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mainly in English
SL245, described in the Sotheby catalogue as c. 300,000 words on 975 pp., was bought at the Sotheby sale by Gabriel Wells for £48 and sold to Yahuda on 1 Aug. 1936 for the sale price plus 15%. On 24 May 1949, Yahuda wrote to the London dealer Heinrich Eisemann, 'As to lot 245 the new arrangement and replacement of the pages resulted in 1,530 pages instead of 975 pages as many pages had to be taken out from other lots. But for this manuscript I have a customer who wants to pay a much higher price than $3,800 suggested by you.' If this was true, the prospective buyer's desire to part with his or her cash presumably waned. There must subsequently have been further reordering of the manuscript as the present Yahuda Ms. 7 amounts to nowhere near 1,530 pp.
The Romans were at first a small kingdom of Italy & began
to make a figure in the world about the time that in conjunction
with the king of Pergamus they took from Antiochus magnus all Asia
on this side the mountain Taurus, & to grow great from the
time that they conquered Macedon. For after the conquest
of Greece they conquered Carthage & gradually extended
their dominion over Asia, Spain, Syria, Gallia, Egypt &
Dacia & reigned over all these countries untill the revolt
of Dacia & the separation of the Empire of the Greeks
from that of the Latines: the particular history of all which
is every where to be met with.
Dacia revolted in or a little before the reign of Decius
& created great vexations to the Roman Empire. But the
Church of Dacia
Empire: For Theophilus Bishop or Patriarch of Dacia was at
the Council of Nice A.C. 325 & his successor Vlphilas was
at the Council of Constantinople A.C. 360.
Constantine the great built Constantinople A.C. 330
& made it the metropolis of the eastern provinces of the
Empire & Rome of the western, both cities being governed after
the same manner by a Senate & Consuls. He left the Empire
between his sons A.C. 337, & his son Constantius reunited it A.C.
353, & Valentinian divided it between himself & his brother
Valens A.C. 364. And after the death of Valens it was reunited
under Gratian the son of Valentinian A.C. 378, but after five
months Gratian made Theodosius emperor of the east in the
room of Valens 16 Ian. A.C.
divided between his sons Arcadius & Honorius A.C. 395, after ch
The two Empires into ch
now divided were distinguished by the names of the eastern
& western or Greek & Latine Empires. And the Greek
Empire continued intire about 240 years & then lost
Syria & Egypt to the Saracens, but yet stood above 800
years longer before the Turks overthrew it. The Latin
Empire stood intire about 12 or 13 years, & then being invaded
by the nations of Dacia, broke at once into ten kingdoms, the
rise of which not being distinctly described by any historian,
I shall here set down. But first it will be convenient to
give you some account of the nations of Dacia by whom this
Empire became divided.
Dacia was a large country bounded on the south by the
Danube on the east by the Euxine seas, & the country of the on the north by the river Neister & the mountain
Alans,
Crapac & on the west by the river Tibesis or Teys which
runs southward into the Danube a little below
comprehended the countries now called Transylvania Moldavia
& Wallachia Hungary up uper Hungary.corruptly Goths
the great attact them, & Trajan conquered them & reduced their
country into a province of the Roman Empire: & thereby the
propagation of the Christian religion amongst them was much pro
moted. And when they revolted, their kings by successive conquests
grew into a large & potent Empire composed of many northern
nations. Ostrogotha
Hermaneric the Heruli,
like nations of Scythia & Germany, as Iornandes informs us,
& particularly the nations ch
Vasinambrócæ, Mæreus, Mordensimnis, Caris, Rocæ, Tadzans,
Athual, Navigo, Bubegentæ & Coldæ & the Æstti or Estij
seated upon a long tract of the German Ocean or Baltick
sea in Livonia. So that the kingdom seems at this time
to have comprehended Volkinia, Red Russia, Poland, Lithuania
the Boristhenes or Niper as far northwards as Revel &
Narva & eastward to the Palus Mæ otis where Iornandes places the Herules
this
Among the conquered nations I reccon the Burgiones
(or some part of them) I take to be the Burgundians who had
war with Fasti
of the Emperor Decius & who in the reign of Valentinian fled
from their seats to the side of the Rhene. For these Burgun
dians are usually recconed a Gothic nation.
the Emperors Valentinian & Valens A.C. 368
years old, & at his death or soon after, his kingdom
became divided amongst many successors, Hunnimund,
Vithimar, Athanaric, Fridigern, Box, & perhaps some others.
Hunnimund was his son & reigned over the eastern part of
the Goths called Ostrogoths. Vithimar or Winitharius was
the son of Valeravan & grandson of Athaulphus or Vuldulph
the brother of Hermaneric & reigned over a great part of
the Goths called Gruthungi by A. Marcelline & Gothunni by
Claudian, & Sarmatæ & Scythians by others.
over another called Visigoths from their scituation, & Box over
the Antes, & the Gepides had also their King.
to have been rectors of Provinces in the life time of Hermaneric & to have kept their governments after his
death that the in his first book of the Vandalick war
that amongst the Gothic nations, ch
& the Gepides, & that they differed only in name being white tall
& handsome th
Arian by the Romans. They all lived in Dæcia beyond the Danube
untill they invaded the Empire & no doubt they had their
common language laws & religion from being subjects of
same kingdom till the death of Hermaneric.
The Goths & other Scythian nations beyond the Danube had ...
had hitherto lived without letters, & the Christian religion
had been hitherto propagated among them only by oral tradition.
But now Vlphilas the Patriarch of Dacia invented the Gothic
letters & translated the scriptures into the language of Dacia
& propagated the Christian religion very much among the Goths
& Athanaric fearing that the Christian religion should also
prevail in his kingdom (for Vlphilas instructed the people of both
kingdoms) raised a vehement persecution against the Christians
& put many of them to death.
In those days the Hunns, a fierce & brutish nation seated
from their seats & under the conduct of their kings Balamber
or Balamir invaded the nations which lay between them &
Dacia his king
dome
submitted but the Gruthungi sub made some resistance
strengthned himself by conquering the Antes the year before the
Hunns invaded him. He beat the Hunns in one or two battels
but was slain by Balamir in the third battel & his kingdom
was given to Hunnimund. For Sigismund the son of Hunnimund
had assisted the Hunns in this war with an army of Ostro
goths. After this the Hunns pursued Athanaric, & the greatest
part of his people fled deserting him fled with some other Goths
to the side of the Danube under the conduct of Alavivus.
Fridigern also fled thither with his people the Visigoths. And
these nations sent an embassy to the Emperor Valens &
obteined leave to pass the Danube & seat themselves
in Mœsia & Thrace. Their patriarch Vlphilas was at the head of this embassy. And presently after, a great part
of the Gruthungi under the conduct of Alatheus & Saphrase
the guardians of Videric the young son of Winitharius
(now their king) flying from the Huns & Ostrogoths came
to the side of the Danube & made the same petition but
were rejected. Yet they passed the Danube soon after
without leave, while the Roman army was detained in
Rhætia in a war against the Alemans & Sueves. And
This rout was in the year 3767.
The Goths being seated in the Empire were soon prest
with famin & grosly abused by the Roman Governours who
sold them
invaded Thrace, called to their
Alans from beyond the Danube routed the Roman Army, slew
the Emperor Valens & spread themselves into Greece &
Pannonia as far as the Alps, Alatheus & Saphrax going
westward.
the arms of the Emperors Gratian & Theodosius & made a
submissive peace & the Visigoths & Thervingi returned to
their seats in Mœsia & Thrace, the Hunns retired over the
Danube & the Alans & Gruthungi obteined seats in Panno
nia.
29, 31.
made the Emperor Theo
nourably received, died in a few days
& his people seing this treatment, subjected themselves
Emperor without chusing another king. But Fridigern King
of the Visigoths was succeeded by Alaric & Videric king of the
Gruthungi by Radagaisus.
The Gepides & Vandals were Gothic nations & spoke Vandals are recconed a branch
the same language with the Goths, & agreed with them
also in manners & the
of the Gepides, but when they separated from them is For the Iornandes tells us that the royal family of the
Vandals was of the stock of the Asdingi & Dio that the Astingi under
the conduct of Rhaus & Rhaptus entred Dacia in the reign of the
Emperor Marcus & had seats granted them there by that Emperor.
From that time therefore the Astingi, Asdingi or Vandals were
members of the Roman Empire. They were seated on the eastern
side of the river Teys where the rivers Maresh & Keresh run
westward into it. In the reign of Constantine the great they were
conquered by the Gepides & left these their seats to the conque
rors & had seats granted them in Pannonia by that Emperor. Iornandes calls the war between the Goths & Gepides a civil
Iornandes tells us that they lived quietly in Pannonia 40
years & long after that invaded Gallia. And a little after
he says that when Alatheus & Safrach invaded Panno
nia, Gratian was gone from Rome into Gallia by reason
of an incursion of the Vandals. He reccons therefore
that the Vandals lived quietly in Pannonia 40 years
untill this incursion & long after this incursion invaded
Gallia a second time. But he seems to be mistaken in
ascribing this incursion to the Vandals. It was against
the Alemans that a German nation seated upon the upper
Rhene that Gratian went at this time into Gallia,a
the Vandals staid in Pannonia 30 years longer, in all
70 years or above before they invaded Gallia. And by
their long stay in the Roman Empire, first in Dacia
& then in Pannonia, the Christian religion prevailed
amongst them. They lived in Pannonia without a king
& at length rising they rose they
lus a Christian their Capitain & taking along with
them the Alans & some other nations in their way to
the Rhene they invaded Gallia while
Italy & the Hunns
the revolt of the Salian Franks & British soldiers, the
western empire at once brake into ten kingdoms, the
history of ch
Peloponnesus & Epire th
vaded Dalmatia Illyricum & Pannonia & from
402 & the next year was th were so beaten by Stilico at Pollentithat
& Verona by Stilico the commander of the forces of the western Empire
that Claudian calls the remainder of the forces of Alaric tanta ex gente reliquias brevesgentem deletam
Alaric submitted Prudentius Orosius tells
us he did pro pace optima & sedibus quibuscun.a
Imp. l. 10. an. 403.
sent hostage to Alaric.
When Alaric took up arms, the nations beyond the Danube
began to be in motion & the next winter (the winter between A.C. 395
& A.C. 396) a great body of Hunns, Alans, Ostrogoths & other northern
nations came over the frozen Danube, being invited by Ruffin; &
their brethren also who had obteined seats within the Empire took
up arms. Ierome calls all this great multitude Hunns, Alans, Vandals
Goths, Sarmatans, Quades & Marcomanns, & saith that they invaded
all places between Constantinople & the Iulian alps, wasting Scythia
Thrace Macedon Dardania Dacia Thessaly Achaia Epire Dalmatia
& all Pannonia. And the Suevians also invaded Rhætia. For when
Alaric ing Pannonia the Romans were defending Rhætia ch
mentions.
And when Alaric went from those parts into Italy, some other barbar
barous nations invaded Noricum & Vindelicia as the same Claudian thus
mentions.
Among these nations I reccon the Suevians Quades & Marcomans. For
they were all in arms at this time, & the Quades & Marcomans were
Suevian nations, & now united with the Suevians under one common
king who was&
Alans might also about this time extend themselves into Noricum.
Also Vldin with a new great body of Hunns passed the Danube
about the time of Chrysostoms banishment, that is, A.C. 404 &
wasted Thrace & Mœsia. And Radagaisus king of the Gruthungi
inviting over more barbarians from beyond the Danube, invaded
Italy with an army of above 200000 Goths A.C. 404 or 405 & the
next year A.C.
army.
conduct of Vldin & Sarus. They were hired by the Emperor Honorius.
And now Stilico purposing to make himself Emperor, pro
cured a military Præfecture for Alarick, & sent him into the
east in the service of Honorius the western Emperor, committing
some Roman troops to his conduct to strengthen his army of Goths.
& promising to follow soon after with his own army. His pretence
was to recover some regions of Illyricum ch
was accused to detein injuriously from the western: but his secret
designe was to make himself Emperor by the assistance of the Vandals
& their allies; for he himself was a Vandal. For faciliating this designe
he invited a great body of the barbarous nations to invade the western
Empire while he & Alaric invaded the eastern. And these nations under
their several kings, the Vandals under Godegisilus, the Alans in two bodies the one under
Goar the other under Resplendial & the Suevians Quades & Marcomans under Ermeric After the death of the Emperor Theodosius, the Visi
goths rose from their seats & under the conduct of Alaric
their king troubled the eastern empire about five years to
gether, & then advancing towards the western Italy Pannonia & Italy
by Stilico the commander of the forces of that empire
that Claudian calls the remainder of their forces tanta ex gente reliquias brevesgentem deletam
Alaric submitted being so far humbled that Orosius tells us he did pro pace optima et sedibus quibuscunque sedibus suppliciter & simpliciter orareThen Stilico designing by their meane to gain the E Then Radagaisus
a heathen calling to his assistance many barbarians from beyond the Danube
invaded Italy with an army of above 200000 men, but
This was in e
But now Stilico purposing to make himself Emperor, procured a military
Prefecture for Alaric & sent him into the east in the service of Honorius
the western Emperor, committing some troop Roman troops to his conduct to strengthen
his army of Goths & promissing to follow soon after with his own army. His pretence
was to recover some regions of Illyricum which the eastern Emperor wasaccusedof Illyricum ch
marched to the side of the Rhene, joyned the Burgundians under Gundicar,
injuriously from e
make himself Emperor of the East a great therefore a greatch
Sarmatia to divert the western empire by an invasion
Those nations therefore under several kings, the Vandals
under Godegisilus the Alans in two bodies one under Goar
the other under Resplendial, the Suevians under Ermeric
& ethe end of A.C. 6
from their seats in
the empire ruffle ee
day of December pass
in Pannonia to the Hunns & Goths & joyned the Burgundians
under Gundicar & ruffled the Francks
in their further march & on e
A.C. 406 passed
selves into Germania prima & the adjacent regions, & amongst
other actions the Vandals to
into Belgium & began to ruffle that country. Whereupon
the Salian Franks (a German nation whom the Emperors
had sometime before received into the Empire, as subjects
subjects in that part of Belgium ch
& the Rhene,) took up arms & made so stout a resistance
that they slew almost twenty thousand of eth
their king Godegisilus in battel, the rest escaping only by
a party of Resplendials Alans ch
assistance.
Resplendial seing this disaster & that Goar was fallen away
the Romans left led his army from the Rhene & together with
the Suevians & residue of e
Franks in the meane time prosecuting their victory so far as
to retake Trevirs, ch
the Romans. The barbarians were at first stopt by the Pyre
nean mountains, ch
tane, but the next year they had the passage betrayed to
them, & entring Spain 4 Kal. Octob. every A.C. 409, every one
conquered there what he could, & at length A.C. 411 they e
Bœtica & part of Gallæcia, the Suevians the rest of Gal
læcia, & the Alans Lusitania & the Carthaginensian
Province, the Emperor for peace sake confirming them
in those seats by grant. A.C. 413.
In the mean time the British soldiers allarm'd by
the rumour of these things, revolt & set up Tyrants there,
first Marcus whom they slew presently, then Gratian
whom they slew within four months, & lastly Constan
tine under whom they invaded Gallia A.C. 408. And Con
stantine having possest a good part of Gallia created his
there: about ch
were let into Spain by some of the soldiers of Constans
betraying the Pyrenean passage to them.
Also the Roman Franks above mentioned having made
Theudemir the Prince of their old royall family king
over them, began streight after their conquest of the
Vandals to invade their neighbours. The first they set
upon were the Galls of Brabant
whence e
was named Arbo
ric-bant, & con
tractly Brachbant
notable resistance they desired their alliance. And so those
Galls fell off from the Romans & the two nations made
an intimate league to be as one people, marrying with
one another & conforming to one another's manners
till they became one without distinction. Thus by the
access of these Galls & of the foreign Franks also who
afterwards came over the Rhene, the Salian Franks
kingdom soon grew very great & powerfull.
About the same time Stilico's expedition against
the Greek Emperor being stopt by the order of Hono
rius, Alaric came out of Epire into Noricum & re
quested a summ of money for his service. The senate
were inclined to deny him but by Stilico's mediation
granted it. But after a while Stilico being detected
a traiterous conspiracy th
Sept. A.C. 408 & so Alaric disappointed of his money
& reputed an enemy to the Empire, he turned rebel & broke streight into Italy thch
brought out of Epire, & sent to his brother Adaulphus
to follow him with what other forces he had in
Pannonia ch
despised. Thereupon Honorius fearing to be shut up
in Rome retired to Ravenna in October A.C. 408, and
from that time Ravenna continued to be the seat of
the western Emperors. At the same time
also invaded Pannonia & seizing the deserted seats of
the
vancing to Rome beseiged it &
attempting to pass into Afric was shipwrackt. After which Ho
norius made peace with him & got up an army to send into
against the Tyrant Constantine.
At the same time Gerontius one of Constantine's Captains
revolted from him & set up one Maximus Emperor in Spain
draw to his assistance, besides the barbarians that were in
Gallia, supplies of Franks & Alemans from beyond e
& committed the custody of Gallia
Constans
& then began to beseige Constantine at Al Arles: but Hono
rius at eth
the same errand, Gerontius fled & Constantius continued the
siege being strengthned by the access of the greatest part
of Gerontius's soldiers. After four months siege, Edobec
having procured succours, the barbarian kings at Ments Goar who were gone over to the Romansth
to releive Arlat Arles. At their approach Constantius
retired, they pursued & he beat them by surprize, but
not prosecuting his victory, the Barbarians soon recovered
themselves, yet not so as to hinder the fall of e
Tyrants
pire, but remained ever after a distinct kingdom.
The next year A.C. 412 the Goths being beaten in Italy
had Aquitain granted to retire thence into & they invaded
it th
to retreat ch
the Burgundians were brought to terms of peace & the
Emperor granted them terms of peace for inheritance
a region upon the Rhene ch
the same I presume he did the
not long after retaking & burning Trevirs, Castinus A.C. 415
was sent against them with an army & routed them & slew
Theudemir their kingwhom Pharamund succeeded. This was
the second taking of Trevirs by the Franks. And Meroveus
about the year 448 took it again & destroyed it. so that it
was taken four times once by the Vandals & thrice by the
Franks. Pharamund
granted to his nation neare e
And now the Barbarians were all quieted & setled
in several seats kingdoms within the empire not only by
conquest but also by the grants of the Emperor Honorius.
For Rutilius in his Itinerary written in autumn
1169, that is, according to Varro's computation then in use,
A.C. 416, thus laments the wasted fields of France.
And Orosius in ech
417 represents now a general pacification of the bar
barous nations by the words
cere gentes immanissimas
because they had obteined seats in the Empire by
league & compact, &
longer invade all regions at pleasure
compact remained quiet within the seats granted them
Now by the wars above described the western
Empire was broken into the ten kingdoms following,
2 The kingdom of the Suevians
3 The kingdom of the Alans in Spain
4 the kingdom of the Visigoths
5 The kingdom of the Alans in France
6 The kingdom of the Burgundians
7 The kingdom of the Franks
8 The kingdom of the Brittains
9 The kingdom of the Hunns & Ostrogoths
10 The kingdom of Ravenna.
Eight of these kingdoms are thus mentioned by Sigonius 1Honorio regnante in Pannoniam 2Hunni, in Hispaniam 3Vandali 4Alani 5Suevi et 8Gothi, in Galliam 6Alani 7Burgundiones & 8Gothi certis sedibus permissis accepti.
the Franks & Brittains & you have the ten. But let
us view them severally.
& the Britains
But let us view them severally.
1. The kings of the Vandals were A.C. 407
Gunderic the successor of Godegisilus, 426 Geiseric, 477
Huneric, 484 Gundemund, 496 Thrasamund, 523 Hilde
ric, 531 Gelimer. Gunderic led them into spain A.C. 409, Gei
seric into Afric A.C. 427 & Gelimer was taken by Belisari
us A.C. 533. Their kingdom stood in Spain & Afric together
123 years & 7 months & in Afric they were very potent.
2 The kings of the Suevians were A.C. 408
ric, 438 Rechila, 448 Rechiarius, 458 Maldra, 460 Fruma
rius, 463 Remismundus. And at length after divers Arian Kings
reigned A.C. 563 Theodemir, 568 Miro, 582 Euboricus & 583
Andeca. This kingdom remained always in Gallæcia & Lusita
nia. Ermeric after ee
it into all Gallicia forcing the Vandals to retire into Bœ
tica & Ree& then was or as Vasæus writes
till e
of the Visigoths & made a Province of his kingdom.
3 The kings of e
Resplendial 416 Ataces Vtacus or Othacar. Resplendial began
his reign in France A.C. 407 & Ataces was slain with
almost all his army by Vallia king of the Visigoths A.C.
419. Whereupon these Alans subjected themselves to
Gunderic king of the Vandals in Bœtica but the next
year being impatient of subjection fell off from him &
returned to the Carthaginensian province where they
lived alone tributary to the Romans thout
common wealth thout
made war upon the Romans in Carpentania & the Cartha
ginensian province & wasted their cities but were checkt
by Rechila king of the Suevians. Their kingdom while it
stood was the most potent in Spain & dominered over the
rest, & after it fell their people remained where it
had stood & being mixed th
Cathalaunia (or Cath-Alania) to the Province ch
so called.
4. The kings of the Visigoths were A.C. 408 Alaric,
Sergeric & Vallia 419 Theoderic 451 Thorismund, 452 Theo
deric
out of Epire. I date his reign from the time of his re
bellion & invasion of Italy A.C. 407
phus's reign the Goths were humbled by the Romans & attepmted
to pass into Spain out of Gallia into
geric reigned but a few days. In the beginning of Vallia's
reign they assaulted the Romans afresh but were again repuls
ed & then made peace on this condition that they should
on behalf of the Empire invade the barbarian kingdoms
in Spain chthe
& 418 overthrowing the Alans & part of the Vandals & then
received Aquitain of e
their conquests in Spain to e
they had some seats granted them there also. A.C. 455
Theoderic (assisted by the Burgundians) invaded Spain ch
then about all subject to the Suevians & took a part of
it from them. A.C. 506 the Goths were driven out of Gallia
by the Franks. A.C. 585 they conquered the Suevian king
dom & became lords of all s
invaded them, but in time they recovered their dominions &
5 The Kings of the Alans in France Gallia were Goar, Sam
bida, Eocharic Sangibanus Beurgus &c. Vnder Goar they they invaded Gallia A.C. 408
seats given them neare the Rhene A.C. 412. Vnder Sambida (whom
Bucher puts the successor if not the son of Goar) they had the
territories of Valence given them by Ætius the Emperor's
General A.C. 440. Vnder Eocharic they conquered a region of the Armorici rebelling Armorici given them by Ætius. This region was
from them named
Sangibanus they & the Visigoths
by Attila king of the Hunns th
Ætius & the barbarians kings of Gallia came to raise the siege &
beat e
launicisth
region is now contractly called Campain. In that battel were slain
immense army to conquer this kingdom but was again beaten
by them & the Visigoths together, in a battel of three days
continuance, th
Vnder Beurgus or Biorgor they infested Gallia round about
till the reign of Maximus the Emperor & then they past
the Alps in winter & came into Liguria but were
there beaten & Beurgus slain by Ricimer commander of e
Emperors forces A.C. 464. Afterwards they were again beaten
by Odoacer the joynt force of Odoacer king of Italy & Chil
deric king of the Franks about the year 480 & again by
Theudebert king of the Austrian Franks about e41511
511.
6 The kings of e8
436 Gundioc 467 Bilimer 473 Gundobaldus th
510 Sigismund 517 Godomarus. Vnder Gundicar they invaded
Gallia A.C. 408
Rhene in Gallia Belgica A.C. 412. They
that Orosius A.C. 417 wrote of them
lidam
in quibus præsumpta possessione consistunt.
435 they received great overthrows by Æthius & soon after
by the Hunns but five years after had Savoy granted
them to be shared th
came again a potent kingdom being bounded by the river
Rhodanus but afterwards extending much further into the
heart of Gallia. Gundobald conquered the regions about the
rivers Araris & Rhodanus th
& invaded Italy in the time of Glycerius & conquered all his
brethren. Godomarus made Orleans his royal seat. Whence
the kingdom was called
quered by Clotharius & Childebert kings of the Franks A.C. 526.
And from thence forward this kingdom was sometimes united to ece
of Charles the great who made his son Carolotus king of Bur
gundy, from ch
its proper kings & was then broken into the Dukedom of
Burgundy & County of Burgundy & County of Savoy, and
afterwards those were broken into other less Counties.
7 The kings of the Franks were A.C. 408
Pharam
&c. Windeline & Bucher, two of the most diligent searchers
into the originals of this kingdom make it begin the same
year th8
Of the first kings there is in Labbee's Bibliotheca M.S. this record
Reguli extiterunt a principio gentis Francorum diversis temporibus:
sed incertum relinquunt historici quali sibi procreationis linea
successerunt.
dunt, quas Primores eorum tulerunt, Wisogastus, Atrogastus, Salegastus.
devicit, Camaracum cœpit & obtinuit. Annis 20 regnavit. Sub
hoc rege Franci us
Metim succendunt, us
Now for Genobaldus Marcomer & Suno, they were capitains
of the transrhenane Franks in the reign of Theodosius &
so concern us not. We are to begin with Theudemir the the son of Marcomer &
notensis & Thiedo & Thiedemerus by Rhenanus. His face
is extant in
THEVDEMER REX published by Petavius & still
Windeline testifies: which shews that he was a king & that in
Gallia seing rude Germany understood not then the coyning
of money nor used either Latin words or letters. He was
the son of Richemer or Richomer the favorite of Theodo
the Emperor Theodosius, & So being of the Salian Royal
blood, they therefore upon the rebellion made him their
king. The whole time of his reign you have stated in
the making him king the tyranny of Iovinus the slaughter
of Iovinus's associates, the second taking of Trevirs by
the Franks & their war with Castinus in ch
slain are as a series of successive things thus set down in
order. Extinctis ducibus in Francis denuò Reges creantur ex eadem stirpe qua prius fuerant. Eodem tempore Iovinus ornatus regios assumpsit. Constantinus fugam versus Italian dirigit:dirigit: missis a Iovino Principe percussoribus super Mentio flumine capite truncatur. Multi nobilium jussu ✝ Iovini apud Avernis capti & a ducibus Honorij crudeliter interempti sunt. Trevirorum civitas factione unius ex Senatoribus nomine Lucij a Francis capta et incensa est. – Castinus Domesticorum Comes expeditionem accipit contra Francos &c.
returning to speak of Theudemer he adds: Franci electum a se regem, sicut prius fuerat crinitum inquirentes diligen ter ex genere Priami Frigi et Francionis super se creant, nomine Theudemerem filium Richimeris, qui in hoc prælio quod supra memini a Romanis interfectus est,
in the battel th
nensis makes this further mention.
Theodemerem Regem Francorum & filium Ricimeris✝ quondam
& Ascilam matrem ejus, gladio interfectos.
Vpon this victory of the Romans, the Franks & rebelling
Galls who in the time of Theudemer were in war with one
another united to strengthen themselves, as Ordericus Vitalis
l. 14. c. 9. n. 8.
thus mentions Cum Galli priùs contra Romanos rebellassent Franci ijs sociati sunt, & pariter juncti Ferramundum Sunnonis t ducis filium sibi regem prǽfecerunt.
the time. Anno 25 Honorij Pharamundus regnat in Francia.
This Bucher well refers to the end of the year 416 or the
beginning of the next year, dating the years of Honorius
from the death of Valentinian, & argues well that at this
time Paramund was not only e
Franks but crowned also by the consent of Honorius & had
a part of Gallia
suppose was e
first king: Which some not understanding have feigned him e
founder of the Kingdom of the tr by an army of the trans
rhenane Franks: whereas he was of the Sali
mate successor of Theudemer. For the above cited passage of
Fredegarius Extinctis Ducibus, in Francis denuò Reges creantur ex eadem stirpe qua prius
continued to e
more kings then one.
then is assigned by
Bucher.
reign ch
was the kingdom of the Salij that he reigned over & by
the pecuniary mulcts in them that the place where he reigned
abounded very much with money & consequently was thin
the Empire rude Germany not knowing the use of money till
they mixed th
Laws (written soon after the conversion of the Franks to e
Christian religion, that is in the end of the reign of Meroveus
or soon after) the original of this kingdom is thus described. Hæc enimenim Gens quæ fortis dum esset & robore valida Romanorum jugum durissimum de suis cervicibus excussit pugnando &c
This kingdom therefore was erected not by invasion within the
not by invasion but
in registring their kings in order tells us
Francia Clodio regnat in Francia. Merovæus regnat in Francia
who can imagin but that in all these places he meant one &
the same Francia & yet its certain that e
væus was in Gallia.
in Germany in the reign of the Emperor Theodosius, as above, Pharamund
might reign over the same Franks in Germany before he succeeded Theude
mir in the kingdom of the Salians within the Empire & even before Theu
demir began his reign, suppose upon in the first year of Honorius when
those And thus Phar ch
invite Pharamund with his people from beyond the Rhene.
of Pharamund in Germany. We are to date this kingdom from its rise
within the Empire & to look upon it as only strengthned by the access
of other Franks coming from beyond the Rhene whether in the reign
of this king or in that of his successor Clodio. For in the last year
of Pharamunds reign Ætius took from him – –
a part of his possession in Gallia but his successor Clodio (whom
Fredegarius puts e
& Claudius) inviting from beyond the Rhene a great body of
Franks recovered all & carried on their conquests as far as e
river So
Franks ch
Franks erected certain new kingdoms at Colen & Cambray
& ch
doveus who
ever since. And this was the original of the present king
dom of France.
8 The kings of Brittain were A.C 408 Marcus, Gratian,
& Constantine successively. A.C. 425 Vortigern. 466 Aurelius
Ambrosius. 498 Vther Pendraco 508 Arthur. 542 Contan
tinus,
613 Cadwan, 635 Cadwalin, 676 Cadwelader. The three first were
Tyrants who revolted from the Empire. Orosius Prosper &
Zosimus connect their revolt th
barians into Gallia as consequent thereto & Prosper (th
Zosimus agrees) puts it in the year ch
after the irruption. The just time I thus collect Constantine Marcus reigned not many days Gratian four
reigned three years
months & Constantine three years. He was slain the year
after the sacking of Rome A.C. 4 that is A.C. 411, 14 Kal
Octob. Whence the revolt was in spring A.C. 408. Sozomen
joyns Constantines expedition into Gallia th
or the times a little after & Arcadius died A.C. 408, May e
1st. Now the reign of these Tyrants was but short
yet they gave a beginning to the kingdom of Brittain & so
may be recconed the three first kings, especially since the
posterity of Constantine (vizt
Pendraco his sons & grandson Arthur) reigned afterwards. For
from the time of the revolt of these Tyrants Brittain con
tinued a distinct kingdom absolved from subjection to the
Empire, the Emperor not being able to spare soldiers to be sent
learn by unquestionable records. For Prosper tells us
Variane Cos. Hac tempestate præ valetudine Romanorum, vires
funditus attenuatæ Britanniæ.
with the siege of Rome saith
& substrahunt se a Romanorum dominatione.
lib. 6
reduc't both the inhabitants of the Island of Brittain & also cer
tain Celtic nations to that pass that they fell off from the
Roman Empire & being no longer obedient to the Roman
laws
pleasure. Therefore the Brittains taking up arms & hazzarding
themselves for their own safety, they freed their cities from ✝
in Procopius
Got. tractus Arbo
richus
the Galls who uni
ted the
other Provinces of the Galls imitating the Brittains freed them
selves after the same manner, ejecting the Roman Presidents
& forming a certain Commonwealth according to their own
pleasure. This rebellion of Brittain & e
pened when Constantine usurpt the kingdom. So also Procopius
(l. 1 Vand.) speaking of the same Constantine saith Constantine being overcome in battel was slain with his children:
αν μέν τοι Ρωμαῖοι ανασώσασθαι οὐκέτι ἔχον. ἀλλ᾽
ὑπὸ τυράννοις ἀπ᾽ ἀυτοῦ ἔμενεyet the Romans could not recover Brittain any more, but from that time it remained under Tyrants. And Beda (l. 1. c. 11) Fracta est Roma a Gothis anno 1164 suæ conditi t onis ex quo tempore Romani in Britannia regnare cessaverunt.A tempore Romæ a Gothis expugnatæ cessavit imperium Romanorum a Britannia insula, & ab alijs quas sub jugo servitutis tenebant multis terris.
the year 424 reccons e
were not then in subjection to e
nius (Imperium Romanorum post excessum Constantini in Britannia nullum fuit.
Between the death of Constantine & reign of Vortigern
was an interregnum of about 14 years in che
wars thef
a Roman legion, ch&
at their departure they would come no more. Of Vortigerns be
ginning there is this record in an old Chronicle in Nennius
quoted by Cambden & others.
tannia Theodosio & Valentiniano Coss
quarto anno regni sui Saxones ad Britanniam venerunt Fæ
lice et Tauro Coss.i. e.te
Sigebert refers to eth year of Valentinian chth
the year 428 assigned by this Chronicle: & two years after the
tains. Afterwards in the reign of Martian the Emperor
that is between e
were called in by the Britains but six years after revolted
from them, & made war upon them at length succe by degrees succeeded them
tinued a flourishing kingdom till the reign of Careticus. a
Saxon. l. 1. c. 6.
9 The Kings of the Hunns were A.C. 407
Rugila, 433 Bleda & Attila. Octar & Rugila were the
brothers of Munzuc king of the Hunns in Gothia beyond
the Danube & Bleda & Attila his sons
Iornandes tells us were kings of the Hunns, but not of
them all & had the two last for their successors. The
The
founding of the kingdom A.C. 407 under the two first is thus
described by Sigonius. kingdom reign of the Hunns in Pannonia from the time that the
Vandals & Alans relinquished Pannonia to them A.C. 406, Sigonius from the
time that the Visigoths relinquished Pannonia A.C. 408. Constat,
ad An. 411.quod Gothis ex Illyrico profectis Hunni successerunt at.
to the Goths & Hunns is related by Frigeridus who when
he had mentioned that Theodosius Emperor of e
sent grievous commands to Iohn who after the death of
Honorius had usurped e
subjoyns. Iis permotus Ioannes Ætium id temporis Curam Palatij gerentem cum ingenti auri pondere ad Chunnos transmisit notos sibi obsidiatûs sui tempore & familiari amicitia devinctosÆtius tribus annis Alarici obses, dehuic Chunnorum, posthæc Carpilionis gener ex Comite domesticorum & Ioannis Cura palatij.
shews that Ætius was hostage to Alaric till the year 410
when Alaric died & to e
& son in law to Carpilio about the year 417 or 418 &
Curapalates to Iohn about e
its probable that he became hostage to the Hunns about
the year 412 or 413 when Honorius made leagues with
almost all the barbarous nations & granted them seats.
I had rather say with Sigonius that Ætius became hostage to Alaric A.C. 403.
Its further manifest out of Prosper that the Hunns
were in quiet possession of Pannonia in the year 432.
For in the 1st book of Eusebius's chronicle Prosper writes mo post obitum Honorij cum ad Chunnorum gentem
cui tunc Rugúla præerat, post prælium cum Bonifacio
se Ætius contulisset, impetrato auxilio ad Romanorum solum
regreditur.d book:
venit quorum amicitia auxilio
interpellatæ potestatis obtinuit.
at this time Rugila
& that Pannonia was not now
of the Empire, being formerly granted away to e
& that these were the very same Hunns thch
had in the time of his being an hostage contracted friend
ship, by virtue of che
aid of Iohn e
their intercession for himself the
died A.C. 430, for Socrates tells us that about that time
the Burgundians having been newly vext by the Hunns
upon intelligence of Octars death seing them without
a leader set upon them suddenly with so great suc
cess that 3000 Burgundians slew 10000 Hunns. Of
Rugila's being now king in Pannonia you have heard
already. He died A.C. 433 & was succeeded by Bleda as
Prosper & Maximus inform us. This Bleda with his
brother Attila were before this time kings of the Hunns
beyond the Danube, their father Munzuc's kingdom
being divided between them & now they united the
kingdom of Pannonia to their own. Whence Paulus
Diaconus saith they did
Daciame
invade the Empire afresh adding to e
forces new & great armies from Scythia: but this
war was presently composed & then Attila & Bleda
seing Bleda inclined to peace slew him A.C. 444
inherited his dominions & invaded the Empire afresh. And now I suppose it was that he brought the Ostro
goths over the Danube & set Valamir Theodemir
& Videmir captains over them. At length after various
great wars with the Romans Attila perished A.C. 454The Ostrogoths, according to Procopius,
Vandal. l. 1.
the Vandals & Alans passed the Rhene & the Visigoths invaded Italy & besieged Rome, that
is, about the year 407 or 408. They lived quietly for a time under the Hunns in Pannonia
but now assisted Attila under the conduct of Valamir, Theudemir & Videmir eVandalinius
At length after various great wars with the Romans Attila perished A.C. 454,
& his sons quarrelling about his dominions gave occasion
to the Gepides Ostrogoths & other nations who were
their subjects, to rebell & make war upon them. And
the same year the Ostrogoths had seats granted them
in Pannonia by the Emperors Marcian & Valentinian
& with the Romans ejected the Hunns out of Pannonia
soon after the death of Attila as all historians agree ch
of that Emperor
The Poet means that by the coming of Avitus the Hunns yeilded
more easily to the Goths. This
ginning of the reign of Avitus. &And his reign began in the
end of the year 455, & lasted not one full year.
Iornandes tells us; post Duodecimo anno regni Waliæ post pene quinquaginta annos invasa Pannonia, Hunni a Romanis et Gothis pulsi sunt.Hierio et Ardaburio Coss. Pannoniæ quæ per quinquaginta annos ab Hunnis retinebantur, a Romanis receptæ sunt.
Hunns invaded & held Pannonia from the year 378 or 379
to the year 427 & then were driver out of it. But this
plane mistake. For its certain that the Emperor Theodosius
left the Empire entire. And we have shewed out of Prosper
that the Hunns were in quiet possession of Pannonia in the
year 432. The Visigoths in those days had nothing to do
with Pannonia, & the Ostrogoths continued subject to the
Hunns till the death of Attalus A.C. 454, & Vallia king of
the Visigoths did not reign twelve years. He began his reign
in the end of the year 415, reigned three years & was slain
A.C. 419 as Idasius, Isidorus, & the Spanish manuscr
nicles seem by Grotius, testify. Yea Olympiodorus, who produces
his history only to the year 425 sets down therein the death
of
Constantius which happened A.C. 420. Wherefore the Valia of
Iornandes who reigned at least 12 years, is some other king
And I suspect that this name has been put by mistake for
mir
was of the Romans & Ostrogoths driving the Hunns out of Pan
nonia after the death of Attila. And it is not likely that the
historian would refer the history of the Ostrogoths to the years
of the Visigothic kings. This action happened in the end of the
year 455, ch
Pannonia & which was almost fifty years after the year 406
in which the Hunns succeeded the Vandals & Alans in Panno
nia. Vpon the ceasing of the line of Hunnimund the son
of Hermaneric, the Ostrogoths lived without kings of their
And when Attila began to make war upon the Romans.
which was in the year 444, he made Valamir with his
brothers Theodemir & Vidimer the grandsons of Vinithar
Captains of or kings of these Ostrogoths under him. And
in the tweft year of Valamir's reign dated from thence
the Hunns were driven out of Pannonia.
Yet the Hunns were not so ejected but that they had
further contests with the Romans till the head of Denfix the
son of Attila A.C. 469 (in the Consulship of Zeno & Marcian
as Marcelline relates) was carried to Constantinople. Nor were
in Pannonia, Sigonius tells us that when the Emperors Mar
cian & Valentinan granted Pannonia to the Goths (which
was in the year 454) they granted some part of Illyricum
to some of the Hunns & Sarmatans: And in the year 526
when the Lombards removing into Pannonia made war there
upon the Gepides, the Avares (a part of the Hunns who had taken now taken the
kings) assisted the Lombards in that war, & the Lombards
afterwards when they went into Italy, left their seats in
Pannonia to the Avares in recompence of their friendship
And from that time the Hunns grew again very powerfull
their kings (whom they called Chagan) troubling the Empire
very much in the reigns of the Emperors Mauricius Phocas
& Heraclius. And this is the original of the present kingdom
of Hungary, which from these Avares & other Hunns mixed
together, took the name of Hun-Avaria, & by contraction
Hungary.
10. The Lombards came over the Danube into the Em
pire, beat the Vandals, & seated themselves in Pannonia
A.C. 3
& Ayon, they had kings, Agilmundus, Lamisso, Lechu, Hildehoc,
Gudehoc, Claffo, Tato, Wacho, Walter, Audoin, Alboin,
Cleophis &c. Agilmundus was the son of Ayon & became their
king (according to Prosper) in the Consulship of Honorius &
Theodosius, A.C. 389, & reigned 33 years according to Paulus
Warnefridus. But considering that the Lombards were at
this time a small kingdom, its probable that they continued
in Pannonia by the permission of the Romans & like the
other barbarous nations lived quietly under them till after
the death of Theodosius the great. And that
was invaded by the Goths & other barbarians (suppose about
the year 400 or 402) they stood upon their own defence
the Romans being no longer able to protect them & keep
them in obedience. Agilmundus was slain by the Bulgars
a people so called from the river Volga from whence they
came. Prosper places his death in the Consulship of Marini
anus & Asclepiodorus A.C. 423. Lamisso routed the Bulgars
& reigned three years & Lechu almost forty. Gudehoc was con
temporary to Odoacer king of the Heruli in Italy, & about
the year 478 led his people from Pannonia in
a country on the north side of Noricum next beyond the –
Danube,
beyond the Danube & Wacho conquered the Suevians a king
dom then bounded on the east by Bavaria, on the west by France
& on the south by the Burgundians. Audoin returned into Pan
nonia A.C. 526 & there overcame the Gepides. Alboin A.C. 551
over
nimundus, & A.C. 563 assisted the Greek Emperor against Totila
king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, & A.C. 568 led his people out
774.
11. These ten kingdoms being rent away we are next to
consider the residue of the western Empire. While this Empire
continued entire it was the Beast himself: but this
thereof is but a part of him. And if this part be considered
as a horn, the reign of this horn may be dated from the
translation of the Imperial seat from Rome to Ravenna,
which was in October A.C. 408. For then the Emperor
Honorius fearing that Alaric would besiege him in Rome
if he stayed there, retired to Millain, & thence to Ravenna;
& the ensuing siege & sacking of Rome confirmed his residence
there, so that he & his successors ever after made it their
home. And accordingly Machiavel in his Florentine History
writes that Valentinian having left Rome translated the
seat of the Empire to Ravenna.
Rhætia belonged to the western Emperors so long as that
Empire stood, & then it descended to Odoacer with
Senate to Odoacer king of the Heruli in Italy & after him to
Theoderic king of the Ostrogoths & his successors by the grant of
the Greek Emperors. Vpon the death of Valentinian the second
the Alemans & Suevians invaded Rhætia A.C. 455. But I
do not find that they erected any standing kingdome there.
For in the year 457 while they were yet depopulating Rhætia
they were attaqued & beaten by Burto the Master of the horse
to the Emperor Majoranus: & I hear nothing more of their
invading Rhætia. Clodovæus king of France in or about the
year 496 conquered a kingdom of the Alemans & Suevians
& slew their last king Ermeric. But this kingdom was seated
in Germany & only bordered upon Rhætia. For its people fled
from Clodovæus into the neighbouring kingdom of the Ostrogoths
under Theoderic. And Theoderic received them as friends
& wrote a friendly letter to Clodovæus in their behalf.
And by this means they became inhabitants of Rhætia as subjects
under the dominion of the Ostrogoths.
When the Greek Emperor conquered the Ostrogoths
he succeeded them in the kingdom of Ravenna not only
by right of in conquest but also by right of inheritance
the Roman Senate still going along with this kingdom. And
therefore we may reccon that this kingdom continued in the
Exarchate of Ravenna & Senate of Rome. For the Remainder
of the Western Empire went along with the Senate of Rome
by reason of the right which this Senate still retained & at
length exerted, of chusing a western Emperor.
I have now enumerated all the kingdoms into which the
Western Empire became divided at its first breaking. And
if the kingdom of the Alans in Spain, by reason of its short con
tinuance & its uniting with the kingdom of the Vandals so as to
be comprehended therein, be omitted; you will have the
of ten kingdoms. Some of these at length fell & new ones arose:
but what ever was their number afterwards; they are
the
in Ch. VI. But th
a great difference
Now Daniel considered the horns & behold there came up among them another little horn before whom there were three of the first horns pluckt up by the roots, & behold in this horn were eyes like the eyes of aa man, & a mouth speaking great things, & its look was more stout then its flew fellows, & it made war with the Saints & prevailed against them. And one that stood by & made Diel
Daniel know the interpretation of these things told him that the ten horns were ten kings that should arise & another [king] should arise after them & be divers from the first [kings] & subdue three kings & speak great words against the most high & weare out the saints & think to change times & laws & that
[after he had subdued the three kings] they should be given into his hands for a time times & half a time. This little
horn in being numbred
king, must be a little kingdom: For by horns & kings Daniel
understands kingdoms. But it was of a different kind from the
other ten kingdoms having a life or soul peculiar to it self
with eyes & a mouth. By it eyes it was a Seer & by its mouth it was a Prophet as well as a king speaking great things & thinking
changing times & laws it was a Prophet as well as a kings. And such
a Seer a Prophet & a King was the Church of Rome. This was a
dominion very divers from all other dominions, & the only do
minion among the ten kingdoms to which the prophesy of this
horn can be applied.
A Seer,
word; & this Church claims the universal Bishopric.
With his mouth he gives laws to kings & nations as an Oracle
& pretends to infallibility & that his dictates are binding to the whole
world, which is to be a Prophet in the highest degree.
He claims a power of dispensing with Gods laws, of forgiving or
retaining sins, of remitting or relaxing the pains of
of granting Indulgences, of canonizing the saints to dead men to be
worshipped with praise & invocation, of changing a piece of bread into a
God to be adored, of disposing of kingdoms by divine right, of absolving
subjects from their oaths of allegiance, & of depriving all his opposers
of heaven by excommunications: all which is to be not only a Prophet
& a king but even a God upon earth. This is his mouth. This is his look
more stout then his fellows. And he is the only dominion in the world
who pretends to such an universal dictatorship, & who speaks such
great words against the most high. But let us see how he rose
up after the ten kings & subdued three of them.
The Franks were heathens till the reign of Clodovæus their king.
He being converted to the Roman religion A.C. 496 subjected his king
dom to the Pope, & the Pope ma Sigonius tells us that the Pope made
Remigius Archbishop of Rhemes his deputy Bishop over France. This was
the first considerable step gained by the Pope towards the universal
bishopric over France the barbarous nations who had invaded the
Empire. Then Clodovæus who having gained a great victory
over the Goths, received from the Greek Emperor Anastasius a
splendid crown adorned with gemms, besides other presents: & having
worn it one day for that victory A.C. 507, sent it seven years
after, a present to the Pope, as more fit to adorn that august
head then his own. This Crown, as Sigebert tells us, was afterwards
called Regnum, the kingdom. And this was the first instance
of the Popes wearing a temporal crown as Bishop of Rome
For he had not yet a kingdom for which he should
it, & his Metropolis Rome with all Italy was under the domi
nion of the Ostrogoths.
In the year 536 Belisarius was sent by the Greek Emperor
to make war upon the
but being recalled by the Greeks the Goths took up arms again
& revived the war for a time, & in this contention Rome
was almost dispeopled & laid in ruins. And the Lombards A.C.
568 invading Italy took from the Pope & restored them In
the year 569 the Greek Emperor sent an Exarch to
reside at Ravenna & govern his dominions in Italy & oppose
the Lombards. And henceforward Rome with
governed by a Duke under the Exarch till the year 711, &
done formerly under its Emperors, & the Pope had nothing
to do with the City or Dukedome in temporal affairs.
✝ In the days✝
Ioan. VII & Greg. II
Paul. Diac. de Gestis
Longob. l. 6. c. 28, 43
Sigon. de Regn. Ital.
l. 1, sub initio.
BedaIn the days of Pope Iohn VII (A.C. 706)
Lombards gave the Alpes Cottiæ to the Pope for a Patrimony to
St Peter. e
St Peter.
nicate the Greek Emperor, might send to the
bards to know his sense of the matter, & be encouraged by a promise
of these Alps, to proceed to a rupture. For these Alps at that time
belonged to the Greek Emperor. Its possible also that Aribert might
upon the excommunication, seize the lying between Turin & Genoa & share them with the Pope giving
him the A
successor of Aribert took them back A.C. 713, & at the same time
he took also the His successor Luitprand at the same time he took away also the took them back, but afterwards
in the days of Pope Gregory II, restored them, A.C. 714 or 715, obliged
him to restore them. And now the Bishop of Rome began to have
an armed force. For this Pope sent some Roman soldiers to joyne with
the forces of Naples to take the castle of Cumana from the Lom-
A.C. 713 took them back &
towns from the Dukedome of Rome. But A.C. 743
of the Pope he restored what he had taken away & made a league
with the Dukedome of Rome for twenty years & gave also the valley
of Sutrium & some other lands to St Peter for a Patrimony. And among
these lands I reccon the Alpes Cottiæ.
Ital. ad ann. 712
declaring against the worship of Images ch
overspreading the Greek Empire was excommunicate by Pope
Constantine & the people of Rome being stirred up, or the
Pope by their consent & command
rors letters nor his money should be received nor his statue
as was the custome should be brought into e
name be proclaimed in sacred solemnities because he was a
heretick. Whereupon the city Ravenna also revolted & slew
Iohn the Exarch, & all Italy was in expectation of a revo
lution. And the next year one Peter came from the Emperor
Philippicus to be Duke of Rome & advanced with an armed
force to subdue the City, but was met by a body of the Romans
& beaten back. But the year following,
Peter was received into Rome upon an oath that he would
consult their welfare.
Ital. ad an. 726e
to put a stop to the worship of Images called a meeting of
Councellours & Bishops in his palace & by their advice put out
an edict against that worship & wrote to Pope Gregory
the second that a general Council might be called. But
the Pope thereupon calling a Council at Rome confirmed
the worship of Images, excommunicated the Greek Emperor
absolved the people from their allegiance & forbad them to
pay tribute or otherwise to be obedient to him. And the people
of Rome & Campania & Ravenna & Pentapolis th
them revolted & laid violent hands upon their Magistrates killing
the Exarch Paul at Ravenna & laying aside Peter who was
become blind. And when Exhileratus Duke of Campania incited
the people against the Pope, the Romans invaded Campania
& slew him with his son Hadrian. Then a new Exarch Euty
chius coming to Naples sent some secretly to take away the
lives of the Pope & the
being discovered, the Romans revolted absolutely from the
Greek Empire & took an oath to preserve the life of e
Pope & to defend their state & be obedient to their autho
rity in all things. Thus Rome with its Dutchy including part
of Tuscia & part of Campania revolted
under the government of the Senate of the City & the authority
of the Senate in civil affairs was henceforward absolute, the
authority of the Pope extending hitherto no farther then to the
zealous for the worship of Images, & pretending to favour the cause
days of Pope Iohn VII year of Christ 739 LuitprandAribert
four or five towns from the Dukedome of Rome. But A.C. 742 at the intercession of the Pope he restored
away & made a league with the Dukedome of Rome for twenty
years, & gave also the valley of Sutrium & some other lands
to the Pope St Peter for a Patrimony.
Ital. lib. III.
an. 750
Lombards deposed Childeric a sloathful & useless king of France
& the last of the race of Merovæus & absolving his subjects
from their oath of Allegiance gave the kingdom to Pipin
the Major of the Palace, hoping thereby to strengthen him
self by making
Ital. lib. III. an.
752.
in March this Pope died, & Stephen succeeded, & before e
end of the year the Lombards took Ravenna & put an
end to the Exarchate. And this was the first of the three
kingdoms ch
Then Pope Stephen knowing better how to deale th
Greek Emperor then with the Lombards, went the next year
to their king to perswade him to return the Exarchate to
the Emperor, but this not succeeding he went the next into France & persuaded Pipin to take the Exarchate
year
& Pentapolis from the Lombards & give it to St Peter.
And accordingly Pipin A.C. 754 came with an army into
Italy & made Aistulphus king of the Lombards promise the
surrender. But the next year Aistulphus on the contrary,
to revenge himself on the Pope besieged the city of Rome.
Whereupon Pope Stephen sent letters to Pipin wherein
he told him that if he came not speedily against the
Lombards, pro datâ sibi potentia alienandum fore a regno Dei et vita æterna
ted. Pipin therefore fearing a revolt of his new subjects
& being indebted to the Church of Rome came speedily
with an army into Italy, raised the siege, besieged the Lom
bards in Papia, & forced them to surrender the Exar
chate & region of Pentapolis to the Pope for a perpe
tual possession. And now Ravenna & the rest of the
Exarchate were surrendred, some few cities excepted,
& the keys sent to Rome, & laid upon the Confession
of tin signum veri perpetui
it. This was in the year of Christ 755. And hence
forward the Popes left off in their Epistles & Bulls
to note the years of the Greek Emperors as they
had hitherto done.
tries, Pope Adrian sent to Charles the great the son of Pipin
to come to his assistance. And accordingly Charles entred
Italy with an army, invaded the Lombards, overthrew
their kingdoms, became master of their countries, & re
stored to the Pope not only what they had taken from
him but also the rest of the Exarchate ch
promised Pipin to restore to the Pope but had hitherto
deteined, & also gave him some cities of the Lombards, &
was mutually made Patricius by the Romans, & had the autho
rity of confirming the elections of the Popes conferred upon
him. These things were done in the years 773 & 774. And this was the second kingdom which fell before the little horn.
After these things Charles had great wars first with the
Saxons of
& then with the nations of Suavia & Bavaria & the Sclavonians
of Silesia & Pomerania, & lastly with the Hunns & Avares of
Hungary Austria & Pannonia. The wars with the Hunns & Avares
lasted eight years & ended A.C. 796. And by all these
Charles extended his dominion over all Germany from the Rhene
& Danube northward to the Baltick sea & eastward to the river
Teys, & reigning also over all France & Italy & part of Spainlaid the foundation of a new Empire & into Spain as far as
the river Eber & laid the foundation of a new Empire, & In the year 796 Leo III being made Pope, notified
Roman Catholick religion into all Germany his conquests, obliging the
Saxons & Hunns to receive the Christian faith & ordeining (in his
Capitulare composed Anno 789) that all his subjects should pay tiths out of to the Churches out of all their possessions & out of all the fruits
of their labours. & t Peter.
In the year 796, Leo III being made Pope
And Offa king of the Mercians & West Saxions in Britain
ordeined about the same time that every house in his kingdom should
pay the like tribute of a penny per annum to the Pope
Ethelwolph the son & successor of Egbert extended this tax
all England & ordeined also that tyths should be given by his
people to the Church Clergy. This was therefore the age in
which Peter pence & Tyths were given
by consequence in which they began to feed the Woman in
the Wilderness.
In the year 796, Leo III being made Pope
this was the second kingdom ch
After these things Charles had great wars first with the
Saxons of Westphalia Franconia Thuringia & all Saxony for
ten years together, & then with the nations of Suavia & Bava
ria & the Slavonians of Silesia & Pomerania & lastly
Hunns & Avares of Hungary Austria & Pannonia. The wars
with the Hunns & Avares lasted eight years & ended A.C. 796.
And by all these & some other wars Charles extended his do
minion over all Germany from the Rhene & Danube noth
ward to the Baltic sea & eastward to the river Teys, & into
Spain as far as the river Eber, & laid the foundation of a
new Empire. And at the same time he propagated the Roman
Catholic religion into all his conquests, obliging the Saxons &
Hunns to receive the Christian faith, & granting tyths to the
Clergy.
☉ Saxony had hitherto been heathen, but at the end of the ten
years war, submitted to the Christian religion under a government by
Bishops then set up over them; as Wernerus Rolevinkius in his
qua Saxonica (l. 1. c. 7)Anno DominiCLXXXV ablatum est jugum Paganorum a Saxonia, et cœpit populus vivere juxta ritum Christianorum. – Carolus autem hoc anno venit ad Padebornam ubi Syodo celebrata – totam Saxoniam legibus, structuris, privilegijs, ecclesijs, reliquijs, ac alijs clenodijs decoravit, de quibus sole nnis relatio est usque hodie. – Et anno Dominitotam Saxoniam subjecit clero; et per Diœceses distinxit, et viros sanctos in Pontifices sublimavit. – Sunt autem decem Episcopatus instituti, vizt Osnaburgensis, Halbenstadiensis, Myndensis, Bremensis, Paderbornensis, Werdensis, Hamborgensis Magdeburgensis, Monasteriensis, Hildensemensis, Hamborgensis.
forwardWhen this form of government was set up in Germany
became subject to the Roman Church. For Saxony in those days
comprehended almost all Germany.
When this form of Government was set up in Germany
I think it is not to be doubted but that a revennue in Church-
Lands & Tyths, was appointed for maintaining it. For the Emperor Charles the great
Duriensis
that all his subjects should pay tyths to the Churches out of all
their possessions & out of all the fruits of their labours. The
first Act led the way to such a settlement in Germany & the
next included the Germans. And in the year 803, after some new
commotions of the Saxons were fully composed, Charles the great
in the Council of Hall in Saxony freed the Saxons from all taxes
except Tyths, & therefore had imposed tyths upon them before. And
A.C. 813 he established tyths in the Councils of Mentz, Rhemes, Chalon &
Arles. And he assisted the Pope also in procuring the same grant from
the Saxon kingdoms in great Britain. For Pope Adrian in the year 786,
the yeare in which Charles he setled tyths in Germany, Pope Adrian
sent two Legates into g Britain with 20 Canons – – –For in the Synodus DuriensisCapitulare composed A.C. 789 he ordeined that all his subjects
should pay tyths to the Churches out of all their possessions
& out of all the fruits of their labours. And in the year
803 in the Council of Hall in Saxony he freed the Saxons
from all taxes except tyths, & therefore had imposed tyths
upon them before
before
Councils of Mentz, Rhemes,
also in procuring the same grant from the Saxon kingdoms in Britain
For Pope Adrian in the year 786
with twenty Canons to be received by the Churches of the Saxons ch
for promoting their affair sent an Abbot with them. Some of
those Canons were, to receive the first six general Councils
& the Decrees of the Pope, to keep the ancient Privileges granted
to the Churches by the Church of Rome, to give the tenth of
all the fruits of the earth & of all their possessions to the
Church & not to pray for those who dye without confession.
And these twenty Canons were received & established in Coun
cil by Aelfwald king of Northumberland, & by Offa king of
the Mercians, & by their bishops & great men, amongst
whom were the Archbishops of York & Canterbury. Chuni
ulf king of the West Saxons promised also to receive them.
Also Charles the great ordeined that every house through
out all France should pay a penny yearly to St Peter,
And Offa above mentioned about the year 790 going to
Rome made the same grant to the Pope of a penny yearly
from every house in his kingdom. And Ethelwolf the son &
successor of Egbert in the kingdom of England, confirmed
these donations of Tyths & Peterpence & extended them to
all his kingom of England A.C. 848. Tyths were there
to the Church, & Peter's Patrimony & Peter pence to the Pope,
a little before the year 800, & therefore this may be the time
in which they began to feed the Woman in the Wilderness.
Italiæ, ad Ann.
796.
election to Charles the great by his Legates, sending him for
a present the golden keys of the confession of St Peter &
the banner of the city of Rome; the first as acknowledg
ment of the Popes holding the cities of the Exarchate &
Lombardy by the grant of Charles, the other as a signification
that Charles should come & subdue the Senate & people of
Lombards. For the Pope at the same time desired Charles to
send some of his Princes to Rome who might subject the Roman
people to him & bind them by oath in fide & sujectione
fealty & subjection, as his words are recited by Sigonius. An
anonymous poet published by Boeclerus at Strasburg ex
presses it thus
Hence arose a misunderstanding between the Pope & the
city. And about two or three years after, the Romans by the
assistance of some of the Clergy, raised so great tumults
against him as gave occasion to a new state of things in all
the west. For two of the Clergy accused him of certain
crimes & by an armed force of the Romans seized him, stript
him of his sacerdotal habit, & imprisoned him in a Monastery.
But by assistance of his friends he made his escape & fled into
Germany to Charles the great & complained of the Romans
for acting against him out of a designe of throwing off all
authority of the Church & recovering their ancient freedom.
And in his absence, his accusers with an armed force rava
ged the Church possessions of the Church, & sent the accusations
to Charles. And before the end of the year Charles sent the
Pope back
of France who accompanied him examined the chief of the
Accusers at Rome, & sent them into France in custody. This
was in the year 799, & the next year Charles himself went
to Rome & upon a day appointed presided in a Council of Ita
lian & French Bishops to hear both parties. But when the
Popes adversaries expected to be heard, the Council declared
sium.above all humane judicature the supreme
judge of all men was above all humane judicature being
judged by any other then himself. And thereupon the Pope
made a solemn declaration of his innocence before all the
people, & by doing so was looked upon as acquitted.
A few days after when Christmas day was arrived,
the people of Rome who had hitherto elected their Bishop &
recconed that they & their Senate inherited the rights of the
ancient Senate & people of Rome, voted Charles their Emperor
& subjected themselves to him in such manner as the old Roman
Empire & their Senate were subject to the old Roman Em
perors. And the Pope crowned him & annointed him with
holy oyle & worshipped him on his knees after the manner of
adoring the old Roman Emperors, as the afores
mentions
And the Emperor mutually took the following oath to the
Pope. In nomine Christi spondeo at.
son Pipin was crowned king of Italy. And henceforwad the
m
& was prayed for in the Churches of Rome. And his Image was hence
forward put upon the coyns of Rome. And the enemies of the Pope to the
number of 300 Romans were beheaded in one & two or three of the Clergy
were sentenced to death; & the 300 Romans were beheaded in one day in
the Lateran fields, but the Clergymen at the intercession of the Pope were
pardoned & banished into France. And thus the right of the Roman
Emperors which had hitherto been in the Greek Emperors was by this
Act translated in the west to the kings of France.
Italiæ.
Pope subordinately to himself as Emperor of the Romans spent the winter in
ordering the affairs of Rome & of the Apostolic Sea & of all Italy, both
civil & ecclesiastical, & in making new laws for them, & returned the
next summer into France, leaving the city under its Senate & both
under the Pope & himself. And hearing that his new laws were not
observed by the Iudges in dictating the law nor by the people in
hearing it, & that the great men took servants from the free men & from
the Churches & Monasteries to labour in their vineyards fields pastures
& houses, & continued to exact cattel & wine of them, & to oppress
those that served the Churches: he wrote to his son Pipin to remedy
these abuses, take care of the Church & see that his laws be
executed. It is observable also that the custome of kissing the Popes
feet began about this time. There are some instances of it in the
ninth Century. Platina tells us that the feet of Pope Leo IV
were kissed according to ancient custome by all that came to him,
& some say that Leo III began this custome, pretending that
his hand was infected with the kiss of a woman. The Popes
began also about this time to canonize s
& pardons; & some represent that Leo III was the first author
of all these things.
Now the Senate & People of Rome I take to be the third
king whom the little horn overcame. For the old Roman Empire
was a king in the sense of Daniels prophesies, as well when it was
in the form of a common wealth under
reduced to a monarchical form of government under its Emperors.
This people elected the Pope & the Emperor, & by electing the
Emperor was acknowledged to be the remainder of the old Ro
man Empire & by consequence a little Empire, the Empire of
the Romans in whose name the fourth Beast of Daniel still
continued, & of which Charles the great was made Emperor.
Rome was to be the Metropolis of the little horn, & therefore
its Dutchy was to be conquered by him. And the victory of the
little horn over this king wa
then those over the other two kings, & finished the work which
those victories began. For it set up the Western Empire which
continues to this day. It completed & secured Peters patrimony
to the Pope; which Patrimony was the kingdom of the little horn.
It put him in possession of the city Rome the Metropolis of
his kingdom & thereby began his reign in this city as a temporal
Prince. It set him up above the judicature of the Roman Senate
& even above all humane judicature & gave him the supremacy
over the western Churches & their Councils in a high degree. It
gave him a look more stout then his fellows & enabled him to wer
It gave him a look more stout then his fellows so that at length
when this new religion was sufficiently established in the minds of
men he began to grapple with kings & even with the Emperor him
self. Yet the Senate of Rome while it lasted gave him frequent
trouble for recovering her liberty.
It set him up above the Roman Senate
Before the reign of seventh Century the northern nations who had
invaded the western Empire differed from the Pope in religion. & then
converted to the Roman Catholic religion by degrees
The northern nations who had invaded the western Empire differed
from the Pope in religion T were converted to his reli
were conquered by Charles the great. By those conquests, & the
making of Charles Emperor they became a part of the body of
the Beast. The Woman might fly from the Temple of God into the
Wilderness of Arabia before those days & continue her flight
through the Wilderness till she arrived at
But before the conquest & conversion& the conversion of the ten kingdoms & the conversion of those northern
& the Germans she did not begin to
nations to her religion she did not begin to sit upon all the many
waters
subjection of Rome she could not be said to arrive at her
place in the wilderness upon the many waters & become the
great city Babylon. It was by the conquests of Charles the great
& the conversion of the western nations to the Church of Rome
& donation of tyths & Peter
peror of Rome the Romans & his coronation oath to maintain the
Church of Rome in her grandeur & the victory of the Pope over the
Greeks the Lombards & the city & Duchy of Rome: it was, I say, by these
things that the Woman arrived at her place in the Wilderness upon the
many waters & began to sit upon her Beast
the kings of the earth, & to be cloathed in fine linnen & purple &
scarlet & decked with gold & pretious stones & pearles, to be fed
& nourished in her place & fare deliciously with the kings of the earth.
& that she & her Beast began to act in conjunction with one another.
And now the Woman having subdued the city where she was to reign
& being arrived at her place of dominion over this city & over the
kings of the earth: this little female horn has reigned ever since
with a peculiar soul & a look more stout then her fellows; & by
establishing the worship of Images, canonizing Saints to be invoked,
granting Indulgencies & Pardons, absolving men from vows & oaths,
ascribing vertues & powers to things consecrated, introducing & estab
the
wafers, & by decreeing what laws & doctrines she thinks fit & imposing
her Decrees as Apostolic infallible & of divine authority she has been
changing times
quering the three kings been given into her hands, & by her great
power she has been ing war with the saints & wearing
them out & to become drunken with their blood.
When the Pope in favour of the worship of images revolted
from the Greek Emperor, & began to set up for himself, in rising
up he overcame the three kings who stood in his way & opposed him
& by overcoming them he rose up & acquired a temporal kingdom
composed of the three conquests & thereby became a horn of the
Beast. And in token that he is a king as well as bishop he
wears the crowns of three kingdoms upon his head in form of a
triple crown & carries the keys of the cities of the two first
kingdoms in his hand. His kingdom they call Peters patrimony
because given by Pipin & Charles the great to St Peter. And
for the same reason the keys of the cities of his kingdom they
call St Peter's keys, they being offered to St Peter upon his Con
fession or altar. But some turning history into an allegory tell
us that they keys represent the power of binding & loosing, & are
the keys of heaven, & that the three crowns relate to heaven
earth & hell, as if the Pope was crowned king of those three regi
ons. These are whimsies ch
come nearer to the truth who tell us that the crowns denote
the Pontificial Imperial & Royal power of the Pope. One of
his crowns was given him by Clodovæus king of the Franks as
above. This Crown has no relation to the Exarchate or kingdom
of Lombardy. It was given him as Pope of Rome: & after his
subduing that city he deserved to weare it as its king. The other
two crowns came to him with the two golden keys upon the conquest
of the Imperial Exarchate & the kingdom of Lombardy, tho it was
In a small book printed at Paris 1689, & entituled,
Erudit. Suppl.
Tom. 2. Sect. 1.
pag. 37, 38.An historical dissertation upon some coynes of Charles the great, Ludovicus Pius, Lotharius & their successors stamped at Rome, there
is a draught of a piece of Mosaic work which Pope Leo the
third caused to be made in his Palace neare the Church of
Iohn Lateran, in memory of his sending the standard or banner
of the city of Rome curiously wrought to Charles the great
& which still remained there at the publishing of the said
book. In this Mosaic work there appears Peter with three keys
in his lap, reaching the Pallium to the Pope with his right hand
& the banner of the city to Charles the great with his left.
By the Pope is this incription SCSSIMVS D.N. LEO PP; by the
king this, D.N. CARVLO REGI; & under the feet of Peter this
BEATE PETRE DONA VITAM LEONI PP, ET VICTORIAM
CARVLO REGI DONA. By the inscription it appears that
this piece of mosaic work was made before Charles was Empe
ror, suppose in the year 796 or 797. The three keys in the
lap of Peter signify the keys of the three parts of his Patri
mony, vizt of Rome with its Dutchy, of Ravenna with the
Exarchate & of the territories taken from the Lombards. These
were the three Dominions whose keys were in the lap of Peter
& whose crowns still
the Pallium to the Pope with his right hand & the banner of
the city to the king with his left, & by the inscription may be
understood that the Pope was then recconed superior in dignity
to the kings of the earth.
After the death of Charles the great, his son & successor
Ludovicus Pius, at the request of the Popea
nem recitat
Sigonius lib. 4
de Regne Italiæ
ad Ann. 817.
donations of his grandfather & father to the sea of Rome. And
in this confirmation he names first Rome with its Dutchy, ex
tending into Tuscia & Campania, then the Exarchate of Raven
na with Pentapolis, & in the third place the territories taken
from the Lombards. These are his three conquests, & he was to
hold them of the Emperor for the use of the Church sub integritate
the jurisdiction or power of the Pope therein unless called there
unto in certain cases. This ratification the Emperor made in
writing under an oath. And as the king of the Ostrogoths for
acknowledging that he held his kingdom of Italy of the Ostro Greek Emperor stamped the Emperors effigies on one
goths
side of his coins & his own of the Reverse: so the Pope made
the like acknowledgement of the western Emperor. For
the Pope began now to coin money
henceforward found with the head of the Emperors (Charles
Ludovicus Pius, Lotharius & their successors
inscription on the reverse for many yeares.
To make the grandeur of the Sea of Rome ancienter then
it was, there has been a story framed of a Donation of Constantine
the great. But this is looked upon as a fable, & the author of the
Historical Dissertation above mentioned affirms that in the days of
Pope Leo X, there was remaining in the Vatican & till those days
exposed to public view an Inscription in honour of Pipin the father
of Charles the great, commemorating, Pipinum pium primum fuisse qui amplificandæ Ecclesiæ Romanæ viam aperuerit, Exarchatu Ravennate, et plurimis alijs oblatis,
the first who opened a way to the grandeur of the Church of Rome
conferring upon her the Exarchate of Ravenna & many other
oblations. In & before the reign of the Emperors Gratian &
Theodosius, the Bishop of Rome lived splendidly, but this was by
the oblations of the Roman Ladies, as Ammianus describes. After
rid of her troubles before the fall of the kingdom of the Lom
bards. It was certainly by the victory of the Sea of Rome
over the Greek Emperor, the king of Lombardy & the Senate
of Rome that she arose to her greatness.
This ejection was in the reign of Avitus as is mentioned
in the ch
The Poet means that by the coming of Avitus the Hunns yeilded
more easily to eAvitus Sidonius in
the beginning of e
of the year 455 & lasted not one full year.
Iornandes tells us
pene quinquaginta annos invasa Pannonia, Hunni a Romanis
& Goths pulse sunt.this Valia Marcelline taking to
be Valia or Wallis the king of the Visigoths refers this action
to ech
year 427.
bantur a Romanis receptæ sunt.seem follow that the Hunns
invaded & held Pannonia from the year 378 or 379
this
the Empire entire. And we have shewed out of Prosper
that the Hunns were in quiet possession of Pannonia in
the year 432.
Attila AC 454.Nor did & Valia king of the Visigoths
twelve years. He began his reign in e
415 reigned three years & was slain A.C. 419 as Idacius,
Isidorus & the Spanish manuscript Chronicles seen by Grotius
testify. Yea a
Photium.
the year 425 sets down therein the death of this Visigothic
Valia & conjoyns it also with that of Constantius ch
pened A.C. 420. Wherefore the Valia of Iornandes who
reigned at least 12 years is some other king. And I take
the name to be corruptly written corruptly for Valamir
king of the Ostrogoths. For the action recorded was of
the
it is not likely that the historian would refer the history
of the Ostrogoths to e
action happened in the end of ech
to be the yeare after the twelft year of Valamir in Pan
nonia & ch
in chinvaded
line of Hunnimund the son of Hermaneric, the Ostrogoths lived without kings of their own
nation about 40
years together most of ch
time they spent
in Pannonia.
For they came
over the Danube
according to Pcopius
to the Hunns. And when
Attila began
to make war
upon the
Romans ✝
Vandalico lib. 1.copius) about the same time that the Visigoths invaded Italy ✝ And when Attila began to make war
& the Vandals & Alans passed the Rhene, that is, about the
year 407 or 408.
upon the Romans, ch
mir with his brothers Theodemir & Videmir the grandsons
of Vinithar, Captains or Kings of these Ostrogoths
the twelfth year of Valamir's reign dated from thence,
the Huns were driven out of Pannonia.
Yet the Hunns were not so ejected – – – – – contraction Hungary.
10. The Lombards came into the Empire, beat the Vandals & seated
themselves within the Empire in Pannonia A.C. 397 as above. After the death
of their captains Ibor & Ayon they had kings –
Yet the Hunns were not so ejected but that they
had further contests th
Denfix the son of Attila A.C. 469 (in the Consulship
of Zeno & Marce
carried to Constantinople. Nor were they yet totally
ejected the Empire. For besides their reliques in Pannonia,
Valentinian granted Pannonia to et A.C. 454)
they granted some part of Illyricum to some of the Hunns
& Sarmatans & in the year 526 when the Lombards
removing into Pannonia made war there upon the Gepi
des, the Avares (a part of the Hunns who had now taken
the name of Avares from one of their kings) assisted e
Lombards in that war & the Lombards afterwards when
they went into Italy left their seats in Pannonia to e
Avares in recompence of their Friendship. And from this
time the Hunns grew again very powerfull their kings
(whom they called Chagan) troubling the Empire very
much in the reign of Mauricius Phocas & Heraclius. And
this is the original of the present kingdom of Hungary, ch
from those Avares & other Hunns mixed together took
the name of Hun-Avaria & by contraction Hungary.
11.0. These nine kingdoms being rent away it remains
that we account the residue of the Empire for the tenth.
While it continued entire it was the beast himself but now
being but one of the tenn parts whereof the Beast consists its as truly a horn as any of the rest This horn I
from the translation of the Imperial seat from Rome to Ra
venna ch
Honorius fearing Alaric would besiege him in Rome if he
stayed there, retired to Millain & thence to Ravenna & the
ensuing siege & sacking of Rome confirmed his residence there
so that he & his successors ever after made it theire home. ✝
tinian having left Rome translated the seat of the Empire to Ravenna.
Of the nations chten seven
Visigoths, the Ostrogoths Hunns with the Ostrogoths under
them, the Vandals, the Alans who seated themselves in
Spain, the Alans who seated themselves in Gallia & the
death
that time to receive power as kings. The Suevians th
associates the Quades & Marcomans were also in arms the
same yeare or soon after. The Burgundians invaded the
Empire A.C. 406. The
next year, & the Britains separated from the Emperor
following. All these ten kingdoms therefore arose within the short
reign of Arcadius & Honorius. In the last year of Arcadius
they were all formed, & within two or three years more were
all fixed in certain seats. And these were the ten kingdoms
into ch
Of these ten kingdoms . . . .The Empire indeed as it was a Common-wealth governed by a
Senate & Consuls still retained Rome it's seat for a time:
but the Emperor was above e
Rome again yet his dominion was by these changes so far
entailed on Ravenna that when Rome lost her Senate too
she became a servant to Ravenna & paid tribute to her
& even while Rome flourished Valentinian the successor
of Honorius (according to ee
Bishops should follow that of the seats of temporal domi
nions) granted the Bishop of Ravenna superiority over the
Bishop of Rome
in this letter of Valentinian to Iohn then Bishop of Ra
venna ch
sanctam tuam Ravennatem ecclesiam at
Deo [
Metropolitæ decore sublimandam seu Archiepiscopali fastigio
– – – – – præponendam.chethe the Emperors life guard insinuated to Iohn Bishop of Ravenna in writing these words, Privilegium meretur amittere qui permissa sibi abutitur potestate.
in his history of Florentine history that Valentinian having left
Rome translated the seat of the Empire to Ravenna, that is
endowed it with imperial privileges after Honorius had
begun to reside there. There the Romans reigned about 68 years & n
There At Ravennanfollowed Ostrogoths & Exarchs: in all ch
pose this horn propagated they being
administrators of the western Empire so long as it lasted.ch
propagated they being administrators of the Western Empire so
long as the government by a Senate & Consuls lasted.
These are the ten kingdoms into Of these ten kingdoms I see not ch
pire was rent at its first breaking, all ch
as kings over some part or other of the Empire in the years 406 407 &
408.ch
for they were all at some time or other very potent &
the shortest of above 110 years continuance except the Alan
kingdom in Spain: for the shortness of ch
double recompence that while it stood it was more potent
then the Vandalic & Suevian kingdoms ijs
Isidorus speaks, & that when it fell the people were not dissi
pated but kept their seat there as the name thereof Cata
launia derived from them still imports testifies & consequently
they remained still a horn. For having been once a horn they
standing that their dominion be taken away, as is plain out
of Daniel's vision of the Ram & Goat where the Ram is re
presented with both of his horns till the Goat breaks them, and
yet the dominion of the first horn was taken away by the
second above 200 years before.
The shortness of this kingdom made me before look about
for another kingdom if I could have found one, but I could . There
find no other then the ten above mentionedwas indeed
some other Barbarians tat invaded the Empire together th
these as the Saxons Gepides Marcomans, Quades &c. but those founded formed no kingdoms of their own but mixed with these,
every king having a colluvies of other neighbouring nations
mixed with his own. The Burgundians had Saxons joyned with
them, the Gepides joyned with the Alans under Resplendial,
& the Heruli were a kin both to the Gepides & the Vandals
The Marcomanns & Quades were Suevian nations joyned under
Ermaneric, & the
The Alemans & Suevians ch
their conquests of Rhetia but in the reign of Maximus chalmost 50 years after the rise of the horns. The Ostrogoths
& Gepides & Gepides upon e
Danube and
were
before, they& with Walamir their king continuedAttila
ruli ch
of the Western Cæsars A.C. 476 being then invited out of
Germany by a party of Italians. In them & the Ostrogoths, since
the imperial seat dition & authority devolved upon them at
the fall of the Cesars supplied the place of succeeded & supplied the place of western Emperors
gated. In the reign of Martian the Emperor (that is between
the years 450 & 456 the Saxons under Hengist & Horsa were
called in by the Britains & assisted them for a while but six
years after revolted &them out e
was founded in Germany without the Empire in the Germany
of
in the beginning of Iustinians reign as Paulus Diaconus & Pro
copius a writer of that age inform us.
& Gepides continued subject to the Hunns till the death of Attila
A.C. 454. They warred under him against the Romans & after his
death the Gepides returned to their seats in Dacia beyond the
Danube & the Ostrogoths to theirs in Pannonia & shook off the
dominion of the Hunns. The Heruli who invaded Italy came into
the Empire but at the fall of the western Cæsars A.C. 476,
being then invited out of Germany by a party of Italians. In the
reign of Martian the Emperor, that is, between the years 450 & 456
the Saxons under Hengist & Horsa were called in by the Britains
& assisted them for a while, but six years after revolted & made
war upon them. The kingdom of the Lombards is the only king
dom which remains to be considered,
of the Sp Alans in Spain.
& seated themselves in Pannonia A.C. 379, as above. After the death
of their captains Ibor & Ayon they had kings, Agilmundus, Lamisso
Lechu, Hildehoc, Gudehoc, Claffo, Tato, Wacho, Walter, Audoin, Alboin,
Cleophis, &c. Agilmundus was the son of Ayon & became their king
(according to Prosper) in the Consulship of Honorius & Theodosius A.C.
389
kingdome, its probable that they continued in Pannonia by the per
mission of the Romans, & like the other barbarous nations lived qui
etly there between s 396
& 405
or 403
them or to keep them in obedience. Agilmundus was slain by the Bulgars, a people
so called from the river Volga from whence they came with the Hunns. Prosper
places his death in the consulship of Marinianus & Asclepiodorus A.C. 423 – – – till
the year 774.
dus reigned 33 or 34 years according to Paulus Warnefredus & Pros
then was slain by the Bulgars, a people so called from the river
Volga. Prosper places his death in the Consulship of Marinianus &
Asclepiodorus, A.C. 423. Lamisso routed the Bulgars & reigned three
years, & Lechu almost forty. Gudehoc was contemporary to Odoacer
king of the Heruli in Italy, & about the year 478 led his people from
Pannonia into Rugia a country on the north side of over against Noricum
into Italy. Tato overthrew the kingdom of the Heruli upon
Danube & Wacho
into Pannonia A.C. 526, & beyond the Danube
threw the kingdom of these Gepides & slew their king Cunimundus, & A.C. 563
assisted the Greek Emperor against Totila king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, & A.C. 568,
led his people out of Pannonia into Lombardy where they reigned till the year
These are the kingdoms into which the Latine Empire was rent at its first breaking. ch
rent at its first breaking. Afterwards some other new king
doms arose, as that of the Allemans in Rhetia, & some of the
old ones fell.
that the first ten
liable to frequent changes, old ones falling & new ones
rising, so as to be sometimes fewer sometimes more then
ten, but yet are always called the ten horns from their
number at their first rise.
These I think are all the kingdoms that can be sus
pected & therefore since none of these can come in competi
tion with the ten, it is manifest that e
first breaking was rent into ten kingdoms & no more. Yet
the kingdoms ch
mans in Rhætia & Lombards in Pannonia & Italy, are ch
recconed amongst the ten, being kingdoms of the same
kind with the first ten
kingdoms being understood, we are in the next place to
describe the rise & dominion of the kingdom represented
by the little horn ch
kingdom is to be considered in a double capacity: First as it had eyes & a mouth speaking great things against the as it was a horn or
most High, changing times & laws in point of religion, &
making war upon the saints & then
temporal power with an army, & overthrew three of the
first kings in rising up to this dominion, & then as it had
eyes & a mouth speaking great things against the most High,
changing times & laws in point of religion, & making war upon
the saints.
After the ten horns there was to arise another horn
of a different kind from the former. This was to be but
a little one & yet to have a look more stout then the
ten & in it's rise to root up three of them. And such was
the Popedome. It has a territory & a standing army & so
is truly a horn tho of a very different kind from the
rest. In respect of its territory & army it is but a little
horn & yet
so as sometimes to give them laws & even to depose them
& take away their kingdoms
three of the ten horns the history whereof is as follows.
In the year 607 the Pope by the grant of the
Emperor Phocas became universal bishop but had neither temporal dominion nor military power, & so was not yeta horn Chap.
The Romans were at first a small kingdome of Italy &
began to make a figure in the world about the time that in con
junction with the king of Pergamus they took from Antiochus
magnus all Asia on this side the mountain Taurus, & to grow
great from the time that king of Pergamus Achæans
the conquest of Macedon they conquered Carthage & gradually
extended their dominion over Asia, Spain, Syria, Gallia, Egypt
by the last Will & Testament of Attalus the last king of
mus grew mighty, but not in its own power. For this united dominion of the Greeks & Latines gradually
extended its dominion
of Dacia, & the separation of the Empire of the Greeks from
that of the Latines: the particular history of all which is
every where to be met with.
Dacia was a large country bounded on the south by the
Danube, on the east by the Euxine sea, on the north by the
river Neister & the mountain Crapack, & on the west by the
Tibesis or Teys ch
above Belgrade, & comprehended the countries now called Tran
sylvania Moldavia & Wallachia & the eastern part of the
upper Hungary. Its ancient inhabitants were called Getæ by
the Greeks & Daci by the Latines & Goths by themselves. Alex
ander the great attaqued them & Trajan conquered them & redu
ced their country into a Province of the Roman Empire, & thereby
the propagation of the Christian religion amongst them was much
promoted. They were composed of several Gothic nations called
Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Gepides, Lombards, Burgundians &c
all which came originally from the southern parts of Scanzia
or Scandinavia, that great Peninsula in the Baltic sea con
teining Norway & most of Sueden, & reputed an Island by the
ancients. Whence it came to pass that they all agreed in
their manners & spake the same language as Procopius
represents. Paulus Diaconus in his
speaking of the times next after the death of Theodosius the
great tells us:
quatuor sunt, Gothi scilicet, Huisogothi, Gepides & Vandali,
et nomen tantum et nihil aliud mutantes. Omnes autem
fidei erant Arianæ malignitatis. Isti sub Arcadio et Honorio
Danubium transeuntes locati sunt in terra Romanorum; et Ge
pides quidem (ex quibus postea divisi sunt Langobardi et Avares)
villas quæ sunt circa Sengidonum et Sirmium habitavere.
Procopius in the beginning of his Historia Vandalica writes to the
same purpose.
Before these nations revolted the Goths or Ostrogoths were
seated in the eastern parts of Dacia; the Vandals in the western
part upon the river Teys where the rivers Maresh & Keresh run
into it. The Visigoths were between them. The Gepides were (accord
ing to Iornandes) upon the Vistula. The Burgundians (a Vandalic
nation) were between the Vistula & the southern fountain of the
Boristhenes at some distance from the mountain Crapac northwards
where Ptolomy places them by the names of Phrugundiones & Bur
giones. The Alans (another a
bel. Vandal.
northern fountain of the Boristhenes & the mouth of the river Tanais
southern coast of the Alans, & western side of the Palus Mœotis.
In the second year of the reign of the Emperor Philip, the Goths
for want of their pay began to revolt from the Romans, & under the
conduct of their king Ostrogotha the grandson of Amala, being
assisted by the Thaphili & Astringi or Vandals & the Cappi (other
Gothic nations) made war upon them. And the Gepides under their
king Fastida routed the Burgundians with a great slaughter, & conquered
some other nations, & then invaded the said Goths & were routed by them.
Cniva (called Echina by Pomponius Lætus) succeeded Ostrogotha in the
reign of Decius & routed the Roman army & slew Decius, & the next
year invaded Greece Macedon, Pontus, Asia, & Illyricum, & kept
Macedon & Illyricum almost fifteen years; & then the Goths
invading the Empire (as Trebellius Pollio tells us) with an army of
three hundred & twenty thousand Scythians composed of the Peuceni
Grutungi, Ostrogoths, Vitringi, Gepides, Heruli; &c, & being beated in
Mœsia & other places by the Emperor Claudius, returned to their
seats beyond the Danube. And then the Emperor Aurelian (as
Vopiscus informs us)
videret, Provinciam trans Danubium Daciam a Trajano constitutam,
sublato exercitu & Provincialibus, reliquit, desperans eam posse
retineri: abductos
vit
But the Church of Dacia still continued united to the Church
of the Roman Empire. For Theophilus Bishop or Patriarch of
Dacia was at the Council of Nice A.C. 325, & his successor
Vlphilas was
Dioclesian in the year 286 divided the Roman Empire
between himself & Maximianus, retaining the government
of the eastern nations to himself, & leaving that of the western
to Maximianus. And by this Act & the separation of the Goths,
the Roman Empire began to be divided into the three parts touched
upon in the Apocalyps, the Eastern Empire, the Western Em
pire, & the Empire of the Goths. For Dacia was large & valiant
& the Goths soon grew into an Empire almost as large as either of
the other two, & the Churches of all three under several Patri
archs were united in communion, as one Church Catholick, &
continued so united till the fall of the Gothic Empire. & the meeting of
the Council of Constantinople
Constantine the great built Constantinople A.C. 330, & made it
the Metropolis of the eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire, & Rome
the Metropolis of the western; both cities being governed after th
& the same manner by a Senate & Consuls. And by this Act he
established the division. He left the Empire between his sons A.C.
337 & his son Constantius reunited it under himself A.C. 353, &
Valentinian divided it between himself & his brother Valens A.C. 364
& after the death of Valens it was reunited under Gratian the son
of Valentinian A.C. 378. But after five months Gratian made
Theodosius Emperor of the East in the room of Valens 16 Ian. A.
C. 3
dius & Honorius A.C. 395; after which it was no more united.
The eastern Empire (called also the Greek Empire) continued
entire about 240 years & then lost Syria & Egypt to the Saracens
but yet stood above 800 years longer before it came into the hands of
the Turks. This Empire is represented in Daniel by the He-goat
& in the Apocalyps by the great red Dragon. The western Empire or
empire of the Latines is represented by the Beast with ten horns & by
the little horn of the He-goat. It became a horn of the He-goat by
inheriting the kingdom of Pergamus in Asia minor by the Legacy
it self & the Dragon, & answered to the times of the seven seals;
but its heads were without crowns, & the Dragons heads were
crowned because the Dragon reigned first & included the Beast in his
mystical body untill he gave the Beast his throne. It was wounded
to death with a sword in the reign of Constantius. It revived & its
deadly wound was healed by a new division of the Empire in the
beginning of the reign of Valentinian & Valens. It rose out of the
sea at the division of the Empire between Gratian & Theodosius
& at its rise appeared with a wound which was made & healed
in one of its heads before it rose, vizt in the head which was
when five were fallen, that is, in the sixt head. At its rise out
of the sea the seventh seal was opened, & the reign of the seventh
head began. And at the division of the Empire between the sons of
Theodosius, the Dragon gave the Beast his power & throne & great
authority. And thereby the Beast became the eighth head, & yet
was of the seven, being a
eighth head are ten horns, all of them crowned, but on the
Dragon's heads they are without crowns. They were therefore
to rise out of the nations ch
but grew not into kingdoms before the reign of the eighth
head. For they received power as kings at or about the same
time with the Beast, that is, when the Dragon gave the Beast his
power & throne, or presently after. And that we may know what
kingdoms they were & how they rose, we must have recourse to the
history of the kingdom of Dacia.
Cniva king of the Goths was succeeded by Araricus in the
reign of Dioclesian, & Araricus by Geberic in the reign of Con
stantine the great. Geberic made war upon the Sarmatans between
Dacia & Moravia: & the servants of the Sarmatans being armed
by their masters against the Goths revolted & made their Mas
ters fly into the Roman Empire where Constantine the great
granted them seats. This was done, according to Eusebius, Ann.
Olymp. 278. 2, A.C. 334. Geberic conquered also the Vandals,
slew their king Wisumar & made them fly over the Danube
into Pannonia where Constantine granted them seats. The kings
of these Vandals according to Iornandes were of the Aedingi or
Astingi a Vandalic nation ch
the reign of Marcus Antonius. They staid quietly in Pannonia
under the dominion of the Romans about forty years, that is untill
the other Gothic nations flying from the Hunns, came over the
Danube & began to disturbe the Empire.
Hermaneric succeeded Geberic, & conquered the Heruli,
Veneti, Antes & Sclavi & many other warlike nations of Scy
thia & Germany, as Iornandes informs us, & particularly the
nations which Iornandes calls the Thuidi Visinambrocæ, Mœ
rens, Mordensimnis, Caris, Rocæ, Tadzans, Athual, Navigo,
Bubegentæ, & Coldæ, & the Æstri or Estij a people seated upon
the sinus Finnicus, & the Roxolani on the Palus Mœotis, & the
Quades & Marcomans two German nations seated by Ptolomy
in Bohemia. Thus the kingdome of the Goths by successive conquests
grew into a large & potent Empire composed of many northern
nations, & seems in the reign of Hermaneric to have extended
eastward to the side of the Euxine sea the Lake Mœotis & the
river Tanais; wes
are seated, & to the fountains of the river Volga where the
city Moseo stands; & westward to the rivers Oder & Moraw & the
fountains of the Elbe, so as to comprehend Silesia Moravia & part
of Bohemia. And in this state it continued till the death of Hermane
rick which was in the year 376 or the year before. And from
these conquests, saith Iornandes, some have compared this king to
Alexander the great.
This king lived very long & just before his death heard
of a great army of Hunns coming over the Lake Mœotis
& beginning to invade him; & then he left his kingdom divided
among many successors, Hunnimund, Fridigern, Vithimar, Atha
naric, Box, & others. Hunnimund was his son & reigned over the
eastern part of the Goths called Ostrogoths, & Fridigern reigned
over the western part called Visigoths. For the Goths became
now divided into two bodies called by these names. Vithimar
or Winitharius was the son of Valeravan & grandson of Athaulphus
or Vuldulph the brother of Hermaneric & reigned over a part of
the Goths called Gruthungi by Ammian Marcelline, Gothunni by
Claudian, & Sarmatǽ & Scythians by others. Atha
another part of the Goths in Dacia called Thervingi, & Box over the
Antes in Sarmatia; & the Gepides had also their king. These kings
or some of them, seem to have been rectors of Provinces in the
life time of Hermaneric, & to have kept their governments
after his death. For Athanaric (according to Isidorus) began his
reign in the fift year of the Emperor Valens & by consequens
before the death of Hermaneric.
The Goths & other Scythian nations beyond the Danube
had hitherto lived without letters, & the Christian religion had
been hitherto propagated among them only by oral tradition.
But now Vlphilas the Patriarch of Dacia invented the Gothic
Letters & translated the scriptures into the language of Dacia,
& propagated the Christian religion very much among the Goths
& Gepides, so that Fridigern king of the Visigoths became a Christian,
& Athanaric fearing that the Christian religion should also prevail
in his kingdom (for the Thervingi were a branch of the Visigoths &
Vlphilas instructed the people of both kingdoms) raised a vehement
persecution against the Christians in his kingdom & put many of them
to death.
In the mean time the Hunns advancing under the conduct of
their king Balamber or Balamir invaded the Alans & other nations
between the Tanais & Dacia & after the death of Hermaneric
entred Dacia & made the people either submit or fly. The Ostrogoths
submitted, but the Gruthungi made some resistance, their King
Winitharius having strengthned himself by conquering the Antes
the year before the Hunns invaded thim. He beat the Hunns
in one or two battels, but was slain by Balamir in the third battel
& his kingdom was given by the conqueror to Hunnimund. For
Sigismund the son of Hunnimund had assisted the Hunns in this
war with an army of Ostrogoths. After this, the Hunns pursued
Athanaric; & the greatest part of his people deserting him fled
with some other Goths to the side of the Danube under the conduct
of Alavivus. Fridigern also fled thither with his people the Visigoths.
And these nations sent an embassy to the Emperor Valens, & ob
teined leave to pass the Danube & seat themselves in Mœsia &
Thrace. Their Patriarch Vlphilas was at the head of this Embassy.
And presently after this, a great part of the Gruthungi under
the conduct of Alatheus & Saphrax (the Guardians of Videric
the young son of Winitharius, now their king,) flying from the
Hunns & Ostrogoths, came to the side of the Danube & made
the same petition, but were rejected. Yet they passed the Danube
soon after without leave, while the Roman army was deteined
in Rhoætia in a war against the Alemans & Sueves. This rout
was in the year 377.
These Goths being thus seated in the Empire, were soon
pressed with famin & grosly abused by the Roman Governours
who sold them doggs flesh & other carrion at high rates, and
invaded Thrace, called in to their assistance some Goths
Alans & Hunns from beyond the Danube, routed the
Roman army, slew the Emperor Valens, & spread them
selves into Greece & Pannonia as far as the Alps, Alatheus
& Saphrax going westward. This was in the year 378.
But in the years 379 & 380 they were checkt by the arms
of the Emperors Gratian & Theodosius, & made a submissive
peace, & the Visigoths & Thervingi returned to their
seats in Mœsia & Thrace, the Hunns retired over
the Danube, & the Alans & Gruthungi obteined seats in
Pannonia.
During this war Athanaric king of the Thervingi came
over the Danube & in autumn 1680, made the Emperor Theodosius
a visit at Constantinople, was honourably received, died in Ianuary
following, & was splendidly interred. And his people seing this treatment
subjected themselves immediately to the Emperor without chusing
another king. But Fridigern king of the Visigoths was succeeded
by Alaric, & Videric king of the Gruthungi by Radagaisus.
In the reign of Hermaneric
Scandinavia under the conduct of Ibor & Ayon to seek new seats.
They were then called Winuli, but afterwards from their long
beards had the name of Langobards given them. When the Gothic
nations fled from the Hunns & came in great numbers into the
Roman Empire, the Lombards came also over the Danube under the
conduct of the same captains & beat the Vandals then seated in Pannonia,
& remained in Pannonia many years. The Vandals retired westward,
& the Emperor Gratian went into Gallia against them & the Alemans
together, & the Vandals thereupon went back into Pannonia.
This was when the Emperor Theodosius lay sick at Thessalonica
A.C. 379. And accordingly Prosper places the victory of the
Lombards over the Vandals in the consulship of Ausonius and
Olybrius, which fell upon this year.
About the year 373 or 374 the Burgundians rose from their
seats upon the Vistula with an army of eighty thousand men to
invade Gallia, & being opposed seated themselves on the further
side of the Rhene above Mentz. And in the year 358 a body of
the Salian Franks with their king were received into the Empire
by the Emperor Iulian & seated in Gallia between Brabant & the
Rhene. And their king Mellobaudes was made
Emperor Gratian. And Richomer another noble Frank was made
Domesticorum & Magister utrius
with Clearchus. He was a great favorite of Theodosius & accompanied
him in his war against Eugenius, but died in the expedition, & left a
son called Theudemir, who afterwards became king of the Salian
Franks.
the conduct of Genobell Marcomir & Suno, but were repulsed by Stilico, & Marcomir being slain was succeeded in Ger
many by his son
Pharamund.
And this was the state of things till Theodosius left the Empire
divided between his sons, & thereby
head & of the seven received the Dragon's power & throne
then his ten horns took up arms & received power as kings in the
following manner.
After the death of the Emperor Theodosius the Visigoths under the
conduct of Alaric, now their king, rose from their seats in Thrace &
wasted Macedon, Thessaly, Achaia, Peloponnesus, & Epire with fire
& sword five years together, & then turning westward invaded Dal
matia, Illyricum & Pannonia, & from thence went into Italy A.C.
402, & the next year was so beaten at Pollentia & Verona by Sti
lico the commander of the forces of the western Empire, that
Claudian calls the remainder of the forces of Alaric tanta ex gente reliquias breves,gentem deletam
tells us he did pro pace optima et quibuscuna
cid. Imp. l. 10
an. 403.
& Ætius was sent hostage to Alaric,
Prince in the seats now granted to him.
When Alaric took up arms, the nations beyond the Danube
began to be in motion, & the next winter (the winter between
A.C. 395 & 3
other northern nations came over the frozen Danube being invited
by Ruffin; & their brethren also who had obteined seats within the
Empire, took up arms. Ierome calls all this great multitude Hunns,
Alans, Vandals, Goths, Sarmatans, Quades, & Marcomans, & saith that they
invaded all places between Constantinople & the Iulian alps, wasting
Scythia, Thrace, Macedon, Dardania, Dacia, Thessaly, Achaia, Epire, Dal
matia & all Pannonia. And the Suevians also invaded Rhætia. For
when Alaric ravaged Pannonia the Romans were defending Rhætia
which gave Alaric an opportunity of invading Italy as Claudian
thus mentions
And when Alaric went from those parts into Italy, some other barba
rous nations invaded Noricum & Vindelicia, as the same Poet Claudian
thus mentions
This was in the years 402 & 403. And among these nations I reccon
the Suevians Quades & Marcomans. For they were all in arms
at this time, & the Quades & Marcomans were Suevian nations
& they & the Suevians came originally from Bohemia & the river
Suevus or Sprahe in Lusatia sometimes subject to the Goths under
Hermaneric, & were now united under one common king called
Ermeric, who soon after led them into Gallia. The Vandals and
Alans might also about this time extend themselves into Noricum.
Also Vldin with a new great body of Hunns passed the Danube about
the time of Chrysostoms
And Radagaisus king of the Gruthungi
from beyond the Danube invaded Italy with an army of above two
hundred thousand Goths, & the next year, A.C. 405 or 406) was
overcome by Stilico & perished with his army. In this war Stilico was
assisted by a great body of Hunns & Ostrogoths under the conduct of
Vldin & Sarus. They were hired by the Emperor Honorius. And in
all this confusion it was necessary for the Lombards in Pannonia
to arm themselves in their own defense & assert their liberty
the Romans being no longer able to protect them.
And now Stilico purposing to make himself Emperor
procured a military Præfecture for Alaric, & sent him into
the east in the service of Honorius the Western Emperor committ
ing some Roman troops to his conduct to strenghthen his army of Goths
& promising to follow soon after with his own army. His pretence
was to recover some regions of Illyricum which the Eastern Emperor
was accused to detein injuriously from the western: but his secret
designe was to make himself Emperor by the assistance of the Vandals
& their allies. For he himself was a Vandal. And for faciliating this
designe he invited a great body of the barbarous
Empire, while he & Alaric invaded the Eastern. And these nations under
their several kings, the Vandals under Godegisilus, the Alans in two
bodies, the one under Goar the other under Resplendial, & the Suevians
Quades & Marcomans under Ermeric, marched through Rhetia to the side
of the Rhene leaving their seats in Pannonia to the Hunns & Ostrogoths,
& joyned the Burgundians under Gundicar, & ruffled the Franks in their
passed the Rhene at Ments & diffused themselves into Germa
nia prima & the adjacent regions, & amongst other actions
the Vandals took Trevirs. Then they advanced into Belgium
& began to ruffle that country. Whereupon the Salian
Franks took up arms & under the conduct of Theudemir the son
of Ricimer or Richomer above mentioned made so stout a
resistance that they slew almost twenty thousand of the
Vandals with their king Godegisilus in battel, the rest escaping
only by a party of Resplendials Alans ch
their assistance.
Then the British soldiers allarmed by the rumour of these
things, revolted & set up Tyrants there; first Marcus whom they
slew presently, then Gratian whom they slew within four
months, & lastly Constantine under whom they invaded Gallia A.
C. 408, being favoured by Goar & Gundicar. And Constantine being
having possest a good part of Gallia, created his son Constans Cæsar
& sent him into Spain to order his affairs there, A.C. 409.
In the mean time Resplendial seeing the aforesaid
disaster of the Vandals, & that Goar was gone over to the
Romans, led his army from the Rhene, & together with the Sue
vians & residue of the Vandals went towards Spain, the Franks
in the mean time prosecuting their victory so far as to retake
Trevirs, which after they had plundered they left to the Romans.
The barbarians were at first stopt by the Pyrenean mountains,
which made them diffuse themselves into Aquitain: but the next
year they had the passage betrayed to them by some soldiers of
Constance Allo & entring Spain 4 Kal. Octob. A.C. 409, every one
conquered what he could, & at length, A.C. 411, they divided their
conquests by lot, & the Vandals obteined Bœtica & part of Gal
læcia, the Suevians the rest of Gallæcia, & the Alans Lusitania
& the Carthaginensian Province, the Emperor for peace sake
confirming them in those seats by grant A.C. 413.
Also the Roman Franks above mentioned having made Theu
demir thePrince of their king began streight after their con
quest of the Vandals to invade their neighbours. The first they
set upon were the Galls of Brabant;
Whence the re
gion was named
Arboricbant &
contractly Bra
bant.
resistance, they desired their alliance. And so those Galls fell of from
the Romans, & the two nations made an intimate league
people, marrying with one another & conforming to one anothers
manners till they became one without distinction. Thus by the
access of these Galls, & of the foreign Franks also who afterwards
came over the Rhene, the Salian kingdom soon grew very great &
powerfull.
Stilico's expedition against the Greek Emperor was stopt
by the order of Honorius, & then Alaric came out of Epire into
Noricum, & requested a summ of money for his service. The
Senate were inclined to deny him, but by Stilico's mediation
granted it. But after a while, Stilico being accused of a traiter
ous conspiracy with Alaric & slain 10 Kal. Sept. A.C. 408, &
so Alaric disappointed of his money & reputed an enemy to the
Empire, brake streight into Italy with his army which he brought
out of Epire, & sent to his brother Adolphus to follow him with
what other forces he had in Pannonia, which were not great
but yet not to be despised. Thereupon Honorius fearing to be shut up
in Rome, retired to Ravenna in October A.C. 408, & from that
time Ravenna continued to be the seat of the Western Emperors.
In those days the Hunns also invaded Pannonia, & seizing the deserted
seats of the Vandals Alans & Goths founded a new kingdom there. And
Alaric advancing to Rome beseiged it & 9 Kal. Sept. A.C. 410 took it, &
afterward attempting to pass into Afric was shipwrackt. After which
against the Tyrant Constantine.
At the same time Gerontius one of Constantines Cap
tains, revolted from him, & set up Maximus Emperor in Spain.
Whereupon Constantine sent Edobec, another of his Captains to
draw to his assistance, besides the barbarians under Goar & Gundicar
in Gallia, supplies of Franks & Alemans from beyond the Rhene;
& committed the custody of Vienna in Narbonne to his son Constans.
Gerontius advancing first slew Constans at Vienna & then began
to beseige Constantine at Arles. But Honorius at the same time
sending Constantius with an army on the same errand, Gerontius
fled, & Constantius continued the siege, being strengthned by the
access of the greatest part of the soldiers of Gerontius. After four
months siege, Edobec having procured succours, the barbarian kings
at Mentz, Goar & Gundicar, constitute Iovinus Emperor & toge
ther with him set forward to releive Arles. At their approach
Constantius retired, they pursued, & he beat them by suprize; but
not prosecuting his victory the Barbarians soon recovered them
selves, yet not so as to hinder the fall of the Tyrants Constan
tine Iovinus & Maximus. But Britain could not be recovered
to the Empire, but remained ever after a distinct kingdom.
The next year (A.C. 412) the Visigoths being beaten in
Italy, had Aquitain granted to retire
it with much violence, causing the Alans & Burgundians to retreat
who were then depopulating it. At the same time the Burgundians
were brought to terms of peace, & the Emperor granted them for
And the same I presume he did with the Alans. But the Franks
not long after retaking & burning Trevirs, Castinus A.C. 415
was sent against them with an army & routed them & slew
Theudemir their king. This was the second taking of the Franks
Trevirs by the Franks. And Merovæus about the year 448 took
it again & destroyed it. So that it was taken four times, once by
the Vandals & thrice by the Franks. Theudemer was succeeded
by Pharamund a Prince of the Franks in Germany. From thence
he brought new forces, reigned over the whole & had seats
granted to his people within the Empire neare the Rhene.
And now the Barbarians were all quieted & setled in
several kingdoms within the empire not only by conquest but
also by the grants of the Emperor Honorius. For Rutilius in his Iti
nerary written in autumn Anno Vrbis 1169, that is, according to Varro's
computation then in use, A.C. 416, thus laments the wasted fields
And Orosius in this end of his history which was finished A.C. 417,
represents now a general pacification of the barbarous nations
by the words
mas,
seats in the Empire by league & compact, &
they did no longer invade all regions at pleasure, but by the same
compact remained quiet within the seats granted them.
Now by the warrs above described the western Empire was
broken into the ten kingdoms following kingdoms.
1 The kingdom of the Vandals
2 The kingdom of the Suevians.
3 The kingdom of the Alans in Spain
4 The kingdom of the Visigoths
5 The kingdom of the Alans in France
6 The kingdom of the Burgundians.
7 The kingdom of the Franks.
8 The kingdom of the Britains.
9 The kingdom of the Hunns. & Ostrogoths.
10 The kingdom of the Lombards.
11 The kingdom of Ravenna.
Eight of these kingdoms are thus mentioned by Sigonius. 1Honorio regnante in Pannoniam 2Hunni, in Hispaniam 3Vandali, 4Alani, 5Suevi et 6Gothi, in Galliam 7Alani 8Burgundiones et 6Gothi certis sedibus permissis accepti.
received before the reign of Honorius, & the Britains who were
conquered long before, & you have all the kingdoms. But let us
view them severally.
1. The kings of the Vandals were A.C. 406 Godegisilus,
407 Gunderic, 426 Geiseric, 477 Huneric, 484 Gundemund, 496
Thrasamund, 523 Geiseric, 531 Gelimer. Godegisilus led them into
Gallia A.C. 406, Gunderic into Spain A.C. 409, Geiseric into Afric
A.C. 427, & Gelimer was taken
dom stood in Gallia Spain & Afric together 126 years, & in Afric
they were very potent.
2. The kingdom of the Suevians were, A.C. 406 Ermeric, 438
Rechila 448 Rechiarius, 458 Maldra, 460 Frumarius, 463 Remis
mundus. And after some other kings whose names are unknown, reigned
A.C. 558 Theodemir, 568 Miro, 582 Euboricus & 583 Andeca. This
kingdom after its being seated in Spain remained always in Gallæcia
& Lusitania. Ermeric after the fall of the Alan kingdom enlarged
it into all Gallicia forcing the
Carthaginensian Province. This kingdom lasted 177 years in Spain
according to Isidorus, & then was subdued by Leovigild king of the Visigoths
& made a Province of his kingdom A.C. 584
3 The kings of the Alans
Vtacus or Othocar. Resplendial began his reign
409 & Ataces was slain with almost all his army by Vallia king of
the Visigoths A.C. 419. & began his reign A.C. 416. And then the remain
der of these Alans subjected themselves to Gunderic King of the
Vandals in Bœtica, but the next & some of them went after
wards with the Vandals into Afric as I learn out of Procopius & others stood in Spain & in conjunction with the Chatthi gave
as may be seen in the Edict of Huneric recited by Victor in his history of the Vandalic persecution. In
conjunction with the Catthi the Vandals Alans gave
the name of Cathalaunia (or Catth-Alania) to the Province which
is still so called. These Alans had also Gepides among them.
4 The kings of the Visigoths were A.C. 400 Alaric, 410 Athaulphus,
415 Sergeric & Vallia, 419 Theoderic, 451 Thorismund, 452 Theoderic,
465 Euric, 482 Alaric, 505 Gensalaric, 526 Amalaric, 531 Theudius,
548 Theudisclus, &c. I date this kingdom from the time that Alaric
left Thrace & Greece to invade the western Empire. In the end of the
ed to pass out of Spain France into Spain. Sergeric reigned but a few days.
In the beginning of Vallia's reign they assaulted the Romans afresh but
were again repulsed & then made peace on this cond
on the behalf of the barbarian kingdoms Empire invade the barbarian
kingdoms in Spain, which they did together with the Romans in the
years 417 & 418 overthrowing the Alans & part of the Vandals,
& then received Aquitain of the Emperor by a full donation,
leaving their conquests in Spain to the Emperor. And thereby the chunder dominion
dians) invaded Spain which was then almost all subject to the Suevians
& took a part of it from them. A.C. 506 the Goths were driven out
of Gallia by the Franks. A.C. 585 they conquered the Suevian
kingdom & became Lords of Spain all Spain. A.C. 713 the Saracens
invaded them, but in time they recovered their dominions & have
The Romans were at first a small kingdom of Italy
& began to make a figure in the world about the time that in
conjunction with the king of Pergamus they took from Antiochus
all Asia on this side the mountain Taurus, & to grow great
from the time that they conquered Carthage & gradually
Macedon. For after the conquest of Greece, they conquered
Carthage & gradually extended their dominion ovfer Asia,
Spain, Syria, Gallia, Egypt & Dacia, & reigned over all
these countries untill the revolt of Dacia, & the sepa
ration of the Empire of Greece the Greeks from that of
the Latines: the particular history of all which is
every where to be met with.
Dacia began to revolt in the reign of the Emperors
Philip & Decius & created great vexations to the Roman
Empire till the reign of Aurelian who relinquished it
to the Goths. But the Church of Dacia still continued
united to the Church of the Roman Empire. For Theophilus
Bishop or Patriarch of Dacia was at the Council of Nice
A.C. 325, & his successor Ulphilas was at the Council
of Constantinople A.C. 360.
Dacia was a large country bounded on the south by
the Danube, on the east by the Euxine sea, on the north
by the river Neister & the mountain Crapack, & on the west by the west by the river Tibesis or Teys ch
ward into the Danube a little above Belgrade, & com
prehended the countries now called Transylvania Moldavia
& Wallachia & the eastern part of the upper Hungary.
Its ancient inhabitants were called Getæ by the Greeks
& Daci by the Latines & Goths by themselves. Alexander
the great attackt them & Trajan conquered them & reduced
their country into a Province of the Roman Empire, &
thereby the propagation of the Christian religion amongst
them was much promoted. They were composed of several
Gothic nations
parts of Scanzia or Scandinavia the
Baltic sea conteining Norway & most of Sweden, & reputed
an Island by the ancients. Whence it came to pass that
they all agreed in their manenrs & spake the same language,
presents.
Paulus Diaconus in his
of the times next after the death of Theodosius the great,
tells us:
imæ trans Danubium habitantes: ex quibus rationabili
ores quatuor sunt Gothi scilicet, Huisogothi, Gepides et
Vandali, et nomen tantum et nihil aliud mutantes. Omnes
autem fidei erant Arianæ malignitatis. Isti sub Hono Arcadio et Honorio Danubium transeuntes locati sunt
rio
in terra Romanorum, et Gepides quidem (ex quibus postea
divisi sunt Langobardi et Avares) villas quæ sunt circa
of
Before these nations revolted, the Goths or Ostrogoths were
seated in the eastern parts of Dacia, the Vandals in the
western upon the river Teys where the rivers Maresh &
Keresh run into it; the Visigoths were between them, the
Gepides were
Vandalic nation, were between the Vistula & the southern
fountain of the Boristhenes at some distance from the
mountain Crapac northward, where Ptolomy places them
by the names of Phrugundiones & Burgiones. The Alans
(another Gothic ee Procop. l. 1. de
Bello Vandal.
of the Boristhenes & the mouth of the river Tanais where
Ptolomy places the mountain Alanus. The Roxolani were
on the southern coast of the Alans & western side of the
Palus Mœotis.
In the second year of the reign of the Emperor Philip
the Goths for want of their pay began to revolt from the
Romans & under the conduct of their Emperor Philip King
Ostrogotha,
Vandals & the Carpi (other Gothic nations) made war
upon theRomans And the Gepides under their king
Fastida routed the Burgundians with a great slaughter
& conquered some other nations & then invaded the said
Goths & were routed by them. Cniva (called Echina by Pom
ponius Lætus) succeeded Ostrogotha in the reign of Decius &
routed the Roman army & slew Decius, & the next year
invaded Greece Macedon Pontus Asia & Illyricum, & kept
Illyricum & Macedon almost fifteen years; & then the Goths being be invading the Empire (as Trebellius Pollio tells us) with
an army of three hundred & twenty thousand Scythians com
posed of the Peuceni, Grutungi,
Heruli &c & being beaten in Mœsia & other places by the
Emperor Claudius, returned to their seats beyond the Danube.
And soon after, the Emperor Aurelian, as Vopiscus informs
us)
videret, Provinciam trans Danubium Daciam a Trajano
constitutam, sublato exercitu & provincialibus, reliquit,
desperans seam posse retineri: abductos
in Mœsia collocavit, appellavit
about the year of Christ 272.
But the Church of Dacia still continued united
to the Church of the Roman Empire. For Theophilus
Bishop or Patriarch of Dacia was at the Council of Nice
A.C. 325 & his successor Vlphilas was at the Council of
Constantinople A.C. 360.
Dioclesian in the year 285 divided the Roman Empire
between himself & Maximianus, retaining the government
of the eastern nations to himself & leaving that of the western
to Maximianus . And by this act the
divided into the three parts touched upon in the Apocalyps
the Eastern Empire, the Western
For
Constantine the great built Constantinople A.C. 330, &
made it the Metropolis of the eastern Provinces of the
Empire, & Rome of the western; both cities being governed
And by this act he established the division. He left the
Empire between his sons A.C. 337, & his son Constantius
reunited it under himself A.C. 353, & Valentinian divided
it between himself & his brother Valens A.C. 364. And
after the death of Valens it was reunited under Gratian
the son of Valentinian A.C. 378. But after five months
Gratian made Valentinian Theodosius emperor of the
East in the room of Valens 16 Ian. A.C. 379, & Theo
dosius left the Empire divided between his sons Arcadius
& Honorius A.C. 395, after which it was no more united.
The two Empires into which the Roman Empire
became now divided were distinguished by the names
of the eastern & western or Greek & Latine Empires.
And the Greek Empire continued entire about 240
years & then lost Syria & Egypt to the Saracens,
but yet stood entire above 800 years longer before the
Turks overthrew it conquered it & reigned
This Empire is represented by the in Daniel by the He-
goat & in the Apocalyps by the great red Dragon. The
Latin Empire is represented by the little horn of the
He Goat & by the Beast with ten horns. It became a
horn of the He Goat by inheriting the kingdom of Perga
mus in Asia minor by the Legacy of Attalus. It had
seven successive heads ing to the times of the seven seals; but its heads
are without crowns & the Dragons heads are crowned because the Dragon reigned until he & the Dragons heads are
gave the Beast his throne
crowned because the Dragon reigned untill
Beast in his mystical body untill he gave the Beast his
throne. It was wounded to death with a sword in the
reign of Constantius. It revived & its deadly wound was
healed by the new division of the Empire in the reign of
beginning of the reign of Valentinian & Valens. It rose
out of the Sea at the division of the Empire between Gra
tian & the
was made & healed in one of its heads all before its t inch
that is
was opened & the reign of the seventh head began.
And at
Theodosius, the Dragon gave the Beast his power & throne.
And thereby the Beast became the eighth head, & yet he was of the seven, being a part of the seventh [so far
as the seventh was common to them both.] And on this eighth
head are ten horns all of them crowned, but on the Dragon's head
they are without crowns. They were therefore ten
gons body but reigned not be grew not into kingdoms before the
reign of the eighth head. For they received power as kings at
or about the same time with the Beast, that is, when the
Dragon gave the Beast his power & throne or presently after
the death of Theodosius. And that we may know what
rose we must have recourse to the history of the kingdom of Dacia.
Araricus reigned over the Goths after Cniva & was
succeeded by Geberic in the reign of Constantine the great.
servants of the Sarmatans being armed against the Goths, revolted &
made their masters fly into the Roman Empire where Constantine the
great granted them seats. This was done (according to Eusebius) An. Olymp.
278. 4
Geberic conquered
Danube into Pannonia where Constantine granted them
seats. Their kings, according to Iornandes were of the stock
of the Asdingi or Astingi a Vandalic nation which (according
to Dio) came into Dacia in the reign of Marcus Antoninus.
They staid quietly in Pannonia under the Dominion of the
Romans about 40 years, that is untill the other Gothic nati
ons flying from the Romans Hunns came over the Danube
& began to disturbe the Empire.
Veneti, Antes, & Sclavi, & many other warlike nations
of Scythia & Germany, as Iornandes informs us, & parti
cularly the nations which Iornandes calls the Thuidi,
Visinambrocæ, Mœrens, Mordensimnis, Caris, Rocæ, Tad
zans, Athual, Navigo, Bubegentæ, & Coldæ, & the Æstri
or Estij a people seated upon the Sinus Finnicus, & the
Roxolani on the Palus Mœotis, & the Quades & Marcomans
of the Elbe. Thus the kingdom of the Goths by successive
conquests grew into a large & potent Empire composed
of many northern nations, &
to have extended eastward to the side of the Euxine sea
the Lake Mœotis & the river Tanais & northward to the Sinus
Finicus where Revel & Narva are seated & to the fountains
of the river Volga,
raw & the fountains of the Elbe & its
the Greek Empire. In this state it continued till the death
of Hermaneric which was in the year 376 or the year
before. And from these conquests, saith Iornandes, some
have compared this king to Alexander the great.
This king
army of Hunns coming over the Lake Mœotis &
beginning to invade him; & then he left his kingdom
divided among many successors, Hunnimund, Fridigern,
Vithimar, Athanaric, Box, & perhaps some others. Hun
nimund was his son, & reigned over the eastern part of
the Goths called Ostrogoths, & Fridigern reigned over
the western part called Visigoths: for the Goths
became now divided into two nations under
names. Vithimar or Winitharius th was the son of
Valeravan & grandson of Athaulphus or Vuldulph
the brother of Hermaneric, & reigned over a part
of the Goths called Gruthungi by A. Marcelinus, Gothunni
by Claudian & Sarmatæ & Scythians by others. because
They were seated not in Dacia but in Sarmatia between
Dacia & the Alans.towards
of the Goths called Thervingi; & Box over the Antes in
Sarmatia; & the Gepides had also their king. These kings
Hermaneric, & to have kept their governments after his
death.
The Goths & other Scythian nations beyond the Danube
had hitherto lived without letters, & the Christian religion
tradition. But now Vlphilas the Patriarch of Dacia in
vented the Gothic letters & translated the Scriptures into
the languages of Dacia, & propagated the Scriptures very Christian religion very much among the Goths & Gepides,
much
so that Fridigern king of the Visigoths became a Christian;
& Athaneric fearing that the Christian religion should
also prevail in his kingdome (for
people of both kingdoms the Therungi being a branch of the Visigoths
against the Christians
In the mean time the Scythians an Hunns advancing
under the conduct of their King Balamber or Balamir
invaded the Alans & other nations between the Tanais
& Dacia & then entring Dacia
submit or fly. The Ostrogoths submitted, but the Gru
thungi made some resistance, their king Winitharius
having strengthned himself by conquering the Antes
the year before the Hunns invaded him. He beat them
in one or two battels, but was slain by Balamir in the third
battel, & his kingdom was given by the conqueror to Hunni
mund. For Sigismund the son of Hunnimund had assisted the
Hunns in this war with an army of Ostrogoths. After this,
the Hunns pursued Athanaric, & the greatest part of
people deserting him, fled with some other Goths to the
side of the Danube to the side of under the conduct of
Alavivus. Fridigern also fled thither with his people the
Visigoths. And these nations sent an Embassy to the Emperor
Valens & obteined leave to pass the Danube & seat them
selves in Mœsia & Thrace. Their Patriarch Vlphilas was
at the head of this Embassy. And presently after this, a
great part of the Gruthungi under the conduct of Alatheus
& Saphrax the Guardians of Videric the young son of Wi
nitharius (now their king,) flying from the Hunns & Ostrogoths,
came to the side of the Danube, & made the same petition;
but were rejected. Yet they passed the Danube soon after
without leave, while the Roman army was deteined in
Rhætia in a war against the Alemans & Sueves. This
rout was in the year 377.
The
soon pressed with famin & grosly abused by the Roman
Governours who sold them dogs flesh & other carrion at
high rates & otherwise provoked them. Whereupon they
took up arms, invaded Thrace, called in to their assis
tance some other Goths Alans & Hunns from beyond
the Danube, routed the Roman army, slew the Emperor
Valens & spread themselves into Greece & Pannonia as far
as the Alps, Alatheus & Saphrax going westward. This
was in the year 378. But in the years 379 & 380
they were checkt by the arms of the Emperors Gratian
& Theodosius, & made a submissive peace, & the Visigoths
& Thervingi returned to their seats in Mœsia & Thrace,
thungi obteined seats in Pannonia.
During this war Athanaric king of the Gruthungi
came over the Danube &in autumn 1680 made the Em
peror Theodosius a visit at Constantinople, was honourably
received, died in Ianuary following, & was splendidly
interred; & his people seeing this treatment subjected them
selves immediately to the Emperor without chusing another
king. But Fridigern King of the Visigoths was succeeded
by Alaric, & Videric king of the Gruthungi by Radagaisus.
In the reign of Hermaneric the Lombards came out of
Scandinavia under the conduct of Ibor & Ayon to seek new
seats. They were then called Winuli but afterwards from
their long beards had the name of Langobards given them.
When the Gothic nations fled from the Hunns into the Em & came in great numbers into the Roman Empire, the
pire
Lombards also came over the Danube under the conduct of
the same captains, & beat the Vandals then seated in Panno
nia, & remained in Pannonia many years. The Vandals
retired westward, & the Emperor Gratian went into Gallia
against them & the Alemans together, & the Vandals thereupon returned from
Theodosius lay sick at Thessalonica A.C. 379. And accordingly
Prosper places the victory of the Lombards over the Van
dals in the Consulship of Ausonius & Olybrius.
About the year 373 or 374 the Burgundians rose
from their seats upon the Vistula with an army of eighty
thousand men & seated themselves
And a body of the Salian Francks
Empire
till the [throne power & throne
& e
was in the following manner.
After the death of the Emperor Theodosius, the Visi
goths, under the conduct of Alaric now their king, rose
from their seats in Thrace & wasted Macedon, Th
Achaia Peloponnesus & Epire with fire & sword five
years together, & then turning westward invaded Dalmatia
Illyricum & Pannonia, & from thence went into Italy A.
C. 402, & the next year were so beaten at Pollentia &
Verona by Stilico the commander of the forces of the
western Empire, that Claudian calls the remainder of the
forces of the western Empire Alaric tanta ex Gente reliquias brevesgentem deletam.
Alaric made peace with the Emperor, being so far humbled
that Orosius tells us he did pro pace optima at quibuscun.a
cid. Imp. l. 10. an.
403.
ratified by mutual hostages, & Ætius was sent hostage to
Alaric.
When Alaric took up arms the nations beyond the Danube
began to be in motion, & the next winter (the winter between
A.C. 395 & 396 A.C. 396) a great body of Hunns, Alans, &
being invited by Ruffin; & their brethren also who had obteined
seats within the Empire, took up arms. Ierome calls all this great
multitude Hunns, Alans, Vandals, Goths, Sarmatans, Quades &
Marcomanns, & saith that they invaded all places between Constanti
nople & the Iulian Alps, wasting Scythia, Thrace, Macedon, Dar
dania, Dacia, Thessaly, Achaia, Epire, Dalmatia & all Pannonia.
And the Suevians also invaded Rhætia. For when Alaric ravaged
Pannonia, the Romans were defending Rhætia, which gave Alaric
an opportunity of invading Italy, as Claudian thus mentions.
And when Alaric went from those parts into Italy, some other
barbarous nations invaded Noricum & Vindelicia, as the same
Claudian thus mentions
Among these nations I reccon the Suevians Quades & Marcomans.
For they were all in arms at this time, & the Quades & Marco
mans were Suevian nations & they & the Suevians came origi
nally from the regions between confines of Suevus or Sprahe Bohemia in Lusatia
to the Goths under Hermaneric, & were now united under one common
king called Ermeric who soon after led them into Gallia. The
Vandals & Alans might also about this time extend themselves
into Noricum. Also Vldin with a new great body of Hunns
passed the Danube about the time of Chrysostoms banish
ment, that is A.C. 404, & wasted Thrace & Mœsia.
And Radagaisus king of the Gruthungi, inviting over more
barbarians from beyond the Danube invaded Italy with an
army of above 200000 Goths, & the next year (A.C. 405
or 406) was overcome by Stilico & perished with his army.
In this war Stilico was assisted by a great body of Hunns &
Ostrogoths under the conduct of Vldin & Sarus. They were
hired by the Emperor Honorius.
for the Lombards in Pannonia to arm themselves in their own defence & assert their liberty, the Romans being
no longer able to
protect them.
And now Stilico purposing to make himself Emperor,
procured a military Præfecture for Alaric, & sent him into
the east in the service of Honorius the western Emperor
committing some Roman Troops to his conduct to strengthen
his army of Goths, & promising to follow soon after with his
own army. His pretence was to follow recover some regions
of Illyricum which the eastern Emperor was accused to
detein injuriously from the western: but his secret designe
was to make himself Emperor by the assistance of the
Vandals & their allies: for he himself was a Vandal.
For faciliating this designe, he invited a great body of
the barbarous nations to invade the western Empire,
while he & Alaric invaded the eastern. And these nations
under their several kings, T the Vandals under Godegisilus,
the Alans in two bodies, the one under Goar, the other under
Resplendial; & the Suevians Quades & Marcomans under
Ermeric marched through Rhetia to the side of the Rhene
leaving their seats in Pannonia to the Hunns & Ostrogoths
& joyned the Burgundians under Gundicar, & ruffled the
Francks in their further march, & on the last day of
December A.C. 406 passed the Rhene at Ments, & diffused
other actions the Vandals took Trevirs. They then advanced into
Belgium, & began to ruffle that country. Whereupon the Salian
Franks (a German nation whom the Emperors had sometime before
received into the Empire, & placed as subjects in that part of
the Rhene Belgium which lies between Brachbant & the Rhene,)
took up arms & made so stout a resistance, that they slew
almost twenty thousand of the Vandals with their king Gode
gisilus in battel, the rest escaping only by a party of Resplen
dials Alans which came timely to their assistance.✝
✝at Ments set up Iovinus Emperor at Mentz. And Resplendial seing the disaster
of the Vandals & that Goar was gone over to the Romansis disaster
over to the Romans led his army from the Rhene, & together
with the Suevians & residue of the Vandals went towards Spain
the Franks in the mean time prosecuting their victory so far as
to retake Trevirs, which after they had plundered they left to
the Romans. The barbarians were at first stopt by the Pyre
nean mountains, which made them diffuse themselves into
Aquitain; but the next year they had the passage betrayed to
them
quered what he could, & at length, A.C. 411, they divided
their conquests by lot, & the Vandals obteined Bœtica, &
part of Gallæcia, the Suevians the rest of Gallæcia & the Alans
Lusitania & the Carthaginensian Province, the Emperor
for peace sake confirming them in those seats by grant A.C. 413.
In the mean time
the rumour of these things, revolt & set up Tyrants there; first
Marcus whom they slew presently, then Gratian whom they
slew within four months, & lastly Constantine under whom they
invaded Gallia A.C. 408
part of Gallia, created his son Constans Cæsar, & sent him into
Spain to order his affairs there
barbarous nations were let into Spain by some of the soldiers of Constans
betraying the Pyrenean passage to them.]
Also the Roman Franks above mentioned having made Theu
demir the Prince of their old royal family king over them, began
streight after their conquest of the Vandals to invade their neigh
bours; a
whence the region
was name Arbo
ricbant, & con
tractly Brachbant.
And so those Galls fell of from the Romans, & the two nations made
an intimate league to be as one people, marrying with one another
& conforming to one anothers manners till they became one
without distinction. Thus by the access of these Galls, & of the
forreign Franks also who afterwards came over the Rhene
the Salian kingdom soon grew
About the same time Stilico's expedition against the
Greek Emperor being
out of Epire into Noricum & requested a summ of money for
his service. The Senate were inclined to deny him, but by Sti
lico's mediation granted it. But after a while Stilico being ac
cused of a traiterous conspiracy with Alaric & slain 10 Kal.
Sept. A.C. 408, & so Alaric disappointed of his money & reputed
an enemy of the Empire, he brake streight into Italy with his
army which he brought out of Epire & sent to his brother Adol
phus to follow him with what other forces he had in Panno
nia, which were not great but yet not to be despised. Thereupon
Honorius fearing to be shut up in Rome, retired to Ravenna in
October A.C. 408, & from that time Ravenna continued to be the
seat of the western Emperors. In those days the Hunns also invaded
Pannonia, & seizing the de
The Romans were at first a small kingdom first
in the world about ethe
from Antiochus magnus, & greater grew
Macedon. For tho after that, they conquered Carthage
over all the east Spain & Gallia Asia Spain Syria Gallia & Egpyt, & reigned over
those countries till e
the ch& is every where to be met with.
Constantine the great built Constantinople left
made it the Metropolis of the eastern provinces of the Empire & Rome was of e
son Constantius reunited it, & after a few years it became divided
again first between Valentinian then was re after the death
of Valens & after divided again
between Gratian & Theodosius who left it divided between his Theo from ch✝ the two empires into ch
& western or Greek & Latin Empires. And soon after this last division the Latin at once A.C. 408 & 409 became
division being – – –
the western Empire
Daniel by These This
being a very signal revolution
I shall here give an account of the rise & number of these kingdoms.
The Visigoths – – – – from their number at their first rise.
And in this divided state the to this day
till the rise of the German Empire & still continues to this day.
In the reign of the Emperor Valens the Hunns rising from their seats beyond beyond Tanais passed that river & the Niper, &
Tanais, e
invadedepart some of the inhabitants & made
others fly. The Visigoths flying from them passed the Danube & invaded the eastern
part of the Empire beat & slew Valens, were beaten by Theodosius
8, 38, 44 = 304, 44 = 3344, 4 = 13376 letters in a sheet. 8, 40, 50 = 16000 letters.
2, 50, 44 = 4400 letters in a ms. sheet. 54 MS sheets = 39600, 6 = 237600 letters = 20 sheets printed.
2, 48, 46 = 12, 368 = 3,1472 = 4416 letters in a
In Octavo. 16, 36, 38 = 64, 342 = 8, 2736 = 21888. makes under 12 sheets printed.
54 MS sheets in 1 part & 69 M sheets in 2 Part. Vnder 30 sheets in Octavo. Vnder 35 in to
In Octavo, 16, 40, 40 = 25600 letters in a printed sheet. 4400 letters in a MS sheet & 124
doubled. For after
the conquered nations to fall off from it. Ægypt had again its own kings & Manasseh was released
out of Captivity, & the Medes revloted; built Ecbatane & & the Medes revolted & built Ecbatanech
dissentions, & that Babylon also separated. Herodotus tells us that the Medes were the first who separated at first thout& then under & that they lived at first with Dejoces by Dejoces a private man gained so much reputation
among them by acts of justice & He They might live in villages be unless this They might live in villages without a king till they were conquered
but they could thout
so famous in all Meadia for doing justice Est Iudeth ascribes e
building of Nineveh to NabNebuchodonosor the king of Assyria. Which
makes it probable t
& that Babylon also separated. & asserted their liberty. But the Medes according
to Herodotus were the first who separated & asserted their liberty.
The History of Nebuchadonosor – – – good condition. Arphaxad was therefore
the Phraortes of Herodotus [& upon the revolting of the Medes led their army against Ecbatane was built not by Dejoces as
the Assyrians, & the revolt of e
Herodotus represents but by Phraortes.] – – from Idolatry.
Now since Arphaxad th contemporary to Chiniladon king
of Babylon the
first warlike king of eethe of Phraortes
that they would revolt without a warlike Prince to lead their army.] & by
consequence under eFor it is not & not under that of
Dejoces who was a quiet Prince, & much less before m
body politithe Medes had any kings or
were
without laws or government to who ruled them by laws
reduced them from a salvage life & ruled them by laws, but
the times before they were conquered & civilized by ee
they revolted. And their revolting required a warlike Prince affairs
After Nebuchadonosor reigned Anacyndaraxas: & For eth year of th
of history to conceive that he revolted & built Ecbatane about the same time that Manasses
returned from captivity & built the wall of Ierusalem
cities of Iudah (2 Chron. XXXIII.14.) & that the his revolting gave occasion to the war between him
& e
& after
How this king of Assyria after he had vanquished the king of
the Medes sent Holofernes thagainst ch& I n
him reigned Anacyndaraxas two other kings & his son Sardanapalus the two last kings of Assyria.For Anacyndaraxas was king of Nineve; & after him reigned his son Sardanapalus Callisthenes.
At that time the Scythians invaded
We may
In the mean time the Scythians invadeed & conquered Media & made went thence towards
Egypt but were met in Phœnicia by Psammiticus & bought off, & returning into Media & reigned over a great part of Asia for some yearstheee
And now ehighest
being united – – – name of Assyria. It comprehended also Cilicia, for there Sardan
apalus afterwards built Th Tarsus & Anchiale. And since conquerors used to place people the borders of their kingdoms
captivated nationth
therefrom, & Salmanasser placed the ten tribes in Hala
& in the cities of ethese
river chor Cyrrhus & Corus Cyrrhus & Cyrnas
& ChyeCholchos & as far as the Caspian & Euxine seas including Colchos & Iberia /But in the
latter [Suidas tells us out of that Callisthenes (
that there were two kings of Nineveh called] end of the reign of Asserhadonwas is the last king of Assyria, mentioned in scripture. For in the latter end of his reign orhis reign
several nations the first of ch/ If the
first king of erepresents, & if their t
must have happened neare the beginning of the reign of Assarhadon. But historians
are apt to lengthen the reign of kings & if the first king of the Medes built
Ecbatane as Herodotus represents, he was of a later date book of Iudeth repre
sents him of a later date then Assarhadon.is
was built later then Herodotus represents.
Callisthenes in his represents
Persicis apud Suidam in
kings of Nineveh called Sardanapalus, one stout & valiant
the other soft & effeminate. The first without question was
Assahadon. For Sardanapalus is Asser-hadon-pul. The other was the last king of
Assyria, the son & & successorwho was And between & Assarhadon &
Anacyndaraxis we are to place e
Assarhadon died in the year of Nabonassar 81 & was succeeded at Babylon
by Saosduchinus. But whether Saosduchinus was king of all Assyria or of Baby
alone or only Satrapa of Babylon under the king of Assyria mab
the same – – – – – – from Idolatry.
The two next kings of Assyria seem a Anacyndaraxis &
lus. For Anacyndaraxis Nabopolassar – – – Anno Nabonass 140.
The two next mentioned in history am Aristoph
άπαλλος
&
Nineveh called Sardanapalus one stout & valiant the other soft & effemi
nate. The first without question was Assahrhadon. For Sardanapalus is
Assar-hadon-pul. The other was the last king of Assyria. He was con
temporary to Nabopolassar king of Babylon the successor of Chniladon
& to Astyages king of the Medes. For Nabopolassar married his son
Nebuchadnezzar to Amyite the daughter of Asyages. And by this marriage
having contracted affinity, they conspired against the Assyrians, & being old their
sons Cyaxeres & Nebuchadnezzar & Cyaxeres led the armies of the two
nations against Nineveh, destroyed the city & shared the kingdom of
the Assyrians. This victory the Iews Greeks Iews refer to the Chaldeans
the Greeks to the Medes; Tobit, Polyhistor, Iosephus & Ctesias to both.
It gave a beginning to the great successes of Cya Nebuchadnezzar &
Cyaxeres & laid the foundation of the Empires of t two collateral
Empires of the Babylonians & Medes chch
the conquerors being then in their youth. In the reign of Iosiah
when Zephany prophesied Nineveh
the end of his reign the king of Assyria was alive & reigned over
the nations upon Euphrates & lost part of his dominions to the king of
Egypt (2 King. 23.29)
successor of Iosiah – – – – 140. Anno Abr. 1393.
I may add also Cilica where Sardanapalus built Tarsus & Anchiale &