191r
of Cadmus & Europa into Greece & Crete is determined
to be about three ordinary generations or an hundred years
before the Argonautic expedition & four ordinary generations
before the destruction of Troy.
In the days of Erechtheus king of Athens & Celeus king
of Eleusis, Ceres a woman of Sicily came into Attica & taught
Triptolemus the son of Celeus to sow corn.Homer Odys. 5 Diodor. l. 5. p. 237. She lay with Iasion or Iasius the
brother of Harmonia the wife of Cadmus. And soon after her
death Erechtheus was slain in a war between the Athenians & Eleusini
ans: & for the benefaction of bringing tillage into Greece the
Eleusinia sacra were then instituted to herDiodor. l. 1. p. 17. with Egyptian ceremonies by Celeus & Eu
molpus, & a sepulchre or Temple was erected to her in Eleusine,
& the families of Eumolpus Celeus & Eumolpus became her
Priests. And this is the first instance that I meet with in Greece
of deifying the dead with Temples & sacred rites & sacrifices. &
initiations & a succession of Priests to perform them. Now by
this history it is manifest that Erechtheus Celeus Eumolpus
Ceres Iasion Harmonia & Cadmus & Dardanus the brother of Iasion & founder of the kingdom of Troy were all contemporary to
one another & therefore flourished about ninety or an hundred
years before the Argonautic Expedition, & scarce above. For
Calais & Zetes the sons of Orithyia the daughter of Erech
theus were Argonauts.
Celeus aa Hesych. in Κοανάου. Suidas in Ρ῾άρος. was the son of Rharus the son of Cranaus the
successor of Cecrops an EgyptiaEgyptian who married Agraulos the daughter of Actæus. Car bb Pausan. l. 1. c 39, 40 the son of Phoroneus the son of
Inachus built a Temple to Ceres in Megara. Arcas cc Pausan. l. 8. c. 4. Pausan. l. 7. c. 18. the son
of Callisto the daughter of Lycaon the son of Ezeus (or, as
some say, of Pelasgus) received corn from Triptolemus & taught
his people to make bread of it & so did Eumolpus c the first king of Achaia. Miles dd Pausan. l. 3. c. 20. p. 260. & l. 4. c. 1. p. 280. the son of Lelex an Egyptian was
the first who set up a hand mill or Quern in Greece to
grind corn, & (But the Greeks had corn from Egypt in those days. Polycaon the younger brother of Myles
married Messene the daughter of Triopas the son of Phorbas
the brother of Perasus. & invaded Messene then peopled only by villages & built cities therein & called it Messene after the name of his wife. & built cities therein. Pelops ff Pausan. l. 5. c. 1. p. 376. Apollodor l. 1. c. 7. came into Peloponnesus in the
reign of Epeus the son of Endymion the son of Aethlius the
son of Protogenia the sister of Hellen & daughter of Deuca
lion, & took Ætolia from from Ætolus Ætolus the brother of Epeus, slew Apis the grandson
of Phoroneus who had slain the son of Iason Apis the gransongrandson of Phoroneus. Xuthus gg Pausan l. 7. c. 1 the youngest son of Hellen Myles the son & successor of Lelex an Egyptian was the first who set up a hand
mill or Quern in Greece to grind corn; the Greeks having sown corn from
Egypt in those days. Polycaon the younger brother of Myles married
Messene the daughter of Triopas the son of Phorbas the brother of
Pirasus, & invaded Messene then peopled only by villages & built
cities therein & called it Messene after the name of his wife.
Endymion the son of Protogenia the sister of Hellen & daughter of Deucalion invaded the country of the Curetes, & his son Ætolus
having slain Apis the grandson of Phoroneus retired into that
country succeeded him in it & called it Ætolia & called it Ætolia. Pelops came into Peloponnesus in the
reign of the sons of Endymion & took Ætolia from Ætolus. Xuthus
the youngest son of Hellen married
Creusa the daughter of Erechtheus, & their younger son Ion
upon the death of Ceres commanded the army of the Atheni
ans against the Eleusinians. And Cephalus the daughter of Erechtheus
& Procris fled from her husband to Minos. And Phrixus & Helle
the children of Athamas the brother of Sisyphus & son son of Æolus the son of Hellen
fled from their stepmother Ino the daughter of Cadmus to Ætes
at Colchos presently after the return of Sesostris into Ægypt.
And Iason the Argonaut was the son of Æon the son of Critheus the son of
Æolus the son of Hellen. And the Greeks say that Amphic
tyon the brother of Hellen & son of Deucalion reigned at
the same time wthwhich Cranaus over Attica & that the flood of
Deucalion was in the reign of Cranaus. And by these cir
cumstances Actæus, Cecrops, Inachus, Æzeus, Pelasgus, Lelex, Phorbas
Pirasus & Hellen & his father Deucalion flourished two or
three generations before the coming of Cadmus into Europe.
Certainly they could not be much earlier, because Cadmus
brought in letters, & it is not likely that any thing done
in Europe could be remembred above three generations
before the use of letters except perhaps Deucalion Actæus Hellen & Pelasgus, whom I take to be Scythians). These men came with colonies
from Egypt, & began to build towns & civilize the Greeks soon after their
coming. And these towns are recconed the oldest in Europe. For2r For before the seas began to be navigated, Europe could be peopled only by Scythians from the north side of the
Euxine sea, & there the Scythians there long after those days lived
there without towns or houses, & the Pelasgians were wanderers like
the Scythians & spake a language which was barbarous to the Greeks. Among the Scythians
may be recconed
Ogygus the founder
of the city Eleusis
in the days of Ina
chus or Phorone
us. He had a daugh
ter son called Eleusius
from whom the city had
its name, & some
say that she built
it Eleusius built
it.
Strabo mentioning the first men who leaving the sea
coasts ventured out into the deep & undertook long voiages
names Bacchus, Hercules, Iason, Vlysses, & Menelaus & that
the dominion of Minos over the seas was celebrated & the
navigation of the Phœnicians who went beyond the Pillars of
Hercules & built cities there & in the middle of the sea coasts
of Afric presently after the war of Troy. These Phenicians
were Tyrians & at that time built Carthage in Afric, Tartessus in Spain, & Gabes in the Island of
that name without the
built also a Temple to the Tyrian Hercules & adorned it with
sculptures of his labours, & of his Hydra & the horses to
whom he threw Diomedes to be devoured. In this Temple
was the golden belt of Teucer, & the golden Olive of
Pigmalion bearing Smaragdine fruit. And by these con
secrated guifts of Teucer & Pigmaleon you may know
that this Temple was built in their reign. Pomponius derives
it from the time of the Trojan war.
Inachus had several sons who reigned in severall
places of Peloponnesus & there built Ægialea afterwards
called Sicyon from Sicyon the grandson of Erechtheus;
Phegeus who built Phegea afterwards called Psophis from
Psophis the daughter of Lycaon. And these were the oldest
towns in Peloponnesus. At that time Sisyphus the son
of Æolus & grandson of Hellen built Ephyra afterwards
called Corinth & Aetholius the son of Æolus built Elis, & Cecrops built Cecropia the Cittadel of Athens, & Lycaon built Lycosura recconed the
oldest town in Arcadia, & his sons who were four &
twenty in number built each of them a town except
the youngest called Oenotrus who sailed thence into
Italy with his people, & there set on foot the building
of towns, & became the Ianus of the Latines. And this
is recconed the first colony which the Greeks sent abroad.
Phoroneus had also several children & grandchildren
who reigned in several places & built new towns, as Car,
Spartus, Apis. And this division & subdivision of territories
has made great confusion in the history of the first kingdoms
of Peloponnesus & thereby given occasion the vainglorious
Greeks to make those kingdoms much older then they really were
Particularly Accusilaus the Argive, out of his brazen Tables,
feigned that Phoroneus was the oldest man in the world;
& to make the kingdom of Argos older then the rest, either
he or some other Greek hath collected several collateral
races of Princes into one continued series of kings pretended
to reign successively at Argos. Others by feigning many
kings of Sicyon have made that kingdom above 200 years
older then that of Argos, though it was founded by Ægi
aleus the brother of Phoroneus. For Apis the third or
fourth king of this Kingdom was the great grandson of
Ægialeus by the fathers side & the Grandson of Phoroneus by
the mothers side, being (as some say) the son of Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus213r Phoroneus. And PausaniasPausan. l. 2. c. 5 tells us that Apis the great-grandson
of Ægialeus, grew so rich before the coming of Pelops to
Olympia, as to have given the name of Assia to all the re
gion within the Isthmus; & therefore he reigned till before the coming of Pelops. And HerodotusHerod. l. 2. saith that Apis in the Greek
tongue is Epaphus, & HyginusHygin. Fab. 7 & 8. that Epaphus the Sicyonian
got Antiopa with child; & others call him Epopeus. But the
later Greeks have made two men of the two names Apis &
Epopeus & between them inserted twelve feigned kings of Sicyon
who made no wars nor did any thing mentioned in history,
& yet reigned 9520 years, that is, above
And as of one Apis or Epopeus the Greeks have made two kings so of one Sthenelus the son of Perseus & predecessor of Danaus, they have made two, putting many kings between them. And so of one Erechtheus king of Athens they have made two giving the name of Erechthonius to the first of them. For Erechthonius is by Homer called Erechtheus. Its impossible that any thing done in Greece could be remembred above three generations before the use of letters, & therefore the kingdoms of Athens Sicyon & Argos could not be above three generations older then the coming of Cadmus into Greece.
It seems to me therefore that Cecrops, Cranaus, Pandion, Erechtheus, Cecrops II, Pandion the brother of Cecrops, Ægeus the adopted son of Pandion, & Theseus the son of Ægeus &c reigned successively at Athens; Ægialeus, Europs, Telchin, Apis or Epopeus, Lamedon, Sicyon &c at Sicyon: & Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Creasus &c at Argos. Between Phoroneus & Argus some place Apis tho its more probable that he reigned only at Sicyon. Iasus Piranthus & Epidaurus were the brothers of Criasus, but wtwhat possessions they & their sons had in Argos is appears not uncertain.
In the days of Criasus, Acrisius & his brother Prætus &c In the days of Criasus, Acrisius & his brother Prætus got possessions reigned in several parts of Argos. Their father Abas built Abas in Phocis. ☉ Acrisius married &c ☉ Acrisius married Eurydice the sister of Amyclas the father of Leucippus, the father of Arsinoe otherwise called Coronis who (according to some) was the mother of Æsculapius the Argonaut, tho otherothers call her Coronis the daughter of Leucippus & Phlegyas. Acrisius was succeeded by his grandson Perseus but Perseus changed kingdoms with Megapenthe the son of Prætus & built Mycenæ & was succeeded by his son Sthenelus & Sthenelus left his kingdom divided between his sons Eurystheus & Gelanor. Eurystheus was born at the same time with three months before Hercules the son of Alcmena & reigned in Mycene, but Gelanor was ejected by Danaus the Egyptian about ten or five & fifteen or twenty years before the Argonautic Expedition. In this Expedition Castor & Pollux were beardless young men & their sister Hellena was then a child. These were the children of Tyndareus & Leda,Pausan. l. 3. c. 1. & Tyndareus was the son of Perieres & Gorgophone who married first Gorgo Perieres & then Oebalus, & Perieres was the sons of Cynortes & Oebalus was the son of the son of Amyclas, the son of Lacedæmon, & Sparta & Sparta was the daughter of Eurotas the Son of Myles the son of Lelex, & Lacedæmon was the son of Taygeta. ‡ ‡ And The Argonauts Lynceus, & Idas, Castor & Pollux were also the grand children of Perieres & Gorgophone & so were with Phœbe & Ilaira the wives of Castor & Pollux, & with Clytemnestra & Hellena their sisters, & with Penelope the & wife of Vlysses, were the grandchildren of Gorgophone These were young men & children in the time of their expedition. And Gorgophone, Alcæus, Sthenelus, Mæstor & Electryo were the children of Perseus & Andromeda & Perseus was the son of Danae the daughter of Acrisius & Eurydice, & Eurydice was the sister of Amyclas & daughter of Lacedæmon & Sparta. And Perieres was the son of Cynortes the son of Amyclas the son of Lacedæmon & Sparta; & Sparta was the daughter of Eurotas the son of Lelex, & Lacedæmon was the son of Taygeta. Alcmena the mother of Hercules was the daughter of Electryo & Anaxo & Anaxo was the daughter of Alcæus æ brothsister of Amphitryo. Sthenelus & Mæstor married two sisters Nicippe & Lycidice the daughters of Pelops; & Eurystheus who was born the same year with Hercules, was the son of Sthenelus & Nicippe And Pelops married Hippodamia the daughter of Euarete the daughter of Acrisius & of her begat Atreus, & Thyestes & Pittheus the father of Æthra the mother of Theseus. ✝ ✝ And Capaneus one of the seven captains against Thebes was the husband of Euadne the daughter of Iphis, the son of Alector the son of Anaxagoras, the son of Megapenthes the son of Prætus the brother of Acrisius. And from these geneologies it may be con follows that Eurotas & Taygeta were one; Lacedæmon & Sparta two; Acrisius, Eurydice, Prætus &yclas three; Danae Cynortes &, Euarete four & Megapenthe Antiopa & Endymion four; Perseus, Andromeda Ægyptus, Danaus Epeus, Pelops, Hippodamia, Niobe the sister of Pelops & her husband Amphion & his brother Zethus & Laius whom they expelled five; Perieres, Gorgophone Alcæus, Sthenelus, Mæstor, Electryo Agarx, , Nicippe, & Lycidica Auares Amphitrio, Dubæus Atereus & Thyestes Pittaeus six; Danaus Amphitryo Æthra, Alcmena, Tyndareus & Leda six or seven:& Hercules, Euristheus, Gelanor Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, Helena Capenaus & Penelope the grandchild of Persius & the Argonauts seven or eight generations younger then then Myles & Polycaon the sons of Lelex & his contemporaries who came with colonies from Egypt. And these generations may be recconed little ones most of them being by weomen & eldest sons & by putting husbands of the same age with their wives. And by all these recconings the first civilizing of the Greeks & teaching them to dwell in houses & towns & form themselves into governtments And Gorgophone was the daughter of Perseus & Andromeda & Perseus was the son of Danae the daughter of Acrisius & Eurydice. And Eurydice was the sister of Amyclas & daughter of Lacedæmon & Sparta. And Alcmena the mother of Hercules was the daughter of Electryo the son of Perseus & Andromeda. And Mestor the the brother of Electryo & son of Perseus married Lycidice the daughter of Pelops. * Hygen. Fab. 84. And Pelops married Hippodamia the daughter of Eucrete the daughter of Acrisius & of her begot Atreus & Thyestes. And therefore Eurotas & Taygeta were one, Lacedæmon & Sparta two, Acrisius Prætus Eurydice & Amyclas three, Danae four Cynortes & Danae four Perseus Hippodamia & Pelops & Niobe the sister of Pelops with her husband Amphion four or five, Perieres Gorgophone Sthenelus & Electrio five or six, Tyndareus & Alcmena six or seven, & Hercules Castor Pollux4r Pollux Clytemnestra & Hellena seven or eight generations younger then Lelex. And by all these recconings the first civilizing of the Greeks & teaching them to dwell in houses & towns & the oldest towns & kingdoms in Greece could scarce be above three generations older then the coming of Cadmus from Sidon into Greece. For Cadmus was four generations older then Oedipus the father of Eteocles & Polynices who in their youth slew one another another in the first Theban war about seven nine or ten years after the Argonautic Expedition. But it's difficult to set right the genealogies reigns & chronology of the first ages fabulous ages of the Greeks, & I leave these things to be further examined.
Herodotus aa Herod. l. 5. d. 58 tells us that the Phenecians who came wthwith Cadmus brought many doctrines into Greece. For amongst those Phenicians were a sort of men called Curetes who were skilled in arts & sciences above other men,Strabo l. 10 p. 464, 465, 466. & setled, some in Phrygia where they were called Corybantes, some in Crete where they were called Idæi Dactyli, some in Samothrace where they were called Calybri, some in Rhodes where they were called Telchines, some in Eubæa where before the invention of iron they wrought in Copper in a city thence called Chalcis, some in Lemnos where they assisted Vulcan, & some in Imbrus & other places. And a considerable body of them setled in Ætolia which was thence called the country of the Curetes untill Ætolus the son of Endymion invaded it & called it by his own name. Where they setled they wrought first in copper till iron was invented, & then in iron. And when they had made themselves armour they danced in it at the sacrifices with tumult & clamour & bells & pipes & drumms & swords with which they struck upon one anothers armour in musical times, appearing seized with a divine fury. And this is recconed the original of Music in Greece, Studium musicum inde cæptum cum Idæi Dactyli moodulos crepitu et tinnitu æris deprehensos in versificum ordinem transtulissent: Solinus Polyhist. c. 11. Studium musicum ab Idæis DatylisDactylis cætptum: Origen l. 14. c. 6. ClemensClem. Strom. 1. calls the Idæi Dactyli barbarians, that is, strangers; & saith that they were reputed the first wise men to whom bothe the letters which they call EpesianEphesian & the invention of musical rhimes is referred. It seems that when the Phenician letters ascribed to Cadmus were brought into Greece they were at the same time brought also into Phrygia & Crete by the Curetes who setled in those countries, & called Ephesian from the city Ephesus where they were first taught. These letters were carried from Crete into Italy by Saturn & therefore the Saturn of the Latins was not older then Cadmus. The Curetes by their manufacturing copper & iron, & making swords & armour & edged tools for hewing & carving of wood brought into Europe a new way of fighting & gave Minos an opportunity of setting out a potent fleet & gaining the dominion of the seas, & set up the trades of Smiths & Carpenters in Greece wchwhich are the foundations of all other manual arts. The fleet of Minos was without sails, & Dædalus fled from him by adding sails to his vessel, & therefore ships with sails were not in used by the Greeks before the reign of this king. Dædalus & his nephew Talus invented the Chip-ax & Saw & Wimble & Perpendicular & Compass & Turning-lath & Glew & the potters wheel; & therefore the trades of Carpenters was Ioyners & Potters were not older in Greece then those days. Strab. l. 10. p. 472, 473. Diodor. l. 5. c 4The Curetes who thus introduced Letters & Music & dancing & Poetry & Arts, & attended on the sacrifices, were no less active about religious institutions, & for their skill & knowledg & mystical practises were accounted wise men & conjurers by the vulgar. In Phrygia their mysteries were about Rhea, called also Magna Mater, & from the places where she was worshipped, Cybele, Nerecynthea, Pessinuntia, Dindymeme, Mygdonia & Idæi Phrygia, & in Crete & the Terra Curetum they were about Iupiter Iupiter the son of the Cretan Rhea. They represented that when Iupiter was born in Crete,Strabo l 10. p. 460, 472. Diodor. l 5 c. 4 his mother Rhea caused him to be educated in a23.5r in a cave in mount Ida under their care & tuitionLucian de Sacrificijs. Apollodor. l. 1. c. 1. sect. 5 & c. 2. sect. 1 & that they danced about him in armour with a great noise that his father Saturn might not heare him cry, & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father Saturn, & the Titans his fathers friends & in memory of these things instituted their mysteries.
t into Europe he left his broth
The two first kings of Crete contemporary to the Curetes were Asterius & Minos, & Europa was the Queen of Asterius & mother of Minos, & the Idæan Curetes were her country-men & came with her & her brother Atymnus into Crete & dwelt in the Idean cave in her reign & there found out iron & made armour & educated Iupiter: & therefore these three Asterius Europa & Minos must be the Saturn, Rhea, & Iupiter of the Cretans. Minos is usually called the son of Iupiter, but this is with relation to the fable that Iupiter in the shape of a Bull, carried away Europa from Sidon. Asterius did not succeed his father in the Kingdom of Crete therefore could not be that Iupiter who was the son of Saturn For the Phenicians upon their first coming into Greece gave the name of Iag to king one Iupiter to Minos succeeded his father there in the kingdom of Crete & was that Iupiter who was famous amongst the Greeks for justice & dominion. He was anciently celebrated by the name of Iupiter: for according to Echemenes an ancient author cited by AthenæusAthen. l. XIII p. 601. he was that Iupiter who committed the rape upon Ganimede tho others say it was Tantalus. LucianLucian. de Dea Syr. lets us know that Europa was worshiped by the name of Rhea in the form of a woman sitting in a chariot drawn by Lyons with a drumm in her hand & a corona turrita on her head like Astarte & Isis. Diodor. l. 4.And the Cretans anciently shewed the house wherein this Rhea lived. And Apollonius RhodiusArgonaut. l. 11. v. 1236. tells us that Saturn while he reigned over the Titans in Olympus [a mountain of Crete] & Iupiter was educated by the Idean Curetes in the Cretan cave, deceived Rhea & of Philyra begot Chiron & therefore the Cretan Saturn & Rhea were but one generation older then Chiron, & by consequence they not older then Asterius & Europa the parents of Minos. For Chiron lived till after the Argonautick expedition & had two grandsons in that expedition, & therefore was born about the same time with Minos or soon after beginning of Solomons reign: at wchwhich time Minos was might be 15 or 20 years old. For Minos had also a grandson in that expedition. lived long & was dead above 30 years before that expedition. Lucian. in Sacrificijs. tells us that the Cretans did not only relate that Iupiter was born & buried among them but also shewed his sepulcher. And PorphyriusPorphyr. in vita Pythag. that Pythagoras went down into the Idean cave to see his sepulchre. And Cicero Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 3. in numbring three Iupiters saith that the third was Saturns son the Cretan Iupiter Saturn's son whose sepulchre was shewn in Crete. And the Scholiast upon Callimachus let us knowOde 1 in Iovem, v. 8. that this was the Sepulcher of Minos. His words are, Ε᾽ν Κρήτῃ ἐπἲ τῷ τάφῳ τοῦ Μίνωος ἐπιγέγραπτο ΜΙΝΩΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ ΤΑΦΟΣ. τῷ χρόνῳ δὲ τὸ του Μίνωος ἀπηλείφθη ὥστε περιλειφθῆναι Διος τάφος. ἐκ τούτου οὖν ἔχειν λέγουσιν Κρῆτες τὸν τάφον τοῦ Διός. By Saturn Cicero who was a Latin understood the Saturn so called by the Latines. For when Saturn was expelled his kingdom he fled from Crete by sea into Italy. And because he lay hid in Italy the Latines called him Saturn & Italy Saturnia & Latium & themselves Latines. So Cyprian:Cypr. de Idolorum vanitate. Antrum Iovis in Creta & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur & ab eo fugatum esse Saturnum fugatum esse manifestum est; unde Latium de latebra ejus nomen accepit. Hic literas imprimere & signare nummos in Italia primus6r primus instituit. Thus far Cyprian. By Saturn's carrying letters into Italy & teaching them agriculture you may know that he reigned in Crete after Letters were brought into Europe by the Phenicians & agriculture into Greece by Ceres & so could not be older then Asterius & Europa & her brother Cadmus & Ceres. The Latines in memory of his coming into Italy by sea, coined their first money with his head on one side & a ship on the other.
Pausan. l. 5 c. 7, 14Pausanias tells us that the people of Elis who were best skilled in antiquities related this to have been the original of the Olympic games: that Saturn reigned first & had a Temple built to him in Olympia by the men of the golden age; & when Iupiter was newly born his mother Rhea recommended him to the care of the Idæi Dactyli who were also called Curetes. That afterwards five of them called Hercules, Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasus, & Ida came from Ida a mountain in Crete [into Elis,] & Hercules Idæus being the eldest of them instituted the game of racing every fourth year, & that the victor should be rewarded with a crown of Olive, & called these games Olympic & erected there an altar to Iupiter Olympus. And that some of the Eleans said that Iupiter contended here with Saturn for the kingdom; & in memory of the victory instituted these games to Iupiter Olympius. Others that the Idæi Dactyli instituted these games in memory of their victory over the Titans. And They said alsoPausan. l. 5. c. 8, 14. that Clymenus the grandson of Hercules the Idæan Hercules about 50 [perhaps 60 or 70] years after Deucalions flood, coming from Crete, celebrated these games [again] in Olympia & erected an altar there to Iuno Olympia & another to this Hercules & the rest of the Curetes & another to Iupiter Olympius, & reigned in Elis till he was expelled by Endymion, After the death of this Iupiter they Curetes erected a temple & altar to him in Olympia & from the place of his worship he was called Iupiter Olympius who thereupon celebrated these games again. They might be celebrated first by Hercules Idæus upon the victory of Iupiter over Saturn in Crete or his Titans by Clymenus upon his coming to reign in the Terra Curetum, & then by Endymion upon his conquering Clymenus. This Iupiter had a Temple & altar erected to him in Olympia where the games were celebrated & was thence called Iupiter Olympius. ☉ ☉ but not till after his death. Teutamus the father of Asterius & grandfather of Minos carried a colony of Dorians into Crete from the regions of Mount Olympus in Cret Peloponesus, & this country afterwards, became that I think upon the expulsion of Saturn, became the Terra Curetum, & there they set up these games & the worship of this Iupiter. Lucian tells us that Europa was worshipped in Phrygia in the form of the Goddess Rhea the mother of the Gods. In the Island Thasus where Cadmus left one of his brothers his brother Thasus the Phenicians built a Temple to Hercules Olympius,Herod. l. 2. c 44. not the son of Alcmena but an older whom Cicero calls ex Idæis cui inferias afferunt. The When the mysteries of Ceres were instituted in Eleusis, with Egyptian ceremonies by Eumolpus & Melampus in the end of the reign of Erechtheus as above, & other mysteries were instituted there were other mysteries instituted in Samothrace to her & her daughter & Pluto soon after in Samothrace Proserpina & herher daughters husband, Pluto by the Phenician names of Dij Cabiri, Axieros, Axiokersa, & Axiokerses, that is, the great Gods, Ceres, Proserpina & Pluto. For [Cadmus landed in Samothrace with his Phenicians & there married Harmonia the sister of Dardanus & Iasion, &] Diodor. l. 5. c. 3Iasion a Samothracian whose sister married Cadmus was familiar with Ceres & of her begat Plutus, & Cadmus & Iasion were initiated in these mysteries. She was also deif Iasion married Cybele the daughter of Meones king of Phrygia & by her had Corybas, & after his death, Dardanus Cybele, & Corybas the son of Iasion & Cybele, went into Phrygia & carried thither the mysteries of the mother of the Gods, & Corybas called those that celebrated them & Cybele called them goddesses Cybele after her own name & Corybas called her Priests Corybantes. This Goddess was drawn by lions & had a corona turrita on her head & a drum in her hand like the Phenician Goddess Astarte, & the Corybantes danced in armour at the sacrifices like the Idæi Dactyli And LucianLucian de Saltatione. tells us that she was the Cretan Rhea. And thus the Phenicians introduced the practise of deifying dead men among the Greeks & Phrygians. For I meet with no instance of deifying dead men & weomen in Greece before the coming of Cadmus & Europa from Sidon. And LucianLucian. de Saltatione. lets us know that it was his mother the Phrygian Cretan Rhea who was worshipped in Phrygia. When Cadmus came into Europe he landed in Samothrace & there married Harmonia the Sister of Iasion, & after the death of Ceres the mistress of Iasion the Phenicians instituted mysteries there to the Di Cabyri of whom she was chief. She was deified also in Attica with a temple & mysteries & a succession of Priests. Dardanus king of the Trojans, was the brother of Iasion & Harmonia. And Corybas the son of Iasion, after the death of his father, going into Phrygia, instituted there the worship of Rhea, & gave the name of Corybantes to her Priests; & these Corybantes danced in armour like the Idæi Dactyli. And in the island Thasus where Cadmus left one of his brothers, the Phenicians built a Temple to Hercules, not the son of Alcmena but an older whom CiceroCic. de natura Deor. l. 3. calls ex Idæis cui inferias inferunt. And thus the Phenicians introduced the practise of deifying dead men. For I meet with no instance of deifying any dead man or woman in Greece before the coming of Cadmus & Europa from Sidon.
From these originals therefore it came into fashion amongst the Greeks κτερίζειν parentare to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with festivals & invocations, & sacrifices offered to their ghosts & to erect magnificent sepulchres in the form of Temples with237r in a cave in mount Ida under their care & tuitionLucian. de Sacrificijs. Apollodor. l. 1. c. 1. sect. 3 & c. 2. sect. 1. & that they danced about him in armour with a great noise that his father Saturn might not hear him cry, & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father & his fathers friends the Titans, & in memory of these things instituted their mysteries.
The two first kings of Crete contemporary to the Curetes were Asterius & Minos, & Europas was the Queen of Asterius & mother of Minos, & the Idæan Curetes were her countrymen & came with her & her brother Atymnus into Crete & dwelt in the Idæan cave in her reign, & there found out iron & made armour & educated Iupiter: & therefore these three Asterius Europa & Minos must be the Saturn Rhea & Iupiter of the Cretans. Minos is usually called the son of Iupiter, but this is with relation to the fable that Iupiter in the shape of a bull carried away Europa from Sidon. For the Phenicians upon their first coming into Greece gave the name of Iao-pater to every king. Minos succeeded his father in the kingdom of Crete, & was that Iupiter who was famous amongst the Greeks for justice & dominion. He was one anciently one of the Iupiters celebrated by the name of Iupiter Greeks for according to Echemenes an ancient author cited by AthenæusAthen. l. XIII. p. 601., he was that Iupiter who committed the rape upon Ganimede; tho others say it was Tantalus Minos was that Iupiter who was famous among the Greeks for justice & dominion. LucianLucian. de Dea Syr. lets us know that Europa was worshiped by the name of Rhea in the form of a woman sitting in a chariot drawn by Lyons wthwhich a drum in her hand & a corona turrita on her head like Astarte & Isis.Diodor. l. 4 And the Cretans anciently shewed the house where this Rhea lived. And Apollonius RhodiusArgonaut. l. II. v. 1236. tells us that Saturn, while he reigned over the Titans in Olympus [a mountain of Crete,] & Iupiter was educated by the Curetes in the Cretan cave deceived Rhea & of Philyra begot Chiron. And therefore the Cretan Saturn & Rhea were but one generation older then Chiron, & by consequence not older then Asterius & Europa the parents of Minos. For Chiron lived till after the Argonautic Expedition & had two grandsons in that expedition, & Europa came into Crete above an hundred years before that Expedition. Lucian. in SacrificijsLucian tells us that the Cretans did not only relate that the Iupiter was born & buried among them but also shewed his sepulchre. And PorphyryPorphyr. in vita Pythag. that Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his sepulchre. And CiceroCic. de Nat. Deor. l. 3. in numbring three Iupiters, said that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturn's son whose sepulchre was shewn in Crete. And the Scholiast upon CallimachusOde 1 in Iovem v. 8. lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos. His words are Εν Κρήτη ἐπὶ τῷ τάφῳ τοῦ Μέναιος ἐπιγέγραπτο ΜΙΝΩΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ ΤΑΦΟΣ. τῷ χρόνῳ δὲ τὸ τοῦ, Μίναιος ἀπηλείφθη, ὥστε περιλειφθῆναι Διὸς τάφος. ἐκ τούτου οὖν ἔχειν λέγουσιν Κρῆτες τὸν τάφον τοῦ Διός. By Saturn Cicero who was a Latin understood the Saturn so called by the Latins. For when Saturn was expelled his kingdom he fled from Crete by sea into Italy. And because he lay hid in Italy the Latines called him Saturn & Italy Saturnia & Latium & themselves Latines. So Cyprian: Cypr. de Idolorum vanitateAntrum Iovis in Creta et sepulchrum ejus ostenditur et ab eo Saturnum fugatum esse manifestum est; unde Latium de latebra ejus manifestum est nomen accepit. Hic literas imprimere et signare nummos in Italia primus instituit, ☉ unde ☉ unde ærarium Saturni vocatur; et rusticitatis hic cultor fuit, inde falcem ferens pingitur. Thus far Cyprian. And Minutius Felix: Saturnus Creta fugiens profugus Italiam metu filij sævientis accesserat, et Iani susceptus hospitio, rudes illos homines et agrestes multa docuit ut Græculus & politus, literas imprimere, nummos signare, instrumenta conficere. Itaque latebram suam quod tuto latuisset vocari maluit Latium, & Vrbem Saturniam de suo nomine – Ejus filius Iupiter Cretæ excluso parente regnavit, illic obijt, illic filios habuit; adhuc antrum Iovis visitur, & sepulchrum ejus ostenditur, & ipsis sacris suis humanitatis arguitur. And Tertulliandd Apologet. p. 12 & Ad nationes l. 2.: Quantum rerum argumentia docent, nusquam invenio fideliora quam apud ipsam Italiam, in qua Saturnus, post multas expeditiones, postque Attica hospitia, consedit, exceptus ab Iano, vel Iane ut Salij volunt. Mons quem incoluerat Saturnius dictus. Civitas quam depalaverat Saturnia usque nunc est. Tota denique Italia post Oenotriam Saturnia cognominabatur. Ab ipso primum Tabulæ, et imagine signatus nummus, & inde ærario præsidet. By Saturn's carrying letters into Italy – – Thus far Cyprian. By Saturn's carrying letters into Italy & coining money & manual teaching agriculture & the making of instruments & building a town you may know that he fled from Crete after letters & the coining of money & manual arts were brought into Europe by the Phenicians & agriculture into Greece by Ceres, & so could not be older then Asterius & Europa & her brother Cadmus. And by Italy's being called first Oenotria & then Saturnia, you may know that he came into Italy after Oenotrus, & so was not older then the sons of Lycaon. Oenotrus carried the first colony of Greeks into Italy, Saturn the second, & Evander the third. And the ‡ ‡ Latines know nothing older in Italy then Ianus & Saturn, & therefore Oenotrus was their Ianus, & Saturn was contemporary to the younger children sons of Lycaon, & whose Grandson Arcas received corn from Triptolemus & taught his people how to make bread of it & by consequence to Erechtheus Celeus Erechtheus Ceres & Asterius. For Ceres educated Triptolemus the son of Celeus in the reign of Erechtheus & then taught him to plow & sow, Arcas the son of Callisto & grandson of Lycaon received corn from Triptolemus & taught his people to make bread of it & Procris the daughter of Erechtheus fled to Minos the son of Asterius. The Latines in memory of his coming into Italy by sea, coined their first money8r money with his head on one side & a ship on the other.
Pausan. l. 5. c. 7, 14.Pausanias tells us that the people of Elis who were best skilled in antiquities related this to have been the original of the Olympic games: that Saturn reigned first & had a Temple built to him in Olympia by the men of the golden age: & when Iupiter was newly born his mother Rhea recommended him to the care of the Idæi Dactyli who were also called Curetes. That afterwards five of them called Hercules, Pæonius, Epimedes, Iasus, & Ida came from Ida a mountain in Crete into Elis, & Hercules Idæus being the oldest of them, instituted the game of racing every fourth year, & that the victor should be rewarded with a crown of Olive, & called these games Olympic: And that some of the Eleans said that Iupiter contended here with Saturn for the kingdom; others that the Idæi Dactyli instituted these games in memory of their victory over the Titans. For Tuetamus the father of Asterius came into Crete with a colony from Olympia, & upon the flight of Asterius some of his friends might retire into their own contry & be pursued & beaten there by the Idæan Hercules. The Eleans said also Pausan. l. 5. c. 8, 14. that Clymenus the grandson of the Idæan Hercules about 50 years after Deucalions flood, coming from Crete celebrated these games again in Olympia & erected there an altar to Iuno Olympia & another to this Hercules & the rest of the Curetes, & reigned in Elis till he was expelled by Endymion, who thereupon celebrated these games again. And so did Pelops who was one generation younger then Endymion. They might be celebrated first by Hercules Idæus upon the conquest of Saturn & the Titans & then by Clymenus upon his coming to reign in the Terra Curetum, & then by Endymion upon his conquering Clymenus & afterwards by Pelops upon his becoming lord of that country. This Iupiter had a Temple & Altar erected to him in Olympia where the games were celebrated, & from the place was called Iupiter Olympius.// Herod. l. 2. c 44.In the Island Thasus where Cadmus left his brother Thasus, the Phœnicians built a Temple to Hercules Olympius, that Hercules whom Cicero calls ex Idæis cui inferias afferunt. When the mysteries of Ceres were instituted in Eleusis, there were other mysteries instituted to her & her daughter & daughters husband, in Samothrace by the Phenician names of Dij Cabiri, Axieros, Axiokersa, & Axiokerses, that is, the great Gods, Ceres, Proserpina & Pluto. For Diodor. l. 5. c. 3.Iasion a Samothracian whose sister married Cadmus, was familiar with Ceres; & Cadmus & Iasion were initiated in these mysteries. Iasion married Cybele the daughter of Meones king of Phrygia & by her had Corybas; & after his death Dardanus Cybele & Corybas went into Phrygia & carried thither the mysteries of the mother of the Gods, & Cybele called the Godess after her own name, & Corybas called her Priests Corybantes. ✝ ✝ Thus Diodorus. But DionysiusDionys. l. 1. p. 38, 42. saith that Dardanus instituted the Samothracian mysteries & that his wife Chryses learnt them in Arcadia & that Idæus the son of Dardanus instituted afterwards the mysteries of the mother of the Gods in Phrygia. This Goddess was drawn in a chariot by lions, & had a corona turrita on her head & a drumm in her hand like the Phenician Godess Astarte & the Corybantes danced in armour at her sacrifices in a furious manner like the Idæi Dactyli. And LucianLucian de Saltatione. tells us that she was the Cretan Rhea. And thus the Phenicians introduced the practise of deifying dead men among the Greeks & Phrygians. For I meet with no instance of deifying dead men & weomen in Greece before the coming of Cadmus & Europa from Sidon.
From these originals it came into fashion amongst the Greeks κτερίζειν parentare, to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with festivals & invocations & sacrifices offered to their Ghosts, & to erect magnificent sepulchres in the form of Temples with9r in a cave in mount Ida under their care & tuition, & that they danced about him in armour with a great noise that his father Saturn might not hear him cry, & when he was grown up assisted him in conquering his father Saturn &in memory of these things instituted their mysteries.
The two first kings of Crete contemporary to the Curetes were Asterius & Minos & Minos was the greatest king of Crete was Minos. & was Minos & the first whose father reigned in that Island & Europa was the Queen of Asterius & mother of Minos, & the Idæan Curetes were her country-men, & came with her & her brother Atymnus into Crete, & dwelt in the Idæan cave in her reign, & there found out iron & made armour & educated Iupiter: & therefore these three Asterius Europa & Minos must be the Saturn Rhea & Iupiter of the Cretans. ⊡ Lucian pp Lucian de Dea Syr lets us know that Europa was worshipped in the same manner with the Phenician Astarte. Lucian let us know that Europa was worshipped in the same manner with the Phenician Astarte ⊡ LucianLucian de Dea Syr. lets us know that Mino Europa was worshipped by the name of Rhea & in the form of a woman in a chariot drawn by Lyons, with a drumm in her hand & a corona turrita on her head like Astarte & Isis. And the bb Diodor. Sic. l. 4 Cretans anciently shewed the house wherin this Rhea & t lived & therefore had their Rhea. Minos is usually called the son of Iupiter, but this is with relation to the fable that Iupiter in the shape of a Bull carried away Europa from Sidon Asterius did not succeed his father in the kingdom of Crete & therefore could not be ytthat Iupiter who was the son of Saturn. Apollonius aa Argonaut. l. II, v. 1236 Rhodius tells us that Saturn while he reigned over the Titans in Olympus [a mountain of Crete] & Iupiter was educated by the Idean Curetes in the Cretan cave, deceived Rhea & of Philyra begot Chiron. And therefore the Cretan Saturn & Rhea were but one generation older then Chiron. Minos was that Iupiter who was famous amongst the Greeks for justice & dominion, & who according to Echemenes an ancient author cited by bb Athen. l. XIII. p. 601. Athenæus committed the rape upon Ganimede. Lucian cc Lucian in Sacrificijs tells us that the Cretans did not only relate that Iupiter was born & buried among them, but also shewed his sepulchre. And Porphyrius dd Porphyr. in vita Pythag. that Pythagoras went down into the Idæan cave to see his sepulchre. And Cicero ee Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 3. in numbring three Iupiters saith that the third was the Cretan Iupiter Saturn's son whose sepulchre was shewn in Crete, & the Scholiast upon ff Ode 1 in Iovem v. 8. Callimachus lets us know that this was the sepulchre of Minos. His words are Ε᾽ν Κρήτη ἐπὶ τῷ τάφῷ τοῦ Μίνωος ἐπιγέγραπτο ΜΙΝΩΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ ΤΑΦΟΣ. τῶ χρόνῳ δὲ τὸ Μίνωος ἀπηλείφθη ὥστε περιλειφθῆναι Διὸς τάφος. ἐκ τούτου, οὐν ἔχειν λέγουσι Κρῆτες τὸν τάφον τοῦ Διός. By Saturn Cicero who was a Latin understood the Saturn so called by the Latines. For when Saturn was expelled his kingdom he fled from Crete by sea into Italy. And because he lay hid in Italy the Latines called him Saturn & Italy Saturniæ & Latium, & themselves Latines. Antrum Iovis in Creta et sepulchrum ejus ostenditur et ab eo Saturnum fugatum esse manifestum est; unde Latium de latebra ejus nomen accepit. Hic literas imprimere et signare nummos in Italia primus instituit. Cyprian de Idolorum vanitate. By his carrying letters into Italy you may know that he reigned in Crete after letters were brought into Europe by the Phenicians, & so could not be older then Asterius & Europa & her brother Cadmus. The Latines in memory of his coming into Italy by sea, coined their first money with his head on one side & a ship on the other.
About the same time that the worship of Rhea & Saturn was instituted in Phrygia & Italy, & that of Iupiter Olympius in Crete & at Olympia in Elis, the worship of Ceres was instituted in Attica & Samothrace. And from these originals it came then into fashion κτερίζειν parentare to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with festivals & invocations & sacrifices offered to their ghosts, & to erect magnificent sepulchers sepulchres in the form of Temples with Altars & statues to persons of renown, & there10r there to honour them with sacrifices & invocations. Every man might do it to his ancestors & the cities of Greece did it to all the eminent Greeks, as to Minos & Rhadamanthus the nepheus of Cadmus to Ino his daughter & Melicertes the son of Ino, to Bacchus the son of his daughter Semele, Aristæus the husband of his daughter Autonoe, Iasion the brother of his wife Harmonia, Hercules a Theban & his mother Alcmena, Æsculapius & Palemocrates the son of Machaon; to Pandion & Theseus kings of Athens, Hippolytus the son of Theseus, Pan the son of Penelope, Proserpina, Triptolemus, Celeus, Trophonius, Castor Pollux, Hellena, Menelaus, Agamemnon, Amphiaraus & his son Amphilochus, Hector & Alexandra the son & daughter of Priam, Phoroneus, Orpheus, Protesilaus Achilles & his mother Thetis, Ajax, Arcas, Idomeneus, Merion Æacus, Melampus, Britomartis, Adrastus, Iolaus, & divers others. They deified their dead in divers manners according to their abilities & circumstances & the merits of the person; some only in private families as houshold Gods or Dij penates, others by erecting gravestones to them in public to be used as alters for annual sacrifices, others by building also to them sepulchres in the form of houses or Temples, & some by appointing mysteries & ceremonies & set sacrifices & Templ festivals &initiations & a succession of Priests for observing & performing those institutions in the Temples & handing them down to posterity. Altars might begin to be erected in Europe a little before the days of Cadmus, but ATemples began a little after. aArnob. adv. Gentes. l. 6. p. 191. For Æacus the son of Ægina who was two generations older then the Trojan war, was one of the first, some say the first who built a Temple in Greece. Oracles came from Egypt into Greece about the same time, as did also the custome of forming the images of the Gods with their leggs bound up in the form shape of the Egyptian Mummies. For idolatry began in Egypt & Chaldea & spread thence into Phenicia & the neighbouring countries long before it came into Europe. The countries upon the Tigris & Nile being exceeding fertile were first frequented by mankind & grew first into kingdoms, & therefore first began to adore their dead Kings & Queens. Hence came the Gods of Laban, the Gods & Godesses called Baalim & Asteroth & Milcom by the Canaanites, the Dæmons or Ghosts to whom they sacrificed, & the Moloch to whom they offered their children in the days of Moses & the Iudges. Every city & kingdom set up the worship of its own kings & by alliances & conquest they spread this worship, & at length the Phenicians brought it into Greece & Sesostris by conquest spread the worship of the Gods of Egypt into all his conquests & made them more famous & universal then the Gods of any other nation had been before, so as to be called Dij magni majorum gentium. He conquered Thrace, & Amphyction brought the twelve Gods from Thrace into Greece. By the names of the cities of Egypt dedicated to many of these Gods, you may know that they were of an Egyptian original.
HesiodHesiod. Opera, v. 108 describing the four ages of the Gods & Demigods of the Greeks, represents them to be four generations of men each of which ended when the men then living grew old & dropt into the grave, & tells us that the fourth ended with the wars of Thebes & Troy. And so many generations there are between the destruction of Troy & the coming of the Phenicians who introduced those Gods the practise of deifying dead men. Apollonius RhodiusArgonaut. l. 4. v. 1638, & Scholiast in eundem. saith that when the Argonauts came to Crete they slew Talus a brazen man who remained of those who were of the brazen age & guarded that11r that Island. Talus was the son of Minos & therefore the sons of Minos lived in the brazen age & the reign of Minos fell in wthwith the silver age. It was the silver age of the Greeks in wchwhich they began to plow & sow, & Ceres who taught them to do it flourished in the reign of Celeus Erechtheus & Minos. And Mythologists say that the last woman with whom Iupiter lay was Alcmena & the first Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus, thereby seem to have ended thereby put an end to the reign of Iupiter among mortals when Alcmena was with child of Hercules. And Chiron who lived till after the Argonautic expedition & had two grandchildren in that expedition, was born begot in the golden age when Iupiter was a child in the Cretan cave as above. And hence also it appears that these ages were but of an ordinary length, & so could scarce begin before the reign of Asterius & Europa. coming of the Phenicians & reign of Asterius & Europa. And between the coming of Cadmus & birth infancy of Chiron there is room for the golden age. Its probable therefore that that the Phenicians upon their coming into Europe looked upon themselves as comiing into a new world, & with relation to this world & to the Gods whom they introduced in it, feigned the fable of the four ages of these Gods & measured their length of those ages by the reigns of the four first kings of Crete, a kingdom of their kingdom of Crete invaded by them & the greatest kingdom then in Greece; vizt by ytthat of Asterius who from his lying hid in Italy, was called Saturn by the Latines, & by that of his son Minos who was famous for justice the character of Iupiter, & by that of his grandson Deucalion who was an Argonaut, & by that of his great grandson Idomeneus who upon returning home from the Trojan war sacrificed his son & for that fact was expelled the kingdom of Crete.
Cadmus left his brother Thasus in the island Thasus & there the Phœnicians built a temple to their Hercules. He landed also in Samothrace & there married Harmonia the sister of Iasion, & left Phœnicians there who instituted the after the death of Ceres the mistress of Iasion instituted the Samothracian mysteries to her & the rest of the Dij Cabiri of whom she was chief. And Corybas the son of Iasion going into Phrygia, carried thither the worship of Cybele or Rhea the mother of the Gods & gave the name of Corybantes to her Priests. And Lucian lets us know that Europa was the sister of Cadmus was the same Goddess wthwhich the Lydian Rhea worshipped by the name of Rhea. this Rhea was the mother of the Cretan Iupiter & that Europa was worshipped in the same manner with the Phenician Astarte &
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– Iupiter of the Cretans. Lucian lets us know that Europa was worshipped by the name of Rhea & in the form of a woman riding on riding in a chariot drawn by Lyons with a drumm & a corona turrita on her head like Astarte & Isis & therefore she was the mater Deûm of the Phrygians & her children were recconed among the Gods. Minos is usually called the son of Iupiter, but – – –
– from Sidon