TWhen Ioshua conquered Canaan great numbers of the Cananites fled into Egypt & many of them fled through Egypt into Libya & Afric in time diffused themselves from thence into all Afric as far as the Pillars of Hercules: as ProcopiusaaDe bel. Vandal. l. 2. thus mentions. Phœnices cum expu inexpugnabilum conspicerent advenarum exercitum, patrios fines deserentes in Ægyptum vicinam migrarunt, ibique numero ac sobole crescentes cum non satis commodum tantæ multitudini locum invenissent in Africam penetravere ubi civitates quamplures habitantes omnem eum tractum usque ad Herculis columnas tenuerunt semiphœnicia lingua et catalecto utentes, oppidumque Tingen situ munitissimeum in Numidia ædifacerunt, ubi duæ ex albo lapide columnæ prope magnum fontem constitutæ, in quibus Phœnicum lingua litteræ incisæ sunt hujusmodi. Nos a facie fugimus Iesu prædonis filij Nave. Hi demum quod nulli sint eis antiquiores Aphricæ indignæ dicuntur esse. And to the same purpose EusebiusbChroln. l. 1. p. 11. tells us that the Canaanites flying from the face of the sons of Israel built. Tripolis in Africa. And the Ierusalem Gemara cc Ad tit. Shebij. h. cap. 6 that the Gergesites fled from Ioshua going into Afric. The manner of their coming into Egypt is thus described by Manetho the Egyptian dApud Ioseph. cont. Apion. l. 1. p. 1039. the second book of his history of Egypt.

We had a king called Timaus in wholse reign there came unexpectedly from the east an ignoble sort of men who confidently pitched their tents in our country, & by their strength easily seized by their it without war, & gaining the Princes governours of the country to their side, afterwards cruelly burnt the cities & subverted the temples of the Gods, & carried themselves in a most hostile manner towards all the natives killing some of them & reducing the children & wives of others into servitude, & in concludsion made one of their numbers called Salatis their king; & he coming to Memphis made the regions above & below tributary leaving garrisons in convenient places. – – – And finding in the Nome or Province of Sais a very convenient city on yethe eastern side of the Bubastic stream of the Nile, which was called Abaris, he built this & fortified it with stro very strongly with walls, placing there an armed multitude to inthe number of 240000 men for its custody. And after him reigned Bæon, Apagnas, Apophis, Janisas & TAssis successively.. & These were their first six kings, who were always conquering & endeavouring to cut up the root of Egypt. They were called Hicsos, that is, shepherd Kings. For Hic in yethe sacred language signifies a king & sos in the vulgar language a shepherd. They & their successors obteined Egypt 511 years, & theyn they were this kingdom otfhese shepherds was invaded by the kings of Thebais & the rest of Egypt who made a very great & lasting war upon them, & under their kings Alisphragmuthosis2rmuthosis or Misphragmuthosis & his son Tethmosis or Amosis drove them out of Egypt. First Misphragmuthosis king of Thebais drove them out of a part of Egypt & then his son Amosi forced them to fortify themselves in the kingdom of Abaris wchwhich was ten thousand Aruras in compass. Then Amosis his son made fresh war upon them & when he could not force them he covenanted with them that they should retire & seek new seats with all their families cattel & possessions out of Egypt quietly & go whether they pleased. Whereupon they went with their families & possessions to yethe number of 240000, out of Egypt through the wilderness into syria & seating themselves in Iudea built there a city wchwhich might be sufficient for their number, & called it Ierusalem. And this is the account wchwhich Manetho gives of the kingdom of Shepherds.

Here Matho Manetho takes these shepherd to be the Israelites who built Ierusalem, but he tells us that some took them took them for Arabians. Africans speaking of the first six kings saith that they more truly that they were Phœniceans. Ἠσαν dδὲ φοίνικες ξένοι βασιλεῖς 5. BochartusGeogr. l. 1. c. 4. makes them a colony of Phenicians & interprets the names of the first six kings in the Phenician language. And Ierome saith of the language of Canaan:Hieron. in Isa. lib. 7. c. 19. Inter Ægyptiam et Hebræam media est et Hebrææ magna ex parte confinis, Its between the Egyptian & Hebrew & for the most part comes nearer to the Hebrew. Which is a strong argument that the Canaanites were mixt of people who had converst in Egypt later then the Hebrews had done & dby consequence that the shepherds at their coming out of Egypt mixt with the Canaanites rather then with the Hebrews. The Canaanites were shepherds & lay next Egypt, & its more likely that the Egyptian sheepherds would go to a nation of their one language & profession & kindred & wchwhich lay nearest to them, then to a remoter nation of a strange language.

HerodotusHerod. l. 2. c. 112. tells us that a region in Memphys round the Temple of Proteus was inhabited by Tyrian Phenicians all wchwhich place was called the camp of the Tyrians. Probably these were the reliques of the shepherds. He tells us alsoHerod. l. 2. c. 41 that of a city in the Delta called Aterbechis in wchwhich was a temple of Venus; & by the name of the city this Venus seems to be the Venus of the Phenicians called Atargatis. The name is corruptly formed of Aster-dag, & signifies a Queen of Sheepherds heardsmen & mariners, the word Aster & in the plural number Asteroth signifying heards of cattel & flocks of sheep & the word dag a fig fish. As a Queen of sheepherds & heardsmen she ware upon her head the head of an Ox (or diadem so formed) & was called Asteroth & corruptly Astarte & Athara, & as a Queen of Mariners she 3r she was sometimes formed like a fish below & then called Atargatis & corruptly Derceto, & here in Herodotus.Herod. l. 2. Atarbechis. When any bulls died in Egypt it was the custome of the Egyptians to bury them neare their cities with one of their horns above grownd for a signe, & after a certain time wheren their bodies were rotted away the inhabitants of this city Atarbechis came to the cities of Egypt in ships, dug up the bones, carried them ~ away to a common burying place & there buried them together. This service imposed by the Egyptians upon the inhabitants of this city implies that they were the remains of ancient heardsmen who had left a brood of cattel scattered over the land of Egypt, & their Goddess Aterbechis after whom (according to the custome of the Egyptians who named their cities from their Gods) the city seems to be named, implies that they were Phenicians.

These shepherds while they reigned in Egypt sacrificed men & in Busiris like the Phenicians, & in Busiris a city in the middle of the Delta the Egyptians long after the expulsion of the shepherds continued to beat themselves in their worship & some cut their foreheads after the manner of the Priests of BaalHerod. l. 2. c. 61. 1 King. 18.28. the God of the Zidonians. At the tomb or temple of Osiris they sacrificed red menDiodor. l. 1. p. 56. because Typhon was red, & few Egyptians being found of that colour they sacrificed strangers. In Heliopolis they sacrificed three men daily to IunoManetho apud Porphyrium περὶ ἀποχῆς l. 1. sec. 55. & Euseb. Præp l. 4. c. 16. p. 155. till one of the Amosis having taken that city from them abolished those sacrifices by substituting waxen images of men. And therefore they reigned over Heliopolis, & by consequence over a great part of the lower Egypt till after the days of Misphragmuthosis.

Diodorus in his 40th Book saithApud Photiuū in Bibl. that in Egypt there were formerly multitudes of strangers of several nations who used forreign rites & ceremonies in worshipping the Gods; for which they were expelled Egypt, & under Danaus Cadmus & other skilfull commanders after great hardships came into Greece & other places, but the greatest part of them came into Iudea not far from Egypt, a country then uninhabited & desart, being conducted thether by one Moses a wise & valiant man, who after he had possest himself of the country, among other cities built Ierusalem & the Temple. Dio dorus4rdorus here mistakes the original of the Iews Israelites as Manetho had done before, confounding themir flight of into the Wilderness under the conduct of Moses, with the flight of the shepherds into Phœnicia. But however he let us know that the shepherds were expelled Egypt a little before the building of Ierusalem & the Temple & that after several hardships some of them came into Greece & other places under the conduct of Cadmus & other Captains, but the most of them settled in Phœnicia next Egypt. We may reccon therefore that the wars between the king of Thebais & the Shepherds were the cause occasion that the Philistims were so numerous in the days of Saul & that so many men came wthwith colonies out of Egypt & Phenicia into Greece as Cecrops, Lelex, Inachus, Pelasgus Cadmus, Phineus, Membliarius, Alymnus, Erechtheus, Peteos, & that these things happened in the reign of Eli Samuel & David; Cadmus being cont Cecrops, Lelex, Inachus & Pelasgus being contemporary to Eli, & Cadmus Membliarius Alymnus Erechtheus & Phorbas & Peteos to David as was shewed above.

Iustin MartyrIn cohortatone ad Gentes Græcos. tells us that Apion the Grammarian son of Possidonius in his commentary against the Iews, & in hos fourth book of histories, saith that when Inachus reigned at Argos the Iews under the conduct of Moses (he means the Shepherds) departed from Amasis king of Egypt, & that the same thing is reported by Ptolomy the Mendesian an Egyptian Priest who wrote the affairs of Egypt, & by Hellanicus & Philocorus who wrote the acts of the Athenians, & by Castor & Thallus A & Alexander Polyhistor. So also Whence Tatian & Clemens out of ancient authors make Inachus contempory to Moses. But Polemo the expulsion of the Shepherds out of Egypt is by Polemo in the first book of his Greek histories saith that in the time of Apis the son of Phoroneus part of the Egyptian army withdrew it self from Egypt & seated it self in Palestine not far from Arabia, that is, the army of the Shepherds withdrew it self from Abaris by the compact made with Amosis. The wars between the kings of Thebais & the Shepherds being lasting some of the Shepherds fled out of Egypt into Greece & other places in the days of Inachus & at length the main army retired into Phenicia in the days of Apis the son of Phoroneus, & after many hardships endured in Phenicia, some of the army came with Cadmus & his companions into Greece. Whence I seem to gather that Misphragmuthosis drave them out of all Egypt above Memphys & perhaps out out of some part of Egypt below it, in the days of Eli when Inachus Lelex Pelasgus & Cecrops came into Greece, & that Amosis dr caused the rest of their army to retire into Phenicia in the days of Samuel, where they endured great hardships by the want of provisions & by the wars wchwhich Saul & David made upon them, until David f by his victories forced great numbers of them to setek new seats under the conduct of Cadmus & other Captains.

The retiring of the Shepherds out of Egypt energ augmenting the5r the armies & strength of the Philistims & making them too numerous for their country, seems to have given occasion to the great wars wchwhich they made upon Israel in the days of Eli, Samuel Saul & David. For they conquered Israel & reigned over them 40 years untill Samuel in the 20th year of his reign beat them in a great battel & subdued them & took from them the cities wchwhich they had taken from Israel & delivered coasts of Israel out of their hand so that they came no more into the coast of Israel. For the hand of the Lord was against the Philistims all the days of Samuel, that (1 Sam. 7.) that is, untill the reign of Saul. The Philistims therefore conquered Israel about the middle of the reign of Eli; about wchwhich time Inachus, Lelex, Cecrops, Pelasgus & their companions fled from Egypt into Greece as we shewed above. And again in the beginning of the reign of Saul or the year before, they conquered Israel again a second time & reduced them to such a degree of subjection that there was no were no w swords nor spears nor so much as was no smiths found in all Israel: least the H for the Philistims said, Least the Hebrews should make themselves swords & spears. And in the second year of Saul now the army of the Philistims consisted of thirty thousand chariots & six thousand horsmen & foot as the sand wchwhich is on the sea shore in multitude. Which wo innumerable multitude seemsbeing too great to be composed of the Philistims alone without the access of the Shepherds from Egypt: it seems to me that the army of the Shepherds made peace with Amosis & quitted Egypt upon a prospect of joyning with the Philistims to conquer Palestine, & that from this conjunction ensued all that vehement war with Saul & David untill after many battels they were subdued by David & applying themselves to sea affairs a part of their army was force to seek new seats in Asia minor Greece & Afric as has been explained above & for want of room were forced to apply themselves to sea affairs & in great numbers to seek new seats in Asia minor Greece & Afric, as has been explained above.

When the Philistims strengthned by the access of the Shepherds were in their greatest power they beseiged & took Zidon & thereby gave occasion to the building of Tyre & Aradus as Trogus in his 18th book thus mentions. A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati Sidonij navibus appulsi Tyrum urbem ante annum Trojanæ cladis condiderunt. This original of Tyre I understand not And Strabo (l. 16) Aradus was built by men who fled from Sidon. And hHence Isaiah calls Tyre the daughter of Zidon, the inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of Zidon have replenished. This original of Tyre I understand not of the first building of the town wchwhich Iosephus saith was 240 years before the building of Solomons Temple, but of the making it a populous trading city like that of Zidon & building it accordingly. For the Zidonians built it for that purpose. And this seems to have been in the days of Abibalus & his son Hiram the two first kings of Tyre named in history. For IosephusAntiq. l. 8. c. 2. p. 267, 268. & cont. Apion. l. 1. p. 1043. tells us out of Menander & Dius, that Hiram king of Tyre succeeding his father Abibus, added a large56r large region to yethe Island eastward by heaping up earth & built the city greater & the Temple of Iupiter Olympus wchwhich was in the Island he joyned to the city by a ridge of earth thrown between them, & adorned the Temple with gifts of gold, & demolishing the old Temples built new ones & dedicated the Temples of Hercules & Astartes. Kings upon founding or much enlarging their kingdoms usually build their cities more sumptuously as David & Solomon did Ierusalem & the Temple, Sesostris the cities & temples of Egypt, Nebuchadnezzar the city of Babylon, Dejoces Ecbatane, & Augustus Rome; & accordingly the building of Tyre by Hiram argues a new dominion of the Tyrians. Now that this was the building of Tyre mentioned by Trogus, may be concluded from hence, that Solomaon in the beginning of his reign called the servants of Hiram Zidonians. My servants, saith he, shall be with thy servants, & unto thee will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou desirest, for thou knowest that there is not amongst us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Zidonians. 1 King. 5.6 The new inhabitants of Tyre had not yet lost the name of Zidonians, nor had the old inhabitants (if there were any considerable number of them) gained the reputation of the new ones for skill in hewing of timber as they would have done had shipping been long in use at Tyre. We may reccon therefore that the king of Ascalon (one of the five Lords of the Philistims) took Zidon in neare the beginning of the reign of David or not long before. For then were the Philistims most potent & active in invading their neighbours & propagating their dominion. And from the hostility between the Philistims & Zidonians it seems to have happened that David had friendship with the king of Tyre while he made war upon the Philistims, & that the Zi Tydonrians traded with Solomon upon the red Sea while the Zidonians traded apart upon the Mediterranean. So then Ierusalem & Tyre were built about the same time as head cities of new kingdoms, & thence forward continued in a florurishing condition untill Nebuchadnezzar beseiged & took them. The red Sea being very shallow, & for that reason Aradus was also built by men who were expelled from Sidon, & perhaps abo at the same time with Tyre those who built Tyre. And Aradus Arvad or Arpad continued under its own kings till it was conquered by the king of Assyria