till at length they overthrew yethe Constantinopolitan Empire & on its ruins erected founded ytthat great Empire wchwhich we see at present. Now in this history we have first yethe desolation of yethe Bagdad. But this being not a Turkish Sultany like yethe rest, but in yethe hands of yethe Chalifa who had been always of yethe Saracen Nation & from before yethe foundation of Bagdad of one & yethe same family of yethe Abasides; it will be most proper to refer yethe desolation of this city to yethe former Trumpet as yethe conclusion thereof, & so there will remain these four Turkish Nations, the south-Mesopotamian, yethe north-Mesopotamian including part of Armenia, yethe Syrian, & yethe Asian wchwhich at this time were yethe full extent of yethe Turkish dominions, & all wchwhich wthwithin yethe compass of 30 or 40 years after yethe dissolution of yethe Chalifate, that is at in yethe beginning of this Trumpet were overrun & loosed by yethe Tatars from their Eufratean seats, & forced upon yethe Christians to make war upon them & erect that great Empire wchwhich reigns at present & is yethe plague of apostate Christendom threatned in this Trumpet. The greatest objection against this interpretation is that Miepharekin was at this time a distinct Sultany & so 53so there should have been rather 5 then 4 Angels. But if we consider ytthat this Sultany was neither of equall standing nor perhaps probably of equall extent wthwith yethe rest, it being but lately rent from the Sultany of Maredin & guirded on yethe one hand by yethe kingdom of Armenia & on yethe other by yethe Sultany of Maredin, whose seats Maredin & Miepharekin were not above 80 or 90 Italian miles distant; & also ytthat Miepharekin was seated beyond Tigris, & so not could not be so properly said to be bound in Euphrates as yethe rest: it will be more naturall to refer this (as I signified above) to yethe Sultany of Maredin as a branch thereof, recconing them still to make but one great Nation or Angel as formerly, then to fellow it with yethe originall Sultanies. A case not unlike this we have in yethe third of Daniel's universal Empires represented by yethe Leopard, who had 4 heads to signify its division into 4 Kingdoms at yethe death of Alexander. And yet it was divided into more then four Kingdoms. ffor besides yethe Egyptian, Syrian, Asian, & Macedonian, there was (to mention no others) yethe Thracian wchwhich continued distinct about 36 years, & yet, becaus none of yethe principall kingdoms, such as might properly be represented by heads of a Beast, it was not recconed among yethe other four but refrather referred to yethe Kingdom of Macedon as I suppose becaus it was at length united to that. Compare this wthwith yethe present case of yethe Turks, & I think it will make yethe interpretation clear. Analogous to yethe loosing of these Angels is yethe drying up of yethe waters of Euphrates in yethe 6t Vial. For these two actions must correspond wthwith one another becaus they are yethe beginnings of this Trumpet & Vial wchwhich are contemporary. Now by yethe waters of this river we are to understand yethe people situate upon it by Def that is, yethe Turkish Sultanies. And by yethe pouring the a Vial upon this river the inflicting of some great calamity upon yethe people such as was yethe tartarian invasion. And by yethe continued drying up thosethe waters of that river, yethe wasting of yethe power & dominion of that people by Def that is, yethe dissolution of thesethe Turkish Sultanies by ytthat Tartarian 54invasion. And consequently by yethe Kings or aa. NB. Βασιλεις wchwhich we usually render Kings signifies not only was applied by yethe greeks not only to such great monarchs as we stile Kings but also Princes of lesser note. Princes from yethe east whose way was prepared by yethe drying up these waters, we must understand yethe chief leaders of yethe great army of horsmen wchwhich upon yethe loosing of yethe 4 Angels came from EufratesEuphrates to execute yethe plague of this Trumpet, that is yethe Princes under whose conduct yethe Turks fled from yethe Tattars into Asia to invade yethe Christians For these were yethe Princes or Kings of from yethe East whose way was prepared by yethe dissolution of yethe Euphratean Sultanies. And of these there are recconed by historians seven eminent ones a little before they united under Othoman besides others of inferior note wchwhich first united under those. Thus much concerning yethe original of this great empire. Proceed we now to yethe rest of yethe circumstances. 7. And yethe next is yethe numerousness of yethe Turkish armies. But how great this hath been since their loosing & still is, is better known then ytthat I need stay to compute it. I shall rather observe ytthat since these horsmen as well as yethe Locusts were to be so exceeding numerous, we may thence collect that they were to be yethe armies of two very great Empires, & consequently of none other then yethe Saracenical & Turkish, yethe only two great ones by wchwhich yethe Christian world has been hitherto afflicted. In both these armies there is mention made only of horsmen but we are not to conclude thence ytthat yethe armies should consist of horsmen only, but rather ytthat yethe description is taken from yethe nobler part & that part wherein they should notably excell. Yea yethe foot are included in yethe hors being represented by their tailes. For yethe tail of a hors according to ancient InterpretersApomasar cap 152. signifies yethe train of his rider, & yethe train of an Army is yethe foot. Hence it is that in this Trumpet yethe tailes are said to have heads & to do hurt, ytthat is to fight as well as yethe riders of yethe horses: wchwhich is a plain insinuation that they signify men as well as the riders. 8. The description of yethe armour of these horsmen (that they had breastplates of fire & jacinth & brimstone &c) is very singular, there being no where els in yethe whole scriptures such a description of armour to be met with. What therefore can be here intended but the new way of fighting not known in the world before the beginning of this trumpet manner called an Angel, & kings being put for kingdomes as in Dan 7.17 & 8.20 & Apoc 17.10, 12. 4. These Kingdoms were at first seated upon Euphrates, as is manifest by yethe expression ytthat yethe angels were bound in that river. 5. This Trumpet begins at their loosing from that river. 6. The Army is described exceeding numerous. δυο μυριάδες μυριάδων, or according to some readings μυριάδες μυριάδων, yethe word δυο being omitted. In either reading we are to understand only an immens number, yethe number (as in Psal 58.17 The chariots of God are twenty thousand two myriads.) For yethe number μυριὰς רבוא or רככה is of those words numerall words wchwhich yethe Hebrews use not only for ten thousand but indefinitely for any great number, especially when it is thus doubled, as may be seen in Dan 7.10. 7. Their armour is described after a very singular manner; viz: That they had breastplates of fire & of Iacinth & Brimstone Brimstone, & yethe heads of yethe horses were as yethe heads of Lyons, & out of their mouths issued fire & smoke & brimstone whereby they killed men. 8. By these three (the fire & smoke & brimstone) the third part of men was killed. 9. The rest of men wchwhich were not killed by these plagues repented not. 10 The time for wchwhich they were prepared to destroy yethe third part of men is an hour, & a day & a month 56 These being yethe conditions of this Trumpet, they do after a very singular manner point out yethe Turkish Empire. For j The Turks were the next great enemy to yethe Roman territories. Their's & yethe Saracen's Empire have been yethe two greatest, & yethe only two very great scourges of yethe Christian world for this last thousand years, & therefore none but these can be intended by yethe two first of yethe three great woes; unles we will suppose ytthat yethe Holy Ghost has been very elaborate in describing some smaller plagues of yethe Christians & taken no notis of yethe greatest; wchwhich would be to make yethe parts of yethe Prophesy hold no proportion wthwith those of history. The common period of these two Trumpets I assigne to yethe yeare 1258. For I measure the whole duration of yethe former Trumpet by yethe standing of yethe Chalifate by& not by the twice five months raging of yethe Locusts, that being but a more signall intermediate period. For after that time yethe world continued in yethe hands of yethe Saracens for many years though not under yethe dominion of yethe Chalifa but broken into may temporall kingdoms. And therefore as this Trumpet began wthwith yethe birth of yethe Angel of yethe bottomless pit ( exprest by yethe falling of yethe star from heaven) wchwhich was before his Empire was founded, so it should end wthwith yethe deceasing of that angel though long after yethe abrogating of his Empire. Now yethe deceasing of this Angel was in yethe year 1258 when Haalon yethe Tartar took Bagdad & put an end to yethe Chalifate. And at that very time yethe 4 Angels were loosed as shall be explained hereafter 57 The length of yethe fift Trumpet is indeed thus assigned very great in proportion to yethe former Trumpets. But it was fit that yethe first Trumpets should be but short, being a description of that most criticall time wherein yethe true religion was everted & yethe Apostacy set up, & therefore to be delineated more articulately: & yethe holy Ghost has signified yethe far greater length of these last Trumpets by dwelling much longer upon their description. 2. The affinity between yethe Turks & Saracens is sufficiently conspicuous, yethe last having been interwoven wthwith the Empire of yethe former livedliving wthwithin it yethe dominnions of yethe former sometimes as subjects, sometimes as neighbouring Princes & warred under them for some hundreds of years together, so as to be esteemed almost one people; & at length erecting their Sultanies out of the other's ruins; & both being also of yethe same religion. 3, & 4. The original of yethe TurkshTurkish Empire agrees also to yethe prophesy ytthat it should be from a quaternion of kingdoms seated upon EuprhatesEuphrates. For such was yethe constitution of yethe Turks when they began first to have yethe face of an Empire; they then consisting of these four Kingdoms or Sultanies, the Persian, Damasacene, Alepian, & Cæsarian Iconian. The first of these was founded by Togrulbec (or Tangrolipix) who first subdued Chorasan & Persia, & then advanced to Bagdad & made himself master thereof in yethe year 1055 fixing yethe seat of his empire there & in yethe year 1057 being inaugurated Emperor of Emperors by the Chalifa. Out of this Sultany sprang yethe other three whereof that at Damascus was founded by Tagjuddaulus Nisus, (yethe Nephew of Togrulbec) who took 58 took Damascus from yethe Saracens in yethe year 1079. His successor was Ducathes (or Decacus) A.C. 1095, to whom, saith Scilix,Scilix apud Christophorum Richerium all yethe region of Decapolis was subject, wchwhich region bordered upon Euphrates The Alepian Sultany was founded by Sjarfuddaulas in yethe same year 1079: whose metropolis Alepo was watered by an arm of Euphrates drawn thither by one of yethe Sultans. The fourth Sultany whose Metropolis at first was Cæsara (not Cæsarea of Cappadocia but a town a days journey beyond Euphrates upon yethe river Tigris Orontes in Syria called Sjazarum by Elmacinus & corruptly Cæsarea for Cæsara by the Europeans as William Tyrius writesW. Tyr. l 18. c 18. ) was founded by Sedijduddaulas (a Kinsman of yethe afforesaid Togrulbec,) who took Cæsara from yethe Romans yethe next year 1080, & he dying wthwithin two years after, his successors Belfeve & Soliman inlarged the kingdom on this side Euphrates even to into Asia beyond Nicæa of Bythinia, although not long after they were beaten back again towardsto Euphrates by yethe champions of yethe Ierusalemitan war. The sultans of this Tetrarchy though at first they made Cæsara the seat of their kingdom yet afterward they resided most at Iconium in Cappadocia, whence they were by yethe Europeans called Sultans of Iconium. In this fourfold form yethe TurkishTurks Empire continued for many almost two hundred years though not wthwithout some mutations. For yethe Iconian Sultany was twice if not oftener towards yethe latter end was sometimes for a while divided into two or more dynasties by yethe posterity of yethe deceased Sultan, & yethe Damascene & Alepian Sultanies were for some time united under Noradin & again under Saladin, but after their deaths became divided again as before were reduced returned to their ancient state, excepting that about yethe year 12461247 the Damascene Sultany fell into yethe hands of yethe Egyptian Sultan (who from yethe year 1168 had ben of yethe race 59race of yethe Turks springing out of yethe Damascene Sultany:) & I know not whether it continued in this state till yethe loosing of yethe Angels about 6 or 7 years after it was take from the Egyptians by the Sultan of Alepo.. But however it is enough if during these little intervalls it continued a distinct Province wthwith its own Metropolis & people. For yethe better understanding this busines I have here given you a table of these Sultans wthwith the beginnings of their reign so far as I have met wthwith them in yethe histories of Elmacinus, W. Tyrius, Io. Herold, & some of yethe Byzantine writers. 1432 BagdadCæsara & Iconium AlepoDamascus 1055. Togrulbec1080 Sedijduddaulas1079 Sjarfuddaulas1079 Tagjuddaulas 1063. Obarsalan1082 Abulmerhaf,1099 Tagjuddaulas1095 Decac 1071. Gjelaluddaulasalias Belfere, cog-1095 Roduwan1104 Abadacus cogno nomine Cutlu-musis1117 Bulgarmine Doldequin. 1092. Barcana Soliman Sanguin1130 Tegel-melud 1094. Barkiaruc Tanisman 1105. MahammedClisasthan cum fratribus.1144 Noradin Mejeredin 1117. Mahmud Reucratine cum fratribus, is 1173 Melechsala1154 Noradin &cin vivis erat circa an:1179 Rebedim1173 Saladin 1200. Aladin fil1181 Saladin1195 Sephadin Azatines1195 Noradin in1209 Coradin qui vivis anno 1209ad annum 1227 Iathatines desijt* * *in vivis anno 1227 anno 1262 a TarMaleroasa vel Malchnessar Sul taris depositus.tanorum ultimus a Tartaris captus anno 1260 Besides these four, W. TyriusW. Tyrius l 4. c 11. mentions a fift at Antioch given to Accian by Belfesc, adding that it was but of narrow bounds, yethe Chalifa of Egypt posses (who was of yethe Saracen nation) possessing all yethe regions unto Laodicea of Syria. But this lasted not above 14 years, Antioch being taken A.C. 1098 by yethe Christians under Boamudas: & therefore since it was so inconsiderable & expired was utterly extinct so long before yethe loosing of yethe angels, there is no reason it should be recconed among those that were loosed. 5 Now yethe loosing of yethe Angels I suppose to be yethe re- laxation 60 laxation of yethe afforesaid Tetrarchies from their Euphratean seats by yethe invasions of yethe Tartars. For when these Tetrarchies were first founded they began to gain grownd very much from yethe Romans but were suddenly checked by yethe famous Ierusalemitan expedition, & as it were confined or bound to Euphrates untill by yethe Tartars they were driven from thence upon yethe Romans. And therefore this must be their loosing supposing their precedent residence upon that river to be their binding therein. As for yethe time of this loosing it began to be attempted about yethe year 12021200 when yethe Tartars first wthwith an innumerable army led by Changius Chan brake in upon yethe Turks, but was not performed till 1258 when HaelonHaleon yethe Tartar overran Persia, took Bagdad & dissolved ytthat Sultany yethe together wthwith yethe Chalifate, & still proceeding then crossing Mesopotamia took Alepo & Damascus A.C. 1260 & soon after Ieonium also, dissolving yethe two first of those sultanies, & taking yethe third from Iathatines & dividing it between Masut & Keicubades whom he made tributaries, & then in yethe sixt year of his expedition A.C 1262 returning home to succeed his father deceased brother. Thus were yethe Turks wthwithin yethe dition of these four Sultanies all at once as it were at a watch word given loosed from Euphrates & driven into yethe lesser Asia Natolia to make war upon yethe Romans; the reliqꝫques of them also wchwhich after this remained beyond Euphrates in broken Dynasties being in yethe year 1289 universally ejected out of Persia into yethe Roman territories: wchwhich they continually gained upon as they lost grownd to yethe Tartars. For although they were now divided into many Satrapies, yet by degrees they overran & possesspossest themselves of almost all yethe lesser Asia Natolia. Nor stopt they there Nor stopt they there but after a while uniting 61uniting under Ottoman began to rage more fiercely, invaded Europe & propogated their victories over the Christians till they overthrew yethe Constantinopolitan Empire & upon its ruins erected that great Empire wchwhich reigns at present, & is yethe main subject of this Trumpet. In the sixt Vial this loosing is exprest as if yethe Kings were to come from beyond Euphrates. But I suppose relation is there had only to yethe Persian Sultany; that being by many degrees greater & more considerable then all yethe rest put together, & at yethe loosing dissipated into many Satrapies. For it was yethe custom of yethe Turks to sort themselves in great bodies according to their severall families, the heads of wchwhich families were upon occasion given ready to assert their liberty. Whence by yethe incursion of yethe Tartars (wchwhich as I said began first about yethe year 1200) thenthe Persian Sultany being so very large must necessarily have been broken by degrees into many second many new Sultanies (as they called all free Satrapies) some of wchwhich (though not recconned among yethe angels bound in Euphrates becaus none of yethe original Sultanies but comprehended in ytthat of Bagdad, nor seated upon EuphratesQuære but lying beyond yethe Emperor of Musula (or Nineve) who possessed Mesopotamia & Mesopotamia a good part of wchwhich was in yethe hands of yethe King of Armenia who being a christian was an enemy to yethe Turks combining wthwith yethe Tartars against them) yet might they probably be no whit inferior in extent of dominion to yethe Sultanies on this side yethe river, seing it was 30 years after the fall of yethe Sultany of Bagdad before yethe Tartars could conquer & expell them all. From these chiefly I conceive sprang that great number of Satrapies in Natolia, whereof there are recconned seven principall ones a little before Ottoman. And these therefore I suppose to be yethe Kings of the east for yethe preparing of whose way the waters of 62 of Euphrates were dried up; that is figuratively. For I conceive nothing more is intended by that expression but to signify that those kings should come from beyond that river & pass over it, & consequently come out of Persia. Thus much concerning yethe originall of this great Empire. Proceed we now to yethe rest of yethe circumstances. 6. How numerous yethe Turkish armies have been since their loosing is better known then that I need stay to compute it. I shall rather observe that since these Euphratean horsmen as well as yethe Locusts were to be so exceeding numerous we may thence collect that these were to be the armies of two very great Empires, & consequently of none other then the Saracenicall & Turkish Empires, the only two great ones by wchwhich yethe christian world has been hitherto afflicted. In both these armies there is mention made only of horsmen, but we are not to conclude thence ytthat yethe armies should consist of horsmen only, but rather that yethe description is taken from yethe nobler part & that part wherein they should notably excell. Yea the foot are included in yethe hors, being represented by their tailes. For the tail of a hors according to ancient interpreters signifes yethe train of his rider & the train of an army is yethe foot. Hence it is that in this seale Trumpet the tailes are said to have heads & to do hurt, that is to fight as well as yethe riders of yethe horses: wchwhich is a plain insinuation that they signify men as well as yethe riders. 7. The description of the armour of these horsmen (that they had breastplates of fire & jacinth & brimstone &c) is very singular, there being no where els in yethe whole scripture such a description of armour to be met with. What therefore can be here intended but the new way of fighting not known in the world before the beginning of this Trumpet 63Trumpet? I mean wthwith gunns wchwhich send forth fire & jacinthine smoke & brimstone, whereby the medium being corrupted a soldier to his enemy appears covered wthwith fire & thick smoke whose colour is jacinthine & substance sulphureous; & yethe heads of yethe horses are also made to seem more fierce & terrible as it were of Lions. For that this is to be understood not of yethe reall armour of yethe horsmen & shape of yethe hors heads, but of their appearance by means of yethe corrupted medium, is manifest from hence ytthat yethe fire & smoke & brimstone is said to come out of yethe horses mouths & consequently must corrupt yethe medium. Hence in yethe beginning of this description StSaint Iohn saith: Thus I saw yethe horses ἐν ὁράσει, in appearance; wchwhich is as much as to say: This is yethe description of their appearance to yethe enemy, that they should seem covered as it were wthwith breastplates of fire & smoke & brimstone, & ytthat yethe horses heads should appear like Lyons, & yethe fire & smoke & brimstone be sent forth after such a manner that one would think it came forth out of yethe horses mouths. For this is yethe force of ἐν ὁράσει as may appear out of Ch 4.3 Ὅμοιος ὁράσει λίθω Ιάσπιδι καὶ ἰρις ὁμοία ὁράσει σμαραγδίνω: the only place besides in yethe Apocalyps where this word is used. Now that all this is a description of a fighting engin is manifest from hence that yethe third part of men should be killed by this fire & smoke & brimstone wchwhich ἐν ὁράσει came out of yethe horses mouths. But if you examin all sorts of engins that ever were in use before guns you will not find any to whom this description has any similitude: & therefore none other then guns can be intended by it. 9. And these were the engins (as is well known) by which 64which yethe Turks killed yethe third part of men, that is overthrew yethe Constantinopolitan Empire wchwhich in yethe beginning of this Trumpet was about yethe third part of all yethe Christian Kingdoms wchwhich sprang out of yethe old Roman Empire. For yethe Constantinopolitan Empire, wchwhich I told you was at first two parts in three of yethe whole, was by now diminished by about three quarters of it: having lost all that half wchwhich lay eastward of Natolia, yethe Mediterranean sea & Egypt, & also about one half of yethe remainder, namely Egypt, Illyrium, Mœsia, & part of Natolia. 10. Yet notwithstanding this judgment upon yethe third ꝑpart of men the other two third parts wchwhich were not killed by these plagues, namely yethe rest of yethe European Kingdoms wchwhich descended from yethe western Empire, repented not of yethe works of their hands that they should not worship Ghosts & Idols of gold & silver & brass & stone & wood which neither can see nor hear nor walk: neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts. That the men here spoken of are these western regions Kingdoms is plain since there are not nor have been for many hundreds of years any other sort of men besides yethe Papists wthwithin yethe old compas of yethe Roman Empire wchwhich worship Ghosts & Idols. Nor are there any others so much guilty of murder as these have been by their massacres & daily persecution of all those they call heretiques, wchwhich since yethe execution of this plague they have been so far from repenting of that they have exceedingly aggravated it by setting up yethe bloody inquisition. These also are they that stand guilty of φαρμακείαι deluding men as it were by magicall operations. For what are their miracles wchwhich they so 65much boast of, & their piæ fraudes but φαρμακείαι inchanted love potions of yethe whore whereby theyshe intoxicates yethe understandings of men, & (as is exprest in ch 18.23) deceives yethe nations. How much also these EuropeansEuropean nations are guilty of fornication is too notorious; especially among yethe papists who blush not to incourage it by tollerating publiqꝫque stews. And I could wish ytthat in yethe last sin here mentioned, namely cheating, exactions, & all kinds of rapaciousness wchwhich are of yethe nature of theft, yethe christians exceeded not even yethe ancient heathens & prsentpresent Turks. But yethe heaping up riches is yethe main design of almost all men, nor care they by what means, but are so universally addicted to overreaching & all kinds of dishonesty that even amongst yethe Turks we are become a reproach & proverb for it. 11. Having run through yethe circumstances by wchwhich yethe Turkish Empire is characterised, there remains only yethe duration of this wo to be considered. And this I suppose is ytthat intervall exprest by an hower & a day & a month & a year. For that is yethe time for wchwhich yethe 4 angels were prepared to slay yethe third part of men, that is, as I interpret, yethe time of yethe people of yethe four angels for wchwhich they were prepared to constitute an empire upon killing yethe third part of men, or yethe time ytthat yethe third part of men should be killed continue slain by them. For as in yethe former Trumpet yethe five months expressed yethe main time of that wo & of yethe Empire wchwhich inflicted it, so by analogy must this number do in this Trumpet. Now yethe killing yethe third part of men being, as I explained, yethe dissolution of yethe Constantinopolitan Empire, we are to date this time from yethe taking of Constantinople whereby yethe Empire was dissolved & this happened May 29th, A.C. 1453; from wchwhich if we therefore count yethe afforesaid time, recconning (according to 66to StSaint Iohn's computation ch 12.6, 14 & 11.2, 3) thirty days to a month & twelve months to a year, the Turkish Empire & there be not a further mystery in the trumpet then I am aware of will expire may be expected to loose Constantinople its imperial seat in yethe year 1844, & perhaps to expire wthwithin a few years after & perhaps the Emperors may then seat themselves for a time in Iudæa according to what Daniel seems to intend when he saith of this monarch ytthat he in yethe conclusion that he shall plant yethe Tabernacle of his Palace between yethe seas in yethe glorious holy mountain Dan 11.45. Historians indeed make Ottoman yethe founder of this Empire date this Empire from yethe reign of Ottoman rather then from the taking of Constantinople, but yethe rise & fall of Imperial cities being changes of yethe greatest moment note, yethe holy Ghost, as I signified, measures Empires rather by the standing of them ynthen by yethe dominion of single persons. And besides, the Turkish dominions before yethe taking of this City Constantinople were but of a moderate extent being limited on yethe east by Cappadocia Paphlagonia & Cilicia wchwhich belonged to yethe Trapezuntine Emperor & other kings: so that we may reccon this the time when their Empire began to transcend the bounds of an ordinary kingdom. For upon this followed not only the notable enlargement of their dominions into Europe but also into Cappadocia Paphlagonia Cilicia Armenia Paphlagonia Cappadocia, Calchis, Armenia, Cilicia Mesopotamia, Syria, Babylon, Arabia, Egypt, & part of Afric; & therefore this period may well be accounted the beginning of their kingdom to be an Empire, though not yethe beginning of yethe reign of yethe Ottoman family. If you ask why yethe standing of this Empire is expressed by parts, an hower & 2a day & a month & a year, & not by one round number; it seems to insinuate that there shall be a changing of yethe imperial seat so often towards yethe end. And perhaps it will be translated into Iudæa, according to DanielsDaniel who thus concludes his description of this kingdom, who concludesconcluds it thus. Tidings out of yethe east & out of yethe north shall trouble him & he shall go forth wthwith fury to destroy & utterly to make away many & shall plant yethe tabernacle of his Palace between yethe seas in yethe glorious holy mountain Dan 11.44, 45. But what yethe genuine interpretation of these things is yethe event will determin more certainly. I should now proceed to yethe seventh Trumpet, but since that concerns yethe time to come, it will be better to consider first return to yethe things that are contemporary to yethe Seales & Trumpets already explained, & in yethe next place to describe at large what was hinted concerning in Posit Arg: 5, concerning yethe Beast & his horns.