the Roman Empire erected. This inscription seems to have been upon one of those Obelisks neare the monument of Memnon in Thebes mentioned by Strabo an eye witness. Above the Memnomium saith he are the sepulchers of forty kings of Egypt in caves cut in stone & by them in certain Obelisks inscriptions the riches & power of those Kings & the dominion propagated to Scythia & Bactriana & India & Ionia with the greatness of their tribute & their army of a thousand thousand men.

Next reigned Amenophes called Amenephthes by Eusebius Imandes, Ismandes & Isimandes by Strabo, Osymandes by Hecatæus by Diodorus æ Mnemon by the Greeks: & he by Osimanduas & Mendes by Diodorus & generally Memnon by the Greeks. His aa Hecadtæus apud Diodorum mother was a Queen & therefore we may reccon him of the royal race of Sesostris. By the the riches of his predecessor & his onwn acquisitions he did such works as made him more known to the Greeks then any of the Kings He visited the conquests of Sesostris, marched through Ionia & PrygiaPhrygia, subdued the rebelling Bactrians, staid long in Susiana & left there a pPalace & other works wchwhich the Greeks called Memnonia. In Egypt at Abydus he built another stately Palace & at Thebes on the west side of the Nile two Colossuses on of wchwhich was that famous statue wchwhich every morning at sun rise sounded wthwith a musical voice. He built also another at Thebes for his sepulchre a very magnificent structure like a Temple wthwith three ten furlongs in circuit with several stately Porticos & Galleries. At yethe entrance of one of yethe porticos were three ) statues his own his mothers & his daughters wthwith each of one stone. His own was the biggest statue in all Egypt the foot thereof being about measure of the foot thereof exceeding seven cubits. On this statue was th this inscription on his own

And On the walls of one of the Galleries were Sculptures representing the war he made against the rebelling Bactrians with 400000 foot & 20000 horse commanded in four bodies by his four sons & also his taking of beseiging a ffortified place encompassed by a river (viztvidelicet Susa) & his carrying away captives & triumphing for the victoryies. Perhaps this was the Memnonium in Thebais wchwhich Philostratus calls the Temple of Memnon others the temple of Serapis where was the speaking statue. [He built alsoStrabo l. 17. p. 811, 813. Pliny l. 1. c. 5, 7. the Labyrinth a work as magnificent as the Pyramids & at yethe end of wchwhich was the sepulcher of Imandes the founder, being a square Pyramid each of whose sides were almost four thacres & the height as much wchwhich is half the measure assigned of the greatest Pyramid assigned by Herodotus]

Among the stupendious works of these Kings arise to be recconed the vast Lake of Mæris wthwith two Pyramids in the midst of fifty paces height above the water & as much below & upon each a Colossus in a throne representing him and his wife. This Lake was one of the greatest mairacles of Egypt 5r Egypt being made with Sluces to receive the water of the Nile in time of overflow & let it out afterwards to water the land. It was 3600 stadiums or 450 miles in compass & 50 paces deep where deepest. The channel by wchwhich the water flowed in & out was 80 stadiums long & 300 feet broad & cut in some places through rocks under ground. To open & shut the sluces cost 50 talents every time. He built also the stately eastern northern Portico of the Temple of Vulcan & found out the elements of Geometry, & by all these characters was one of the successors of Sesostris. For Sesostris gave the first occasion to Geometry by dividing Egypt equally among all the Egyptians & built that sumptuous Temple of Vulcan to which Rhampsis Mæris & added Porticos & the work of the Lake was too great vast for any age before his reign. Some attribute the Labyrinth to Mæris confounding him with his predecessor Imandes, whence tis probable that he finished it. He built also the Labyrinth neare the Lake & at wthwith end of it a P square Pyramid each of whose sides were almost four acres æ yethe height as much wchwhich is half yethe measure of the greatest Pyramid. And here the founder is supposed to lye intombed..

& thereupon made a fable that Mercury play Rehea being with child by Saturn yethe Sun prlayd she might not be delivered in any month nor in the year: but & that Mercury won of from Luna at dice so much time from her year of 12 months as made five days & added them to the 360 days. In giving this account how yethe Sun got 5 days to his year & the moon lose as many from hers, they make the year before this alteration to consist of 360 days. And on that account they called yethe 5 days επαγομενοι additional to the year.

So Moses describes the duration of yethe flood by months of 30 days each & & to this yea a year of 12 such months Iohn alluded in yethe Apocalyps in making 3three times (or years) & an half equal to 42 months & those equal to 1260 days. And solon in discoursing wthwith Cræsus reccons seventy years of 360 days each & then tells us of intercalary months every other year. For the Athenians every other year added to this year months of 10 & 11 days alternately every other year to bring supply dthe defect of 360 days b having been taught by yethe Egy the length of the solar year by the Egyptians.

The first men would be apt to take notice of yethe returnsvolutions of the sun & moon & & the returns of summer & winter & thence came their recconings of time by days months & years, & the number of such months in a summer & winter would be apt to make yethe first recconings by forming of Lunisolar years. Then finding that these months had consisted of 29 & 30 days alternately ther & that there were something more then 12 such months in a summer & winter they made all the months of 30 days enlarged the months alloting 30 days to every month that 12 of these months might make a Summer & winter, & this seems to be took yethe round numbers of 30 days to a month & 12 months to a year & this seems accordingly divided the Zodiac into 12 signs & every sign into 30 degrees & this seems to be the oldest solar the oldest solar year & yethe grownd of dividing a circle into 360 equal parts degrees the zodiack into 12 signs & every sign into 30 degrees o& by consequence of the whole a circle into 360 degrees circle into 360 degrees. So Moses describes yethe duration of the flood by months of 30 days each & to a year of such m Solon in discoursing wthwith Cræsus reccons 70 years of 360 days each & Iohn to ysuch years Iohn alludes in the Apocalyps in making 3 times (or years) & an half equal to 42 months & those to 1260 days. At length finding this year too short they the Egyptians added 5 days to the end of it., Tis agreed that the Egyptians did it & this monument & as they had before dedicated the 12 months to the 12 Gods so now & called theose five days ἐπαγόμενας additional days & dedicated them to nativities of their Gods Osyris Isis Typon Orus Typhon Nephthe. & in memory of thie addition alteration addition formed this fable that Rhea being wthwith child by Saturn the sun prayd she might not be delivered in any month nor in the year & yethat Mercury won from Luna at Dice so the much time from every day as made 70th two & seventithseventieth part of every day of the yeare which wchwhich of the whole yeare made up 5 fo whole days & added those 5 days to yethe end of the yeare 360. 360. This is yethe reason they give why men made the Solar year was longer & yethe Lunar shorter then the old year of 360 days. //Tis agreed that this alteratiaon of the ancient Solar year was made by the Egyptians, & this mMonument by dividing the circle into 365 degrees shews that it was made in yethe reign of Amenophis. He restored the dominion of Egypt & Calendars are seldome reformed but upon setting up new dominions. Nor perhaps was any king big enough to do it before him & sSesostris.

And even the year it self of 365 days points at him for the author. The first ages ar distinguis in recconing by summers & winters would be apt (like Thudcydides in his hist) to begin their year in spring or autumn. So did the Iews in their year wchwhich they brought out of Egypt. And if the Egyptians did the same, then we may reccon isat year they & accordingly began this year at one of yethe Equinoxes at its first institution. whence it follows that this year it was either instituted by him or very much older then he – FNorw if this year was made to begin at yethe autumnal equinox twas an hundred years older then Moses, if at yethe rising of the Dog star (as some think) twas 300 years older then Sesak (& on this ground Syncellus seems to ascribe it to yethe Shepherds), but if at yethe vernal equinox it began in the reign of this king. For then at this egyptian year was yethe same wthwith the year of Nabonassar & in yethe year of yethe Iulian Period 3821 (& for 3 years after) that is 55 years after yethe overthrow of yethe Etthat yearhiopans by Asa that year began began on yethe 3d of April wchwhich was then yethe first day after yethe vernal equinox according to yethe Suns mean motion, & that Iulian year was about 55 years after the overthrow of the Ethiopians by Asa wchwhich I reccon within yethe comparscompass of the reign of Amenophis. For his exile & actions after that victory of Asa

the Roman Empire erexacted. This inscription seems to have been upon one of those Obelisks neare the Monument of Memnon in Thebes mentioned by Strabo an eye witness. Above the Memnonium saith he are the Sepulchres of forty kings of Egypt in caves cut in stone & by them in certain Obelisks inscriptions declaring the riches & power of those kings & their dominion propagated to Scythia & Bactriana & India & Ionia with the greatness of their tribute & their army of a thousand thousand men.

Next reigned Amenophes called Amenephthes by Eusebius, Imandes Ismandes & Isimandes by Strabo

In this or the next kings reign & m Next reigned Amenophis called Amenephthes by Eusebius, Imandes Ismandes & Isimandes by Strabo, Osimandes by Hecatæus, Osimanduas & Mendes by Diodorus. His aa Hecatæus apud Diodorus l mother was a Queen & his son was called c Sethos was b called Ramesses after the name of his father Rhampses & therefore he was the bb Manetho apud Ioseph. cont. Ap. p. 1053. son of Rhampses. In his reign & in the 14 or 15th year of Asa King of Iuda a cac 2 Chron. 14, Zerah the Ethiopian with an army of a thousand thousand Ethiopians dbd 2 Chron 16.8. & b Libyans invaded Iudea. Their wasy was through Egypt & they must seem to have made a considerable stay there. For Asa had peace ten years before they expected invaded him & long expected their coming prepard to meet either them or the Egyptians. For while the land was yet before him he destroyed idola sought yethe lord & destroyed Idolatry & fortified the cities of Iudea wthwith walls & towers & gates & barrs & prepared an army of 5five hundred & eighty thousand men. This he did without any checque from the Egyptians they having work enough at home. At length when the Ethiopians advanced from Egypt, he met them at Mareshah wthwith this army & routed them totaly at Mareshah at a town of Iudea towards Egypt & pursued them to Gerar & spoiled smote the cities about Gerar & as he returned wthwith much spoile Azariah the prophet went out to meet him & said Hear me Asa & Iudah & Benjamin. The Lord is with you while ye be with him & if ye seek him he will be found of you but if ye forsake him he will forsake you. Now for a long season Israel hath been without a true God & without a teaching Priest & without Law. A And in those times [viztvidelicet under the dominion of Egypt] there was no peace to him that went out nor to him that came in but great vexations were upon all the inhabitants of the countries & nation was destroyed of nation & city of city: For God did vex them with all adversity. But when Israel in their traouble [viztvidelicet out of fear of the Ethiopians] did turn unto the Lord & sought him he was found of them. The Ethiopians therefore invaded Egypt before he began to seek the Lord & by consequence stayed in Egypt some years before they invatded Syria Iudea.

By this victory the Iews shook of the dominion of Egypt For whereas Sesack had taken away all the treasures of the Temple Asa now brought into yethe Temple the silver & gold & vessels wchwhich he & his father had dedicated in the room of what Sesak had taken away. And henceforward he and his son Iehosaphat had peace for 50 years together & flourished in power & wealth for 50 years together many years. So then by this invasion By 7r invasion the dominion of Egypt was shaken so that Herodotus was not much out when he wrote that Sesostris was the only King that enjoyed the Empire. Yet after

Iosephus tells us out of Manetho & Chæremon that in the reign of Amenophis (that Amenophis who was the son of Seth Rampsus & grandson of Sethos & father of Reamesses) a great body of Egyptians revolted at Pelusium & had a polity & laws given them by Osarsiphus Priest of Heliopolis & called in a body of Iews from Ierusalem to their assistance & that Amenophis leaving his wife with child of Ramesses or the child but 5 years old fled to Ethiopia where the King of Ethiopia was voluntarily subject to him & after thirteen years returned & with exile or above his young son Ramesses drave out the rebells & the Iews to yethe borders of Syria & called ba & revolted brought back his father. This story Manetho & Chæremon have distorted applying it to the times of Moses as if Moses were Osarsiphus & the Israelites whom Moses led out of Egypt were the Iews & Egy now expelled by Amenophis. Let the story be purged from what belongs to that fiction & it will amount to this that after the Ethiopians were routed at Maresah the Ethiopians called in the victorious Iews to their assistance & then Amenophis leaving a competent force at Pelusium pursued the flying Ethiopians with his main army retired as far as Ethiopia above Egypt & staid in those parts 10 or 12 years till he had reduced the Ethiopians to obedience & composed them & then he returned & with his young son Ramesses by a new war drove out the Ethiopians & Libyans from the lower Egypt & made them retire into Thebais & the parts adjacent parts of Ethiopia carrying along with them with Amenophis & other captives, & that Amenophis staid in exile till his son Ramesses grew up, & had the government put into his hands by the Egipyptians, called home his father & conquered the Ethiopians abovementioned & brought back his father & obliged the Iews to withdraw out of Egypt into Syria. And to this action Ramesses seems to relate when he inscribed on his obelisk (as HermapionAmmianes l. 17. interpredinterpreted it) that he had saved Egypt by expelling forreigners. And EusebiusEuseb. n. 402. Sub Amenophe Æthiopes ab Inde flumine consurgentes, juxta Ægyptum consederunt.

Amenophis having recovered Egypt & being now inured to war led his army out of Egypt to visit the conquests of Sesostrsis, marched through Ionia & Phrygia, subdued the rebbelling Bactrians, staid long in Susia took Susa staid long there & left there a Palace & other works wchwhich the Greeks call Memnonia. In Egypt at Abydus he built another stately Palace & at Thebes on the west side of the Nile two Colossus's one of wchwhich was that famous statue wchwhich every morning at sun rise sounded with a musical voice.✝ 6v& for the most part Memnon by the Greeks ✝ PausaniasPausan. in Att. p. 101. speaking of this statue, saith, that he most admired the Colossus of the Egyptians in Thebais beyond the Nile at yethe place called the Syringes. For there was is still then his days saith he the statue of a man sitting & many called it Memnon. For they say that he penetrated out of Ethiopia into Egypt & as far as Et Susa. But the Thebans say it was not Mennon but Phamenophes a native of Thebais. Some say it was the Statue of Sesostris. Cambyses broke off the upper part to the middle & the lower part remaineds sitting & every morning at sun rise emits a sound like that of thea string of a harp or lute when it happens to break. He Amenophis built also at Thebes his own sepulchreHecatæus apud Diodor. l. 1. c 4 a very magnificent structure like a Temple ten furlongs in circuit wthwith several stately Portico's & Galleries. ‡ ‡ This seems to be the Memnonium in Thebais wchwhich Philostratus calls the Temple of Memnon, others the Temple of Serapis where was the speaking statue. At the entrance – At the entrance of one of the Porticos were three statues each of one stone his own his mothers & his daughters, each of one stone. His own was the biggest statue in all Egypt the measure of the foot thereof exceeding seven cubits. It had this inscription.

The successors of S

As Babylon & Rome were adorned with various works in the height of their emplire wthwith various works so was Thebes & all Egypt in the reign of Sesostris & his successors, the Captives spoiles & tribute of yethe nations being employed in building Palaces, Temples, Obelisks, Pyramids & other works. For Sesostris returning home aa Diodor l. 1 p. 35. wthwith a great multitude of captives & large spoiles & bb Diodor l. 1. p. 37. imposing yearly tributes on yethe conquered nations cc Diodor. l. 1. p. 36. built & adorned new Temples in all the cities of Egypt b honouring yethe Gods & chiefly Vulcan wthwith gifts & dd Diod. l 1 p 36. cut ditches from yethe river Nile into all parts of Egypt for supplying the cities wthwith water & carrying corn & other commodities byetween them by water: & wthwith yethe earth dug out he raised yethe cities higher to defend them from yethe inundation of yethe river, & n[n. Herod. fortified them. & in these works employed only yethe captives he brought home with him. He erected also in Heliopolis two Obelisks of 120 cubits, inscribing on them the greatness of his dominion & tribute wthwith yethe number of the conquered nations. gg Am. Marcel. l. 17. p. 92 one of wchwhich Augustus Cæsar conveyed to Rome And ff Herod l. 2. c. 110. before yethe Temple of Vulcan he erected his own & his wifes statues of 30 cubistes & four others of 20 cubits to his four sons. & attempted to cut a ditch from Nile to yethe red sea.

His son & successor whom Pliny calls Nuncoreus & Herodotus Pheron (perhaps Pharaoh,) & Diodorus aa Herol.Herod. l. 2. c. 111. Plin l. 36. c. 11. erected two Obelisks of 100 cubits but did nothing in war. Rhapses Rhampses (whom Herodotus calls Rhampsinitus, & Diodorus Rhemphis & Africanus Rhapsaces & wh is by Manetho made thise eldest son & successor & per of Sesostris. Whether he was yethe same wthwith Nuncoreus or his successor is uncertain. He bb Diodor. l .1. p. 39. Herod l. 2. c. 121 spent his whole age in heaping up welalth & did nothing glorious was the richest of all the kings, but did nothing gloriusglorious. He gathered 100000 talents in gold & silver 400000 Egyptian talents an Egyptian talent being two Attic ones yethat is 120 Attick poundsis He cc Herod l. 2. c. 121. built yethe western portico of yethe Temple of Vulcan placing his own statues before it. dd Tacit annal. l. 2. an. 772. Tacitus tells us that Germanicus Cæsar visiting Egypt to know its antiquities viewed the great ruins of old Theebes where some structures remained wthwith Egyptian letters expressing its ancient wealth, & the oldest of yethe Priests being commanded to interpret them related that there once dwelt in it seven hundred thousand of military age & that king Rhampses yethe that army reigned over Libya, Ethiopia, the Medes, Persians, Bactrians & Scythians & the territories of yethe Syrians, Armenians, Cappadocians & Byithiynia & Lycia from Sea to Sea The tributes & gifts of every nation (in gold, silver, armour, horses, ivory & odours for the temples & corn & all utensils) were also read being scarce less magnificent then what yethe Parthians or yethe Roman Empire exacted. This inscription seems to have been upon one of those Obelisks neare yethe Memnonunmtent of Memnon in Thebes mentioned by aa Strab. l. 17. p. 816. Strabo an eye witness. Above yethe Memnonium saith he are yethe sepulchers of 40 kings of Egypt in caves cut in stone & by them in certain Obelisks inscriptions declaring the riches & power of those kings & the dominion propagated to Scythia & Bactriana & India & Ionia wthwith yethe greatness of their tribute & their army of 100000 a thousand thousand men.

Next reigned Amenophes called Amenephthes by Eusebius, Imandes Ismandes & Isimandes by Strabo Osymandes by Hecatæus & Memnon & Osymande by the greeks: & he being by yethe riches of his predecessor & by his own acquisitions did greater such works as made him more famous among the Greeks then any of his predecessors the kings. Hise visited yethe conquests of Sesostris marched through Ionia & Phrygia, staid long in Susiana subdued yethe rebelling Bactrians, & aa staid long in Susiana & built a palace there left there a palace & other works wchwhich yethe yethe Greeks called Memnonias. In Egypt bb at Abydeus he built another stately Palace & cc at Thebes towo Colossuses one of wchwhich was that famous statue wchwhich every every morning at sun rise sounded with a musical voice. He built also at another Thebes a dHecatæus apud magnificent structure like with like a Temple wthwith three statues, his own his mothers & his daughters wthwith this inscription .on Sum Rex Regum Osymandis. his own.

And on the walls were sculptures representing the war he made against the rebelling Bactrians wthwith 400000 men foot & 20000 horse commanded in four bodies by his four sons, & the also his taking of Susa & carrying away captives & triumphing for yethe victory. Perhaps this was yethe Memnonium in Thebais wchwhich Philostratus calls yethe temple of Memnon others yethe temple of Serapis where was yethe speaking statue.. He built also ee Strabo l 17 p 811, 813 the Labyrinth a work of as magnificent as yethe Pyramids, & ff Strabo l 17 p 811 at yethe end of wchwhich was a square Pyramid 20 four acres that long & four acres broad whose sides & height were 10 each of them four acres that is a fthousand feet. & yethe height equal to yethe the sepulcher of Imandes the founder being a square Pyramid each of whose sides were almost four acres & yethe height as much. so yethat this wchwhich is half the measure of the greatest Pyramid accordin assigned by Herodotus. [ a

And Censorinus tells us that – natural yMiearnt Office And Cicero that the Sicilians – or two days. So also Aratus & his Commentator Theon – seasons (Lib. 1, 2.) May it please yoryour Lordship And Hesiod makes Lenæon a winter Month - Pleiades. And Scaliger & others inform us also that the ancient years of the Samaritans Persians Indians China & several the adjacent Isles were Lunisolar [as were also the years of the Samaritans.]

Now The Lunar Month usually ending upon the 30th day, the ancient nations in their recconings YorYour LordpLordship having recommend used 30 days for a month: but Solon finding this month too long to called the 30th day ἠνην καὶ νεαν the old & the new & taught yethe Athenians to count the months by 30 & 29 days alternately. These were the Kalender months of the Ancients wchwhich they used without in rec without correction in recconing times past or to come, where they could not be assisted by the course of the Moon [but in recconing time present they always corrected them by yethe course of the Moon (as you heard above) adding or omitting a day or two in yethe month as they see reason to make their recconing months agree wthwith the Heavens Moon.] Th And hence it is that So Moses p in describing the flood puts 15 months for 150 days & in the author of yethe Book of Esther puts 180 days are put for six months, & Herodotus in recconing yethe age of man constantly takes 30 days for a month. But in recconing times present they always corrected their months by the course of the Moon as you heard above, adding or omitting a day or two in the month as often as they found it necessary to make their months agree wthwith the revolutions of the Moon.

And as for the year or Annus vertens they always recconed it to consist of twelve months, but finding this year too short they added a month to the end of it as often as they found it requisite to make ythe year agre wthwith yethe Sun & seasons. And hence arose several pe longer periods of time as the Dieteris wchwhich consisted of two years & a month, the Tetraeteris wchwhich consisted of 4 years & one or two months, the Octaeteris wchwhich consisted of 8 years & three months, & the EnneadeeaeterisEnneadeaeteris wchwhich consisted of 19 years & seven months. But the Egyptians instead of these intercalary months added five days to yethe end of the year.

The ancient Kalender-year therefore consisted of 12 months each of wchwhich had 30 days that is in all of 360 gdays & hence came the division of the Zodiaque into 12 signs & 360 degrees every degre being put for the suns mo answer by & of every signe into 30 parts or degrees every a signe answering to a month & every a degree to a day. And this seems to have been the original of recconing 360 days for a year & of dividing a circle into 360 equal parts, the Sun being at first reputed to run round yethe heavens whole Zodiack & perform his whole annual course in 360 days. Thus were 360 days taken for a solar year & the Dieteris Tetraeteris & Octaeteris consisted of But this year being pr being too short for the return of the seasons they they added a month to it every other year excepting once in eight years 15av and thence formed the dDieteris consisting three times of 25 months & once of 24, the TetraetisTetraeteris consisting alternately of 49 & 50 months & the Octaeteris consisting of 99 months. For Herodotus & Censorinus & Plutarch tell us that yethe anci ancient Greeks they forme added a month to the end of every other year & to to make yethe seasons agree to make tyethehis year agree wthwith yethe seasons & course of the Sun, & thereby saith Censorinus they formed first the Dieteris, & then the Tetraeteris & Octaeteris. And the year to wchwhich this month was added Herodotus describes to consist of twelve months & every month & every month of 30 days each, for he For he speaks of the Kalendar months without allowing for the correcting them by considering the course of yethe Moon by wchwhich they were to be corrected. I speak here of the oldest form of the Octaeteris, not of the emendations made by Harpalus Eudoxus & others.

Now these periods of time seem to be as anceient in Greece as the first memory of things. & were probably brought into Greece by the Phenicians & Egyptians who first sailed thither. For the Octaeteris was used in Greece before the reign of Sesac it the annus magnus of Cadmus & Minos & was used in many religions of Greece & in celaebrating the Olympiacds games first instituted by Pelops & Hercules one of the Idæi Dactyli, & the Dieteris was used in celebrating the mysteries of Bacchus. And Herodotus tells us that yethe Greeks had their festivals from Egypt & Festus Avienus seems to attribuste a regulation of the year the to Cecrops the Egyptian, where speaking of a regulation of the Enneadecaeteris the Enneaeteris of Harpalus turned into the Enneadecaeteris of by Meton he saith

as they perceived twelve lunar months too short they for the returning seasons of the year or for the rising or setting of some star, they added a thirteenth. By this means the Hebrews always began their sacred year in spring & their civil year in Autumn in the seventh month of their sacred year so that the same months always fell upon the same seasons of yetheyear. For in the month Abib they always offered the first fruits of the corn in the ear & forty days after they offered the first fruits of the harvest & after they had gathered the fruit of the land they kept the Feast of Tabernacles in the month Tisri. This year was brought out of Egypt by the Hebrews & therefore was the old Egyptian year For Moses while he was yet in Egypt changed the beginning of the year from Autumn to Spring from one month to another in Egypt without altering the form of it. Exod 12. And Diodorus tells us that Hyperion an ancient king of Egypt used the Lunisolar year.. 2 And by the like practise the months of othe old year of the Greeks were lunar & always kept to the same seasons of the year so that the Olympic games were always celebrated at Midsummer & other festivals at other set seasons of the year. And HesiodHesiod. Opera l. 2. v. 4, 122, 175. makes Lenæon a winter month & begins the year after the rising of the Pleiades. 1 At first the nations destitute of Astronomy & Artihmetic determined the lengths of months & years by not by any certain number of days or other Astronomical rules but by the visible returns of the Sun Moon & stars & seasons of the year. Afterwards And so the Chaldean Lunisolar year wchwhich the Iews brought back wthwith them from the Babylonian captivity kept to the seasons of the year. And upon the sixteenth day of the month Lous the Babylonians annually celebrated the Feast of Saturn Sacæa as Athenæus (Lib. 12) relates out of Berosus; that is, upon the sixteenth day of the Babylonian month wchwhich fell in wthwith yethe month Lous of yethe Macedonians, & wchwhich was therefore Lunar & kept to yethe course of the Moon & to yethe same season of the year, the month Lous being a summer month answering to yethe month Ab of yethe year wchwhich yethe Iews brought from Babylon.

At first the nations were without Astronomical rules, but at length observing that there were three intercalary months in eight years or thereabouts, they formed an OctaerisOctaeteris by which they knew when to add the intercalary months without minding the seasons of summer & winter or the risings & settings of the stars above once in eight years. And this OctaerisOctaeteris the Phœnicians seem to have brought out of Egypt into was used in Greece before yethe reign of Sesak it being the aa Apollodor. l. 3. p. 169. Annus magnus of Cadmus & bb Strabo l. 16. p. 476. Homer Odys. τ. vers. 179 Minos & being cc Censorin. c. 18. used in many religions of Greece & c in celebrating the Ludi Pythica at Delphos. And therefore it may be accounted as old as those religions & festivals & by consequence brought into Greece by the first Phenicians & Egyptians who sailed thither such as were Cadmus & Cecrops. HFor Herodotus tells us that the Greeks had their Festivals & Oracles from Egypt & Festus Avienus seems to attribute a regulation of the year to Cecrops where speaking of the Enneateris of Harpalus turned into the Enneadecaeteris by Meton he saith

The Octaeteris of the Greeks seems to to have been formed at first by adding a month to every other year excepting once in eight years. For it appears our of Herodotus, Censorinus & Gemisnus that the old Greek years were alternately of twelve and 16r and thirteen months. Two of these years therefore made the Dieteris of the ancients consisting three times of 25 Lunar Months & once of 24, & four of them made the Tetraeteris consisting of 49 & 50 lunar months alternately & the omission of the eighth month intercalary month every eighth years made the Octaetieris consisting of 99 lunar months. For the months of these periods were certainly lunar & the years were solar. For aa Diog. Laert. p. 15. Plutarch. in Solon. p. 92. Solon commanded the Assyrthenians to count the days by the Moon & called the day of conjunction ἐνὴν καὶ νέαν the old & the new &, referring to the old month that part of yethe day wchwhich preceded the conjunction & the rest of the day to yethe new month. And thisbb Gemin. c. 6. p. 32. Geminus tells us that all the all the anancient Greeks by their laws & the dictates of their Oracles made their years agree with the Sun & their months & days of the month with the course of the Moon so that the same sacrifices might always fall upon the same seasons of the year & upon the same days of the Lunar Month, & that they accounted this acceptable & gratefull to the Gods, & according to the institutions of their country. And cCic. in Verrē. Cicero saith that the Sicilians & other Greeks to make their days & months agree with the courses of the Sun & Moon sometimes took away a day or two from the month & sometimes made the month a day or two longer by one or two days. And dCens. de Die natali, cap. 20 Censorinus that the several ancient nations of Greece Italy had several years but all of them by months variously intercalated corrected their civil years by that one true natural year.

When the anceients were to reccon times past or to come or were to summ up the days or months in any number of years in doing of which they could have no assistance from the Sun & Moon they took yethe round numbers of thirty days to a month & twelve months to a year & thus formed an artificial chronological year convenient for computations wchwhich may be called their reputed, feigned or imaginary year. & exact enough for such purposes as they applied it to. were necessitated to take a certain number of days for a Lunar Month & a certain number of months for a Solar year. And so taking the next round numbers of 30 days to a month & 12 months to a year they formed a notional & chronological year convenient for computations & exact enough for such purposes as they applied it to And according to this way of recconing they supposed the Luni-Solar year to consist of 360 days, not yet knowing the true length of it, & divided the Zodiac into twelve signes & every signe into 30 parts or degrees so that a degree might answer to yethe Sun's motion in a day. And this seems to have been the original of dividing a circle into 360 degrees. But it is not to be supposed that any nation used such years or months in civil for keeping a recconing of time in civil affairs. For the beginning of such a year would in seventy years have run round the four seasons of the year solar year & thereby have discovered the difference between this year & the solar year much sooner then it was known: And months of 30 days would in a year or two have notoriously disagreed from the course of the Moon. When therefore Moses Herodotus & others reccon by Montshs of 30 days or Geminus3317r Geminus tells us that the months of the ancients consisted of thirty days they are to be understood of yethe reputed chronological months. And if the ancient at any time applied these months to civil uses it is to be conceived that they corrected them perpetually by the Moon making them shorter or longer by a day or two & adding a month to the year as often as the course of the Moon & seasons required, so that their months & years might constantly agree with the heavens. And this seems to have been This h For Herodotus speaking of the This is plain from Herodotus who in recconing the age of man uses the Chronological years saith of 12 months & 360 days & then adds that every other year was made longer by a month that ytethate seasons might manswer. The 12 months corrected by e yethe Moon made but 354 days & to complete the year a 13th was added as often as the seasons required. And this seems to have been the state of the year in the first ages before the invention of Astronomy Astronomical rules. But after they found out the rules of intercaling three months in eight years they became able to keep a recconing of time & recconing by months of 29 & 30 days alternately for two years together, they became able to keep a recconing of time without correcting the recconing by the heavens above once in two four or eight years & by further & the Greeks (Cleostratus, Democritus, Philolaus, Harpalus, Eudoxus, Meton Calippus & others) by further experiience mended their rules they found out the Enneadecaeteris, whereby they became able to publish Almanachs or Calenders of time for nineteen years to come., & a while after by the cycle of Calippus for 76 years to come.

But in doing these things the Greeks received light from the eEgyptians. For StraboStrab. l. 17. p. 806. tells us that Eudoxus staying with Plato thirteen years in Egypt learnt there of the Priests how much the year was longer then 365 days: for till then, saith Strabo, the year was unknown to the Greeks as were also many other things untill the later Astronomers received them from the Priests of Egypt, as they still continue to receive from them and the Chaldeans.

The Egyptians were therefore the first who found out the true length of the year. For while the nations used long before these Rules of the Greeks were found out, while the nations used to count only the age of the Moon & upon the appearance of every new Moon to begin a new recconing, the Egyptians contrived by the solemnity of the milk bowles to count all the 360 days of wchwhich the year was reputed to consist & by repeating thise recconing found this year too short. This ceremony being performed with morning & lamentation was in the sepulchre of Osiris was doubtless a funeral rite in honour to his memory. For Sach aa Sayches or Sesak, whiso is Osiris taught Astronomy & bCretenses apud Diodorum l. 5. c. 4. Hyperion who is also Osiris used the Lunisolar year & is said to have found out the motions of the Sun & Moon & other stars & the seasons & distinctions of time measured by them, & afterwards to have imparted his knowledge to others And therefore he was called the father of those Planets as being the first that taught the knowledge & nature of them.b And 18r And Mercury who instituted the funeral rites of Osiris was also an Astronomer, & therefore a fit person to celebrate Osiris for his skill in that science. Before this institution Astronomy was in its infancy. For Ammon whom the Atlantides call Vranus measured the year by the course of the Sun & the months by the course of the Moon & while men recconed only by Lunar Months & by summers & winters & knew not the just number of the days in the solar year but supposed them to be 360, the motions of the Planets could not be computed for want of knowing the just number of days between the Observations. And therefore its very probable that the Astronomers of Egypt intended by the solemnity of the milk bowles to found a new Æra for keeping an exact reconning of time by years of 360 days & in honour to the great Osiris dated this Æra from his Apotheosis & appointed Priests to keep the recconing in one of his Temples.

But the Egyptians soon finding this year too short added five days to the end of it & in memory of the addition formed the fable that Rhea being with child by Saturn, the Sun prayed that she might not be delivered in any month nor in the year. Then Mercury won from Luna at Dice the two & sixtithsixtieth part of every day wchwhich in the whole year made up five days & added those five days to the 360 & these five days the Egyptians celebrate as the birth days of Osiris, Isis, AOruss senior, Typhon & Nephthe the wife of Typhō. This reason they give why Mercury made the Lunary year shorter & the Solary year longer then the old former year of 360 days For they ascribe all their inventions to Mercury. And while they tell us that this addition was made when Rhea was with child by Saturn that her children (Osiris, Isis, &c) might be born on those days they discover the time of the addition, Saturn & Rhea being the father & mother of Amenophis.

Tis agreed that this alteration was first made by yethe Egyptians. So HerodotusHerod. l. 2. c. 4.: The Egyptians first of all men invented the year & distinguished it into 12 p months & found out this by the stars. In this also they seem to act more prudently then the Greeks. They intercale every other year to make the seasons return, but the Egyptians to the 12 months of 30 days each add yearly 5 days. SyncellusSyncel. p. 123. ascribes this alteration to Assis the six king of the Shepherds. He, saith Syncellus, added the five additional days to the year & under him, as they say, the Egyptian year acquired 365 days wchwhich before was measured only by 360. But that the rude & ignorant Shepherds should make this alteration or that this victorious kings of Thebais should receive the year of their enemies not likely. The people of Thebais challenged this year as their own invention. They. saith Diodorus, affirm that Philosophy & the exacter knowledge of the stars was found out by them, the situation of their land helping them to observe the risings & settings of the stars & that they ordered the months & years after a particular manner by the course of the sun without regard to the course of the Moon, counting 30 days to a month & 12 monthly3419r months & five days to a year. By the fable of the Egypians that when Rhea was with child by Saturn, or according to Diodorus, when Iuno was with child by Iupiter these five days were added that their children might be born in no part of the old year & then Iuno brought forth Osiris, Isis, & Orus senior, Typhon &c Nephthe on these five days, & here by this emendation of the year is ascribed to Ammon the father of Osiris & Isis, wchwhich brings us neare the truth. The monuments of the milk bowles & golden border (wchwhich I had rather trust) ascribe it to the younger Ammon or Amenophis whom the Greeks call Memnon: and the year itself points at him for the author. If the five additional days were at their first institution consecrated to the Gods Osiris, Isis, Orus senior, Typhon & Nepthehthe, the institution must be after those Gods were born & most probably after they were dead & deified & become the Dij pœnates of Memnon. And even the year it self by its epocha points at Memnon for the author.

The first ages counting their years by returns of summer & winter seed time & harvest & minding the fruits products of the earth would be apt to end their year with the ingathering of the ripe fruits of the earth & begin the next year with gardening & tillage pruning setting & sowing in order to an a new crop & ingathering, referring to one & the same year the whole growth of all the fruits of that year. Hence the oldest years of the bGreeks began in winter & the year which the Hebrews used in Egypt began in Autumn & so did the year of the people of Asia minor, & the old year of the Romans. the Æra Seleucidarum Alexandræa, Antiochena & Arabica. But upon new occasions the Epochas hasve been changed from winter to summer & from Autumn to Spring. So Moses changed the beginning of the Iewish year. And so the Egyptians might change the beginning of theirs. And if the Egyptians began their new year of 365 days at either of the Equinoxes at its first institution, it was either instituted by Memnon or was older then Moses. If at first it began at the autumnal Equinox it was an hundred years older then Moses: if at the rising of the Dog-star (as some think) it was 300 years older then Sesak, & on this ground Syncellus seems to ascribe it to the Shepherds: but if at first it began at the Vernal Equinox (for almost all nations began their years at one of the cardinal points) then it is just as old as the latter end of the reign of Memnon For this Egyptian year was the same with the year of Nabonassar & began always on the same day & therefore in the year of the Iulian Period 3821 (& for three years after) it began on the third of April wchwhich was then the first day after the Vernal Equinox according to the Sun's mean motion, & that year of the Iulian Period was 55 years after the overthrow of yethe Ethiopians by Asa, wchwhich I reccon within the compass of the reign of Amenophis. For his reign in Ethiopia & wars in Asia & reign stay at Susa & ensuing works asin Egypt make him long lived after that20r that victory. Damis aa Apud Philostratum l .6. c. 3. saith that he died in Ethiopia (so he calles Thebais) after he had reigned five generations, it& its probable that he minded not Astronomy till after his wars & return from Susa. In the Canons Menes (who is this king) is said to have reigned 62 years. Censorinus bb De die natali c. 19. tells us, novissime Arminon ad tridecim menses & dies quinque annum Ægypium produxisse. ThHere thirteen months should be 12 (as Scaliger & Salmasius note) & Arminon should be Ammonem or Amenophen.

Whilst Amenophes noted the rising & setting of the stars on the days of the year markt out on the golden border it shews that Astronomers had already given names to the stars by the help of Constellations, & that they determined the length of the year by their heliacal risings & settings It shews also that they did not yet know that this year was too short by a quarter of a day so as in every four years to make the stars change the days of their heliacal rising & setting. For had they known this, as they would have done if this year had been older then the reign of Amenophis, they would not have noted the rising & setting of the stars on certain days of theis year in a monument wchwhich was designed to be lasting. Astronomy was therefore then in its infancy & may reccon Ammon Sesak & Amenophis its founders.

Afterwards the Egyptians by continuing to observe the rising & setting of the stars found that this year was too short by a quarter of a day, that is by a year in 1460 natural years & thence formed the Annus magnus of 1461 Egyptian years in which time the beginning of their year ran round the Zodiac. This great year was called Annus Sothiacus, the Canicular year because they determined its length by the rising of the stars & principally by the rising of the Dog star called Sothis in their language. And therefore they had not yet found out the difference between the solar & siderial year nor the Precession of yethe Equinox.

Theis year of 365 days the Babylonians received from the Egyptians, & the Persians & Greeks from the Babylonians. & the Greeks from the Persians. But the Persians corrected it by adding a month of 30 days to yethe end of every 120 years so that it might always begin in spring as at its first institution, & Whence it came to yethe Armenians & Syrians. It was received also by the Greeks in the Æra Philippæa dated from the death of Alexander. ButAnd Iulius Cæsar corrected it by adding a day in every four years & made it the year of the Romans, which year is too long by a week in nine hundred years., & may be corrected without disturbing the Dominical Letter or perplexing Chronology, by omitting a week at the end of every nine hundred years.

By the unanimous tradition of the Greeks Memnon was contemporary to the sons of Priam. They tell us that he was the son of Aurora & Tithonus the brother of Priam & came to the war Homer Pindar Pausanias Diodorus & others say that he came to the war at Troy & was there slain by Achilles. If about the time 3521r time of that war or immediately after he came into Phrygia not to assist the Trojans but in carrying on his conquests, this might give occasion to the Greeks to report him slain by their Hero: but if he had not lived in that age there could have been no pretence for the story. Pausanias relates that in a publick building at Delphos he saw several pictures made by Polygnotus (a famous old Painter contemporary to Artaxerxes Longimanus) & that in one of them were painted Hector Memnon & Sarpedon all of them with beards & Paris a beardless young man & by Memnon was painted a naked Ethiopian boy. And, saith Pausanias, Memnon came to the war of Troy not from Ethiopia but from Susa a city of Persia conquering all the intermediate nations as far as the river Choaspis. And the Phrygians still shew by what way he led his army, the way being distinguished by mansions. In memory of this expedition the Nicomedians kept in the Temple of Æesculapius a copper sword wchwhich they said was Memnon's. It was an old monument because made of copper the metal of which the Greeks & Trojans then made their weapons. Since Memnon is f feigned to be the son of Tithonus if we may suppose him born when Tithonus went captive into Thebais, he might be about 26 years old when he retired from Memphys into Ethiopia, 40 when he drave the Iews out of Egypt 50 or 55 when he came from Susa into Asia minor conquering all the nations before him & 74 when he constituted the new year of 365 days.

Between Osimandes & Miris (i. e. Memnon & Mæris) DiodorusDiodor. l. 1. c. 4. places one Vchoreus & says that he built Memphys & fortified it to admiration with a mighty rampart of earth & a broad & deep trench wchwhich was filled with the water of the Nile, & built Palaces in it, & that this place was so commodiously pitche upon the by the builtder that most of the kings who reigned after him preferred it before Thebes & removed the court thence to this place so that the magnificence of Thebes from that time began to decrease & Memphys to increase till Alexander king of Macedon built Thebes Alexandria. By these works I take Vchoreus to be either Memnon himself or one of his Princes. For the Deputy Governours of Egypt are sometimes recconed amongst the Kings.

For amongst the kings of Egypt Herodotus reccons Proteus & places him next after Pheron the successor of Sesostris, but Proteus seems rather to have been a Viceroy set over the lower Egypt then a sovereign king. ForDiodor. l. 1. p. 56. he was a Memphyte of ignoble extraction & reigned at Memphys. CononConon. Narrat. 8 calls him an Egyptian Prophet, that is a Priest. And the name Proteus being a Greek word which signifies a chief man or Prince seems to be not the proper name of a man but a title of honour. For had it been a proper name the Greeks would 22r would have retained the Egyptian word without translating it whereas Herodotus tells us that it is the kings name in Greek, that is a Greek word of the same signification with his name or title in the Egyptian language, & Diodorus tells us that this man's name was Cetes. There were several Princes of Egypt called Proteus, one of wchwhich fled from Busiris king of Egypt & came wthwith Cadmus into Egypt Europe. And it's probable that the frequent changing of the person might give occasion to the Greeks to feign that Proteus put on all shapes. Some make him a Phenician reigning neare Pharus wadhere Alexandria was afterward built, as TzetzesChil. 2. Hist 44

And this agrees best with heis being a God of the Sea. But the Proteus of Herodotus reigned in Memphys & left a sumptuous Temple there to yethe south of the Temple of Vulcan. In this Temple was the house of Venus Hospita by wchwhich name Herodotus conjectured that Helena the daughter of Tyndarus was meant, having heard that she stayed in Egypt wthwith Proteus & was called Venus Hospita & being told so by the Priests of Egypt. For when Alexander stole her from her husband Menelaus & fled with her from Greece he was driven with her upon the coast of Egypt, & Thonis the governour of the pPort suspecting him sent him to Proteus at Memphys & Proteus examining the matter deteined Helena (as Herodotus relates) & sent home Alexander. Then the Greeks demanding her of the Trojans made war upon Troy thinking that Alexander had carried her thither, but after the destruction of Troy Menelaus went for her into Egypt. And to this history, saith Herodotus, Homer alludes in mentioning the errors of Paris with Helena by sea upon yethe coast of Sidon before the war & yethe voyage of Menelaus into Egypt after it. According to this story the Proteus of Herodotus reigned in the time of the Trojan war & therefore governed the lower Egypt under Amenophis or Memnon. However since the Temples of Vulcan & Venus Hospita were built stood together & were built at yethe same time, I take her to be Vulcans wife. Cinyras had furnished Memnon with armour for his wars & for this benefaction Memnon honoured him after death with a very sumptuous Temple in Memphys & Proteus built another by it to the Cyprian Queen.

Next after Amenophis reigned his son Ramesses, Rameses or Rhampses above mentioned. Herodotus calls him Rhampsinitus & saith he was the successor of Proteus. Diodorus aa Diodor. l. 1. c. 5. calls him Rhemphis & saith he was the son &successor of Proteus. Pliny tells us bb Plin. l. 36. c. 8. that in his reign Troy was taken: for he reigned first under 3623r under his father as you heard above & then alone. In Heliopolis he placed the biggest Obelisk in all Egypt wchwhich the Emperor Constantius removed to Rome. The cc Am. Marcellin l. 17 inscription upon it as interpreted by Hermapion stiles him king of the world & represents him reigning over the whole world & over all the earth & that the Gods had given him a long life: which shews that he survived his father & inherited from him a very large & flourishing kingdom. He did nothing glorious butd Herod. l. 2. c. 121 Diodor. l .1. c. 5. spent his time whole age in heaping up wealth & was the richest of all the Kings & left more wealth behind him then any of them. For he gathered in gold & silver 400000 talents, an Egyptian talent being two Attic ones that is 120 Attic pounds. He built the western Portico of the Temple of Vulcan placing his own statue before it. TacitusAnnal. l. 2. an 772. tells us that Germanicus Cæsar visiting Egypt to know its antiquities viewed the great ruins of old Thebes were some structures remained with Egyptian letters expressing its anscient wealth, & the oldest of the Priests being commanded to interpret them related that there once dwelt in it seven hundred thousand of military strength age & that king Rhampses with that army reigned over Libya Ethiopia, the Medes Persians Bactrians & Scythians & the territories of the Syrians Armenians Cappadocians & Bithynia & Lycia from sea to sea. The tributes & guifts of every nation (in gold silver armour horses ivory & odours for the Temples & corn & all Vtensiles) were also read being scarce less magnificent then what the Parthians or the Roman Empire exacted. Thae like inscriptions seems to have been were upon some of those Obelisks neare the monument of Memnon in Thebes mentioned by StraboStrabo. l. 17. p. 816. an eye witness. Above the Memnonium, saith he, are the sepulchres of forty kings of Egypt cut in stone & by them in certain Obelisks inscriptions declaring the riches & power of those kings & their dominion propagated to Scythia & Bactriana & India & Ionia with the greatness of their tribute & their army of a thousand thousand. By these things you may learn yethe greatness of the Empire of Memnon, for Ramesses reigned only over his fathers dominions., T He & Memnon is that Iupiter of whom yethe AtlantidesDiodor. l. 3. c. 4. say that he went through the whole world doing good to all & after death was called Iupiter & unanimoulsly by all placed in the highest heavens & called a God & supreme Lord of all the earth. Considering that he reigned long at Susa, he seems to be the great Iupiter Belus of the Assyrians & Babylonians whom they placed upon an a soaring eagle wthwith a thunderbolt in his hand to express the sublimity of his dominion and 24r & power in war. We shewed above that Ramesses was born about the 16th or 18th year of Asa, & seing he lived long, if we may suppose that he lived about 70 years his death will happen about 105 years after the death of Solomon about 100 years before the Olympiads & rise of the Assyrian monarchy & about 130 before the Æra of Nabonassar & invasion of Egypt by Sabacon the Ethiopian. And in this interval the Pyramids were built.

Ægypto Danaus advenit; ante ratibus navigabatur inventis in mari rubro inter insulas a rege Erythra. King Erythra is the king of Edom from whom the sea was named usually supposed to be Esau. For Esau, Edom, & Erythra are words of the same signification & signify red. Whence theat sea was called mare Erythræum the red sea or Sea of Edom. From these Edomites the Phœnicians seem to have had their rise: for the Phenicians traded first upon yethe Red Sea & went from thence to the Mediterranean as they themselves & the Persians related to Herodotus.Herod l. 1. c. 1 & l. 7. c. 89. And so PlinyPlin. l. 4. c 22 Tyrij a mari rubro profecti orti ab Erythræo mari ferebantur & Solinus Tyrij a mari rubro profecti. Hence Dionysius AferDionys. de Situ Orbis calls the Phenicians Erythreans & his old Interpreter thinks the name taken from yethe Red Sea. And StraboStrabo Geog. l. 1. p. 42. d tells us yethat some report that the Phœnicians & Sidonians were colonies of the inhabitants of the Ocean & that they were called Phenicians [Punici] because the sea is red.

How & when the Phœnicians came from the Red Sea may be gathered from the history of David. For when David smote Edom, Ioab stayed there with all Israel six months untill he had smitten every male in Edom 1 King. 11.15, 16. This made Hadad the young king of Edom fly into Egypt with certain Edomites his fathers servants & as many of the Edomites as could escape fled to the Philistims & to Sidon & other places where they could be protected. SFor Stephanus in Azot tells us ταύτην ἔκπσαν ἑῖς τῶν ἐπανελθόν των ἀπ' Ερυθρᾶς θαλάσσης φευγάδων. A fugitive or Exul from yethe Red Sea built Azot or Ashdod: that is a fugitive Prince of Edom fortified it against the Israelites. By theis same victory over the Edomites the Ports of the Red Sea at Eloth ā Ezion Gebar with the trade thereof coming into the hands Ezion Gebar & Eloth (sea ports of the Edomites on the Red Sea) came into the hands of David, & his son Solomon built a Navy in Ezion Gebar & sent it on the Red Sea with a fleet of Hiram king of Tyre to Tarshish & Ophir for gold & silver & ivory & Peacocks [or Parrots] & Apes and pretious stones & Almug trees by which means the Queen of Sheba or Sabea in Arabia Felix heard of Solomon's glory and Hiram sent with Solomons servants in Solomon's Navy his own servants shipmen who had knowledge of the Sea. Solomons servants were therefore novices in Sea affairs and Hiram's servants were experienced marriners well acquainted with those seas by former voyages of the Phœnicians. For Hiram had also a navy on the Red Sea 1 King. 10.11, 22. Thus 31r Thus the trade of the Edomites on the Red Sea came into the hands of Solomon & Hiram. And David having put garrisons in all Edom ‡. for getting a livelyhood whereby the Edomites were kept from returning home they were forced to trade upon the Mediterranean for getting a livelyhood.

including (as I reccon) the reign of the 12 kings. Then reignedHerod. l. 2. Nechus or Nechoh 17 years, Psammis 6 years, Apries Vaphres or Hophra 25 years, Amasus 44 years & Psamminitus six months according to Herodotus. All these kings reigned in Sais & their reign took up including the preceding interregnum of two or three years took up 148 1/2 years & ended in the 5t year of Cambyses or 223th year of Cambyses Nabonassar & therefore the interregnum began & reign of the Assyrians over Egypt began in the year of Nabonassar 74 or 75, three or four years after the captivity of Manasses.

NechusHerod. l. 2 the successor of Psammiticus attempted to make a navigable ditch from the Bubastic stream of the Nile to the Red sea, prepared a navy both in the red sea & in the Mediterranean & went up against the Assyrians2 King. 23.29, 33. 2 Chron. 35.20, 21, 22. & 36.3, 4. Herod. l. 2 to Euphrates to beseige Carchemish (or Cercutium) & in the way at Megiddo (or Magdolus) vanquished & slew Iosiah king of Iudah who went out against him took Cadylus or Cades a city of Galilee & after three months fettered Iehoahaz the son & successor of Iosiah at Riblah or Antioch & made Iehojakim king in his room & put Iudea to tribute. But Nebuchadnezzar2 King. 24.1, 2, 7. Dan. 1.1. Ier. 46.2. in the 3d & 4th year of Iehojakim invaded Syria routed Nechus at Carchemish & took all that belonged to him from the river of Egypt to yethe river of Euphrates, & about 368 or 40 years afterIer. 43.10, 11, 12 & 44.30. & Ezek. 29, 30, 31 & 32. (Ezek. 39.7) invaded & vanquished Egypt & Ethiopia & slew Pharaoh Hophra with a great part of his army & captivated the Egyptians wasting the land from Migdol to Syene & even to the border of Ethiopia & made either Partamis or Amasis their tributary king. Herodotus relates that the Egyptians revolted from Hophra & set up Amasis, Hellanicus that they revolted from Partamis & set up Amasis. Afterwards Cambyses in the fift year of his reign invaded Egypt again with a great slaughter & going up into Ethiopia founded the City Meroe & called it after the name of his mother. Amasis died in the winter before Cambyses entered Egypt & Psamminitus was conquered & slain by him in the summer following & Egypt has continued ever sin almost ever since in servitude.