Drafts on chronology: section 2f Isaac Newton c. 46,710 words The Newton Project Oxford 2020 Newton Project, University of Oxford

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 c. 1710-15, mainly in English, with some Latin, Greek and Hebrew, c. 46,710 words, 91 pp. 91 pp.

mainly in English, with some Latin, Greek and Hebrew

Section 2F of a huge collection of disordered fragmentary drafts on ancient history in which Newton correlates Jewish, Greek and Egyptian chronology. Much of the historical material later found its way into the posthumous 'Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended' (1728). These papers also contain a draft interpretation of the visions of Daniel. Folios 34r to 43v of these fragments are in a different hand.

Yahuda Ms. 25Drafts on chronology: section 2e [Yahuda Ms. 25.2e] Yahuda Ms. 25.2f, National Library of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel IsraelJerusalemNational Library of Israel Yahuda Mss Yahuda Ms. 25.2f SL226

Bought at the Sotheby sale by Gabriel Wells for £90 and presumably acquired by Yahuda not long afterwards.

40

 c. 1710-15 England English Latin Greek Hebrew Holograph Unknown Hand (1) Unknown Hand (2) Unknown Cataloguer ReligionChronology Mint Andrew Mansfield tagged transcription Kees-Jan Schiltbegan checking against the manuscript Checking code begun by Robert Ralley. Checking code completed by Robert Ralley.
1rMs. 25.2

Herod according to Iosephus reigned 34 years from yethe taking of Ierusalem by & 37 years from his being declared king by the senate. These years end in Iuly or August two years & an half from yethe vulgar Æra. And Herod died on the 6 of the of a lingering distemper month Kisleu in November following. asFor the Iews in their CKalendar set down his death upon the 6th of yethe Month Kisleu. And Iosephus tells us of that in the time of his sickness he sent Empbassadors to Augustus at Rome, † † & received letters back wchwhich agrees best wthwith summer when the seas were navigable & that there was an eclips of the Moon in the time an Eclips of the Moon in the time of his sickness soon after the sending of the Embassy wchwhich Eclips happened upon Aug. 20. He died therefore two years & a month before the vulgar Æra & Christ might be born a few months before. For the children slain in Bethlehem were under two yearlings that is not yet entered upon their second year & the slaughter was wise men came from the east while Ioseph & Mary lodged in the Inn with the new born child. [Iohn began to baptize in the 30 year of Tiberiaus suppose in spring when the year summer was before him & Christ came to his baptisme when all the people came to his baptism suppose in the latter end of Chri summer Christ came to be baptized being thirty years old. This was in the end of the 15th year of Tiberius or beginning of his 16th year A. C. 29.] And by this recconing Christ might be but 30 years old in the beginning of the 15th year of Tiberius & be baptized before he was 31 years old & suffer A. C. 343 the fourth passover counted from the counting four passovers after his baptism or rather A. C. 34 in the fift counting five. # # For it seems to me that there were five, the first while Iohn was baptizing Iohn 2.13. the second four months after Iohn's imprisonment. Iohn 4.35. & 5.1. For Christ sataid in Iudea baptizing till the imprisonment of Iohn, & then went into Galile four months before yethe harvest & Iohn 4.35. And the after this there was a feast of the Iews Iohn 5.1 & Iesus went up to Ierusalem Iohn. 5.1. And therefore this feast was either the second passover or a later feast. And after this there were two more passovers mentioned by Iohn ch 6.4. & 12.1. And between the second & third of these four passovers there was a passover in wchwhich t a month before the second chief passo sabbat or passover of the second month when the disciples pluckt & eat the ripe ears of corn Mat. 12.1. For by For by the ripeness of the corn you may know shewing you may know that this second chief sabbath was the second Passover or passover of the second month (Num. IX.11.) the first fruits of the corn being always offered in yethe Passov first Passover

Fo Christ began not to preach till after the imprisonment of Iohn Mat. 4.12, 17. After that he went about all Galile teaching in their synagogues & healing all man manner of diseases: This was in the first four months till the second passover & longer. For 1v his fame went through all Syria & there followed him great multitudes from Galilee & from Decapolis & from Ierusalem & from Iudea, & therefore he had been preaching at Ierusalem By the multitudes wchwhich followed fhim from Ieursalem & Iudea you may know that he was now returned from the second passover. This All this was before his sermon in the mount. And when this preached f sermon the lillies was preache this sermon was in spring when the grass & lillies of the field were in their beauty Matt VI.28, 30. And sometime after this there arose a great tempest in the sea Matt VIII.24. wchwhich was an argument of winter. And after this Iesus went about all the cities & villages prteaching in the synagogues untill the time of harvest approached Mat. IX.35, 37. The harvest was always between the Pentecost & Passover & Pentecost. Then he sent the twelve to preach in all the cities wchwhich mission & villages. (Matt. 10.1) wchwhich travelling is an argument that the third passover was now it was the it was in the beginning it the summers half year & that theiry passover was feast of yethe had already kept the feast of the Passover For he would scarce send them away to preach all of Iudea before they had kept this solemnity And tThen followed the second chief sabbath when the disciples pluct & eat the ripe ears of corn. Matt. XII.1. And therefore And from all these things it is manifes I gather that the preceding Passover in wchwhich the first fruits were of the corn were offered could not be sooner then the third Passover. It was therefore the third. And after this there were two more.

For tAfter this Passover & the mission of the twelve Iohn hearing of the fame of Iesus sent to him two of his disciples & therefore was still in prison. Mat XI.2. But while the twelve were preaching in the cities of Iudah Herod about the time that the twelve returned to Iesus he was beadedbeheaded [beheaded him & sometime after hearding of the fame of Iesus said that it was Iohn whom he had beheaded & who was risen from yethe dead. Matt XIV.1, 2. This was in the winter for at that timtime Christ alluding delivered three parable with allusion to the time of sowing Matt XIII. & XIV.1. Iohn was therefore beheaded in t] & two of his disciples came & told Iesus, & when Iesus heard it he departed into a desert place & fed the multitude wthwith five loaves & two fishes Matt XIV.10, 12, 173, 17. Mark XVI.29, 30. Luke IX.10, 13. Iohn VI.9. This was in the end of winter & And after this there were two Passovers more Iohn VI.4. & XI.55. About the time that A little before the miracle of the five lovesloaves Iesus to And as after the third Passover cChrist had sent yethe twelve to preach in the cities of Iudea so after the fourth he sent the seventy. ‡

‡ And in the seed time fo

‡ Sometime after Christ told in three Parables alluded to the time of sowing Matt XIII. And about that time or soon after, the twelve returned to Iesus & the Iohn was beheaded & two of his disciples having buried his body came & told Iesus & when Iesus heard it . . . .

‡ And after this thence forward Iesus continued preaching & & doing miracles until his disciples the twelve returned to him Iohn was beheaded in prison & the twelve returned to Iesus & Herod & the people hearing of his fame said it is Iohn the baptist who is risen from the dead. Matt XIV.1, 2. Matt XIV.1, 2, 10, 12. Mark VI.14, 20, 30. Luke IX.6, 7, 10. And this was in the winter: for at a little before that time Iesus alluded in three several parables alluded to the time of sowing. Mat XIII. & XIV.1, 2. 11, 12 Mark VI.14, 29 30 Luke IX.6, 7, 10. When therefore And when two of Iohn's disciples had buried his body & came & told Iesus, he departed into a desert place ,( perhaps fearing to be apprehended by Herod.) & And when the people & not long after, when the people heard where he was & followed him thither out of the cities he fed them there with five loaves & two fishes & walked on the sea Matt XIV.10, 12, 13, 17, 25 Iohn VI.9, 19. & This was in the end of winter a little before the passover Iohn VI.4. which was therefore the fourth passover. ☉ ☉ For after the Parables relating to seed time he went through the cities teac & villages teaching journeying towards Ierusalem Luke XIII.22. And after this ☉ And after his going up to Ierusalem to this feast he sent the 7seventy to preach in the cities Luke IX.51, 52, 57. & X.1. & afterwards went to yethe feast of Tabernacles Iohn VII.2 & was crucified the Passover following. He began to preach And after this Passover Iesus sent the 70 to preach in the cities Luke X.1. & went to the feast of Tabernacles Iohn VII.2. & suffered was crucified the passover following. He began to preach 8 or 9 months after the first Passover. In the first year of his preaching he called his disciples & instructed them, in the summer of the second year he sent twelve of them to go through the cities & villages of Iudea & teach the people, in summer of the third year he sent seventy on to the same errant messa do the like & suffered on the Passover following he suffered. & after seven years more the gentiles were called. And it is able according to this recconing the weeks of Daniel are sabbatical and Iewish, ending with sabbatical years.

Now According to this recconing &c.

For there were five passovers the first Iohn 2.13. the second during the ministry of Iohn yethe baptist. the second a Iohn 5.1. or 6.4 after Iohns imprisonment. ×. The third The fourth a month before his disciples plucked the ears of corn on the second chief sabbath or second passover of the second month Mat. 12.1. Luk. 6.1. The last at his death The fourth was presently after the beheading of Iohn yethe baptist & the miracle of feeding 5000 wthwith five loaves & two fishes Iohn 6. 4, 9. & Mat. 14.10, 13, 17. And the fift was that of the passion. Iohn 2.13. After this Passover Iesus continued in Iudea baptizing Iohn 3.22. & Iohn was imprisoned × × Iohn was imprisoned the winter following & h when Iesus heard it he went into Galile & began to preach. This was in winter four months before the harvest Iohn 4.35. & by consequence in December. Then followed the second passover Iohn 5.1. &From wchwhich time he went about all Galilee preaching in their synagogues Mat. 4.23. & many followed him from Ierusalem Mat 4. 25. & the sermon in the mount when the lillies were flourishing in yethe field, Matt 6.28, 30. & by consequence in spring & the & the tempest at Sea the next winter Matt. 24 8.24. & the time of the next harvest approaches Mat. 9.37. & after the 3d passover & the mission of the twelve the spring following Matt. 10.1. Iohn being still in prison & hearing of the fame of Iesus sendeth to him Mat. 11.2. & the third passover & a month after before the disciples pluckt the third passover follows the second chief Sabbath or Sabbath passover of the second month when the ears of corn were ripe Matt. 12.1. Luke 6.1. & three more parables relating to the seed-time following Matt 13 & the fourth passover beheading of Iohn the baptist & Herods hearing the fame of Iesus takes him for Iohn & return of the twelve & feeding of five thousand with 5 loaves & two little fishes & Christ walking upon the sea in a tempest & the fourth passover Matt & the contempt of Christ by his countrymen Matt. 13.55. & 14.10, 13, 17, 25 & Iohn 6.4, 9, 19, Luke 9.10, 13. & the mission of yethe 70 & the feast of Tabernacles Iohn 7.2. & the last Passover Iohn 12.1.

Ackcording to this recconing the 70 weeks of Daniel will be Iewish, ending with sabbatical years, & the year of Christs passion will be sabbatical. This is also And that it was so so may be also gathered also from Christs the alludingsion of Christ & yethe Iews to yethe release of servants in the begi feast of Tabernacles in the beginning of the year sabbatical year, in saying when he ChrisChrist said to yethe Iews at the in that feast If ye continue in my word — the truth shall make you free so & from the answer of & the Iews, answered We be Abrahams seed & were never in bondage to any man: hHow sayest thou, Ye shall be made free Iohn 8.32, 33. For it was very usual with Christ to allude in his discourses to allude to things in view for& taking occasion from every thing to speak of preach the gospel. // But if the passion be placed a year sooner the difference of a year in recconing by weeks of years is no more to be considered then the difference of a day in recconing by weeks of days.

The bottom half of this page contains several tables with data related to star observations. 1. 9.07.59.51 8.08.20.03 4.02.32.08 9.10.50.14 8.28.30.54 − 4. 0.00.01.48 1.02 5.20.42.45 5.12.46.19 2.17.22.03 + 11.29.45.40 1.02 4.09.23.02 1.10.39.54 19.19.43 3.07.43.43 8.08.20.03 4.21.13.25 5.08.43.49 11.00.33.14 Feb 1.00.23.18 1.18.28.06 3.27.13 4.08.07.01 6.09.41.31 10. 9.51.23 4.11.45.50 1.06.51 4.17.58.24 10.21.27.21 5.13.17.53 3.07.43.43 8.08.20.03 4.21.13.25 5.08.43.49 11.00.33.14 Aug 9.03.23.44 36 9.03.23.44 23.37.09 −0.11.13.35 6.28.57.26 8.08.20.39 1.24.37.09 1.00.22 10.19.19.39 10.06.41.09 8.23.31.40 6.04.21.20 −10.11.03.33 20. 00.19.42.47 10.18.08.49 10.18.16.00 10.25.23.56
2r In explaining the weeks of Daniel We left it in doubt whether Christ died A. C. 33, or 34. But The first is the vulgar opinion but yethe latter seems more probable. For Herod was made king by yethe Senate - - - - ☉ Herod according to Iosephus reigned 37 years from his being declared king by the Senate & 34 years from the takintaking of Ierusalem & death of Antigonus & these years end in Iuly or August October or the beginning of November two years & two months before the vulgar Æra by the first account, or three months sooner by the second. ☉ Herod was made king by the Senate aa Vide Basnagij Annal. ad anni. ante Chr. 40 sect 16. in the end of SeOctober or beginning of tNovember 39 years & about two months before the vulgar Æra began & reigned thirty seven years b according to Iosephus & died on the sixt day of the Month Kisleu according to the Kalendar of the Iews. He died therefore in November two years & a month before the vulgar Æra began He died of a lingering disease & in the time of his sickness sent an Embassy to Rome & received letters back wchwhich argues that circumstance agrees best with summer when the seas were navigable. And in the IosesephusIosephus tells us that soon after the sending of this embassy there was an Eclips of the Moon n And Christ might be born two or three a few months before his death: for the children slain in Bethlehem were c under two-yearlings, that is not yet two ye entred upon their second year; & the wise men came from the east while Ioseph & Mary lodged stayed in the iInn with the new born babe & by this recconing Christ might be baptized in the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th year of Tiberius before he was 31 years old. But if he was born earlier he will be above 31 years old at his baptism. If from thence his baptism there be recconed four Passovers to his passion his death will fall upon the year of the vulgar Æra 33. But its more probable that there were five. The first while Iohn was still baptizing, T Iohn 2.13. The second four months after Iohn's imprisonment. For Christ staid in Iudea baptizing till the imprisonment of Iohn & then went into Galilee four months before the harvest, Iohn 4.35, & by consequence four months before the Passover. For that harvest was always between the Passover & Pentecost. And after this there was a feast of the Iews & Iesus went up to Ierusalem Iohn 5.1. And therefore This feast being after imprisonment of Iohn & by consequence after the feast of Tabernacles was either the second Passover or a later feast. And after this there were two more Passovers mentioned by Iohn chap. 6.4. & 12.1. And between the second & third of these four Passovers there was a Passover fift Passover a week or perhaps a month before the second chief Sabbath when the disciples pluckt & eat the ripe ears of corn. Matt. 12.1. Luke 6.1. For because the corn was then ripe, I understand Bby the second chief sabbath I understand the either the 22th of Nisan or the secondary Passover or Passover of the second month (Num. 9.11). In the first sabb Passover they offered the first fruits of the conrn before the harvest began: in the second the corn was ripe. & the ripeness of the corn argues thus Christ began not to preach before the harvest began till after the imprisonment of Iohn Matt. 4.12, 17. After that he went about all Galilee teaching in their synagogues & healing all manner of diseases. And his fame went through all Syria & there followed him great multitudes from Galilee & from Decapolis & from Ierusalem & from Iudea Matt. 4.23, 24, 25.. All this was before his sermon in the mount & required above four months & therefore the second passover was now past: for by the multitudes wchwhich followed f him from Ierusalem & from Iudæa you may know that he was returned from the second Passover. After all this he preached his sermon in the mount, & this was in Spring suppose in the second or third month or fourth month when the grass & lillies of the field were in their beauty & it was & ready to be set down Mat. 6.28, 30. Sometime And aAfter many other things the next seed time arrived, in allusion to wchwhich Christ delivered three several parables at once Matt. 13. And then arose a great tempest in the sea there arose a great tempest in the sea (Mat. 8.24.) wchwhich is an argument that itthe next was winter was now arrived. And after this, Iesus went about all the cities teaching in the synagogues untill the time of the harvest approached( & by consequence the third Passover ) approached Matt. 9.35, 37. For the harvest was2v was always between the Passover & Pentecost And After this Passover he sent the twelve to preach in the cities & villages, the summer half year being fittest for travelling Matt. 10.1. And then followed the second chief sabbath when the disciples pluckt & eat the ripe ears of corn Matt. 12.1. Hitherto Iohn remained in prison: for at this time upon hearing of the fame of Iesus he sent to him two of his disciples. Matt. 11.2. And henceforward Iesus continued preaching & doing miracles untill seed time arrived & Iesus in three several Parables delivered at once alluded to the time of sowing Matt. 13. & untill Iohn was beheaded in prison & the twelve returned to Iesus. Then Herod & some of & the people hearing of his fame said, it is Iohn the baptist who is risen from the dead Matt. 14.1, 2, 10, 12. Mark 6.14, 29, 230. Luke 9.6, 7, 10. And [ This rumor was in the end of winter after the third Passover. For a little p before that time Iesus in three several parables alluded to the time of sowing Mat. XIII. 1 13.] And when some of Iohn's disciples had buried his body & came & told Iesus he departed into a desart place perhaps fearing to be apprehended by Herod. And nont long after, when the people heard where he was & followed him thither out of the cities he fed them there with five loaves & two little fishes, & walked on the sea Matt. 14.12, 13, 17, 25. Iohn 6.9, 19. And this was in the end of winter a little before the Passover (Iohn 6.4.) wchwhich was therefore the fourth Passover. And after his going up to Ierusalem to this feast he sent the seventy to preach in the cities Luke 9.51, 52, 57. & 10.1. & afterwards went to the feast of Tabernacles (Iohn 7.2.) & was crucified in the Passover following. He began to preach eight or nine months after the first Passover & four months before the second. In the first year of his preaching he called his disciples & instructed them. In the summer of the second year he sent twelve of them to go through the cities & villages of Iudea & teach the people. In the summer of the third year he sent seventy to do the like. On the Passover following he suffered & this was in the sa. And after seven years more the Gentiles were called. And according to this recconing He was born in autumn in the beginning of the sabbatical year, two years & three or four months before the vulgar Æra, the people going to Ierusalem in the According to this recconing the weeks of Daniel were Iewish ending with sabbatical years. And that the year of Christs passion was sabbatical may be also gathered from the allusion of Christ & the Iews to the release of servants in that feast of Tabernacles wchwhich next preceded his passion Iohn 8.32, 33. For it was very usual with Christ in his discourses to allude to things present, taking occasion from every thing in view to preach the gospel. The passion therefore was in spring in the sabbatical year A. C. 34 Christ being between 35 & 35 & 36 years & some months old: But if the passion be placed a year sooner, the difference of a year in recconing by weeks of years is no more to be regarded then the difference of a day would be in recconing by weeks of days. The law of the Iews & the Christians – The Iews & time of the feast .) He died in the sabbatical year A. C. 34 being was 30 years & about 10 or 11 months old at the time of his baptism & 35 years & six mon or seven months old at the time of his death. & died in the middle of the sabbatical A. C. 34. And in the feast of tabernacles preceding there was a release of servants Iohn 8.32, 33. which agrees well well with the feast of Tabernacles. sabbatical year. 3r first to the coast of the Red sea as the Israelites did had done before under the codnnduct of Moses. InAnd this sea being avery shallow & for that reason much calmer then the Mediterranea they readily applyed themselves to navigation upon it in such small vessels as were then in use. Hence it came to pass that when David had conquered Edom & thereby Eloth Eloth & Ezion Gebar neare & Eloth Eloth on yethe shoare of yethe Red sea came into his possession his son Solomon built a navy in Ezion Gebar & sent it on the Red sea with the fleet of Hiram king of Tryre to Tarshish & Ophir for gold & silver & ivory & Peacocks (or Parrots) & Apes & pretious stones & Almug trees (by wchwhich means the Queen of Sheba or Sabea in Arabia fælix heard of Solomon's glory) & Hiram sent with Solomons servants in in Solomons navy his own servants shipmen that who had knowledge of the sea. with the servants of Solomon Solomon's servants were therefore novices & in sea affairs & Hiram's servants were experienced mariners well acquainted with these seas by former voyages of the Phœicians. For Hiram had also a navy upon yethe red sea 1 King 10.11, 22. Strabo tells us after he had described the people of yethe barren regions upon yethe creek of the red sea between the Troglodites & Eloth, adds: Next these is the sinus Elanites or Eloth & the region of the Nabateans wchwhich is populous & abounds with pastures & the Islands wchwhich lye before them are inhabited by men wchwhich anciently were quiet but afterwards began in great boats to rob those who navigated from Egypt but were punished for it being opprest by a navy set out against them. When those seas began to be frequented wthwith by merchants they began also to be infested with Pyrates till Sesostris set out a navy against them about the w wchwhich whereby wchwhich seems to have whereby he seems also not only to have supprest the Pyrates but also to have put an end to yethe merchandizce of yethe Iew Israelites & Phœniccians on those seas. The time when Manetho tells The shepherds seating themselves in Phenicia Manetho that when the Shepherds were expelled Egypt Manetho expresses by saying that wh they went through the wilderness into Syria & built a city in the land which is now called Iudea wchwhich might suffice for so many people & called it Ierusalem. He confounds the shepherds with the Israelites as if the Israelites came were the shepherds expelled by Misphrasmuthosis & built Ierusalem upon their first coming out of Egypt, but where as the Israelites however by this circumstance he came out of Egypt long before. But whilst he conjoyns the expulsion of the shepherds wthwith yethe building of Ierusalem he places it about the beginning of yethe reign of David or not long before. # 4v # For David reigned seven years in Hebron & then smote the Iebusites & took from them Iebus wchwhich is Ierusalem & reigned there 33 years more & built Ierusalem round about & imployed the Canaanites in building it as Solomon did in building this houses & the Temple.1 Kings 9.21, 23. For Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David & timber of Cedars with Masons & Carpenters to build him an house.2 Sam. 5.11. Considering therefore that Sidon was anciently the head city of Phenicia & continued so till & so that the inhabitants of seacoasts of Phœnician were anciently called Sidonians, whence Homer makes frequent mention often names Sidon & Sidonians but mentions not Tyre. Iustin tells us A rege Ascaloniorum expugnati Sidonij navibus appulsi Tyrum urbem ante annum ** Trojanæ cladis condiderunt. And accordingly Isaiah calls Tyre the daughter of ZSidon, & the inhabitants of the Isle whom the Merchants of ZSidon that pass over the Sea have replenished, & the Mart of nations whose revenue is the harvest of seed of Sihor [or Nile] the harvest of the river, that is the seed & harvest of yethe river Nile. Iosephus tells us that Tyre was built 240 years before the TSolomons temple, but the first king of Tyre mentioned in history is Abibalus the father of Hiram. If Whether this trade of Tyre & Sidon traded to to Egypt before began upon the expulsion of the Shepherds or before its probaleprobable that many of them Shepherds with their shipping retired out of Egypt towhen they were shut up in Abaris retired with their shipping to those cities & much increased their trade & as well as the number of their people, Iosephus tells us that Tyre was built 240 years before Solomons Temple but [the first king of Tyre mentioned in history is Abibalus the father of Hiram [& therefore since Tyre in was not famous till after the times of yethe Trojan war was famous enough to be mentioned by Homer I will suppose that it] the f & in his days & Hirams the kingdome seems been erected or at least to have grown considerable. For he enlarged added to the city eastward, & made the το αστυ & built it For heHiramIosep. c. App. l. 1 added to enlarged the cities eastward & built the city greater, & added to it enlarged the cities eastward & joyned yethe Temple of Iupiter Olympius wchwhich was in an Island he joyned to yethe city by a ridge of earth thrown between them & adorned the Temple of I wthwith a golden Pillar gifts of gold, & demolishing the ancient Temples built new ones & dedicated the Temples of Hercules & Astartes. All wchwhich argues that thie kingdom of Tyre the grew great we then began to flourish grow rich &began to potent, it being usually wthwith Kings to usually builtd their cities suitable to their kingdoms, as Kings upon founding or enlarging their kingdoms usually build their cities accordingly more larger & sumptuous accordingly as David & Solomon did Ierusalem & other cities of their kingdom & the Temple Sesac did the cities & temples of Egypt, The but he the kings of Nineveh Media & Babylon & M Nebuchardnezzar the city Babylon, Dejores Zebatane & Augustus Rome. # # And therefore from the buildings of Hiram & his enlarging of the city it may be concluded that the kingdome of Tyre was either at this time either newly founded there was a new dominion erected at Tyre by his under him & his father Abibalus under Habibalus & Hiram & if it be further considered that this dominion in Solomons days extended to yethe Red sea & that the Phœnicians came first inhabited the coasts of that Red sea & came from thence into Phœnecia, it it seems highly probable that reasonable to beleive think that upon their that upon their coming from the ReaSea this kingdom was founded under Abibalus by the same people with those inhabitants of the Red sea as Manetho tellsmay be further concluded that this kingdom was founded by those Phœnicians & the united to the old inhabitants of Tyre that is by the shepherds who, as Manetho tells us came, went us, came from Egypt through the wilderness into Phœnecia. & that Abibalus was their first king. And as Hiram their second king added new cities to the kingdom that is, enlarged the kingdom by conquest so its probable that their first king Abibalus founded it by the like conquest unless you had rather say that the old inhabitants of Tyre received the shepherds into their kingdom body by compact & then so by consent erected a new kingdom under Abibalus & enlarged it by their joynt forces under under him & his son Hiram. Now the first part of . Now the first part of Hirams reign falling in wthwith the latter part of Davids reign, the first part of the reign of Abibalus now must fall in the first part of with yethe first part of Davids reign & by consequence the expulsion of yethe shepherds out of Egypt happened in yethe beginning of Davids reign or not long before as I noted above out of Manetho. & And so So that whence And therefore from the buildings of Hiram it may be concluded that the kingdom of Tyre was either newly founded or then began to [began then to grow rich by trade & potent] by its tradefic & the co dominion at sea & f colonies sent into all parts of both yethe seas began then to grow rich & potent. We shall not err much therefore if we say that the Phœnicians began to grow rich began to grow & potent at sea in the days of David & Solomon, presently after theei expulsion of their ma body of the shepherds out of Egypt putting them upon trafic & the search after new seats. For the first news we hear of the Phenician merchants in Greece was is in the story of Io the daughter of Inachus whose rapture as we shall shew hereafter was in the time days of David. Iosephus out of Manetho reccons about 2024 years between the reign of Themosis the son of Misphragmuthosis & his who expelled the Shepherds & Setho that of Sethosis or Sesac, according to wchwhich recconing the Shepherds were expelled about 120 or 130 years before the reign of Saul. But the Egyptian chronology is very uncertain & generally errs in yethe excess of time.* By wchwhich circumstance the he places the expulsion of the shepherds happened a little a little before the building of Ierusalem & the Temple & by consequence about yethe beginning of the reign of David or not long not very long before. For David reigned seven years in Hebron & then smote the Iebusites & took from them Iebus wchwhich is Ierusalem & reigned there 33 years more & built the city round about & imployd the Phœnicians & Shepherds Canaanites in building it . For as Solomon did afterwards in building his house & the Temple. For Hiram. 1 King. 9. 21, 22. And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David & timber of Cedars &with Masons & Carpenters to build him an house. [And so Solomon imployed only the Phœnicians & Canaanites in Its probleprobable therefore that the shepherds were expelled Egypt in or immediately before in the reign of Abibalus4r Abibalus the father of Hiram & first king of Tyre mentioned in history. in building the Temple. 1 King. 9.21, 232.] After the Phenicians began to frequent the Mediterranean & trade to Greece the Greeks there began to be the Greeks also began to use the seas & had send colonies abroad & had frequent transactions between the Greeks & wthwith yethe nations of Phenicia & Egypt whereby they became civilized in a short time & arts began to flourish among them. And And first the Phœnician Merchants stole away Io the daughter of Inachus & carried her into Egypt. Then the merchants of Crete sin revenge stole away Europa the daughter of Agenor a Phenician king & of her Arterius king of Crete married her & begat Minos Rhadamanthus & Sarpedon. At the same time time Cadmus being sent by father Agenor sent his sons Cadmus & Phœnix in quest of Europa & C to seek his sister Europa brought letters into Greece & Evander with his mother Carmenta soon after carried them to Italy, & this gave a beginning to learning & history in Europe. For before this time a there is no his the Europeans for want of letters haved no history had have nothing more of history then the names of a few kings in Greece for 3 or 4 Generations backwards, wchwhich they were able to remember till Cadmus taught them to commit things to writing. In those days days the Greeks seas About the same time Cecrops & Erectheus brought a coloniyes from Egypt into Attica & & built Athens & Erectheus followed him with corn a great quantity of corn brought out of Egypt & sowed in Parea & Ceres an Egyptian woman & her son Triptolemus taught the Greeks to husbandry how to sow it. In those days the Greeks seas became much infested with Pyrates till Minos built a navy & suppressed them. About that time Sesac built long ships of larger size then formerly in the red sea & Mediterranean & his brother Danaus sailed to Greece in one of them wthwith a new colony: in imitation of wchwhich the Greeks built the ship Argo wchwhich was the first long ship built by the Greeks. Then also Dædalus invented sails for ships, so ytthat navigation in a short time became very much improved. in Greece. And These are the first antiquities of Greece Europe of wchwhich we have any certain memory. It has been the humour of mankind to raise the antiquity of nations to highs Before the invasion of Greece by the kings of Persia the kGreeks kept no certain account of time. All their ancienter chronology was guest at by later writers & by making the reign of their kings too long for the ordinary course of nature they have raised their originals too high. If we may reccon take three generations of men four generations of weomen & five reigns of kings one with another according to yethe ordinary course of nature to make an hundred years we may make a better guess. Thus the 132 kings of Macedon wchwhich preceded Orestes will take up 2640 years wchwhich but they are usually recconed at 4005 years wchwhich is 165 years less then they are usually recconed the usuall recconing. And the seven first kings of Rome wchwhich preceded the Consuls will take up 140 years wchwhich is 106 years more less then the vulgar recconing. And the 15 kings of the Latines from Æneas & yethe Trojan war includ to yethe Numitor & the founding of Rome will take up 300 years wchwhich are is 130 years less then yethe usually recconed allowed about 430 years recconing. And the first 8 kings of Argus (Inachus, Phoroneus &c, wchwhich preceded Sthenelus & Danaus will take up 160 years wchwhich is 213 years less then the 3v After yethe Phœnicians began to frequent the Mediterranean & trade to Greece the Greeks also soon began to use the seas & send colonies abroad & havde frequent concerns wthwith the Phœnicians & received colonies from them & formed themselves into po common wealths under certain laws & forms of religion receiving from yethe Phœnicians the sacrificesing of living men & from them, & yethe Egyptians the worshipping of Iupiter & the Bacchinalia Bacchus Minerva Ceres & other Gods, & the making of statues images to them offer in the form of dead bodies wthwith their eyes shut & their leggs bound together like yethe mummies of Egypt wchwhich was ytthat wchwhich till Dedalus began to carve men alive with their leggs asunder. The first memory of the Phœnicians trading to Greece is in yethe storiyes of Lycaon & Io ✝ ✝ Lycaon instituted introduced the sacrificing of strangers to Iupiter Lycæus in Arcadia to Iupiter Lycæus & Cecro in Lycæna city of Peloponnesus & the Greeks & sa & Cecrops brought a colony & & this being done in the days of Deucalion a Prince of Thessaly the Greeks having heard of yethe Deluge of general Deluge who had probably heard of the general Deluge they f feigned that Iupiter in abhorrence of this f sacrifice drowned Thessaly with Deuclations flood overwhelmed Greece drowned mankind wthwith a flood wchwhich they called Deucalion's wthwith Deucalions flood, & thus made themselves their nation as old as tha the general Deluge. For it was the humour of all nations to affect antiquity. Before this flood Io the daughter of Inachus was stollen away by Phænician merchants & carried into Egypt. Then the merchants of Crete — Lycaon Io when they stole the daughter of Inachus whom they stole away & carried into Egypt. Then the merchants of Crete in revenge of this s injury stole away Europa the daughter of Agenor a kKing or Prince of Phœnecia & of her Asterius king of Crete begat Minos Rhadamanthus & Sarpedon. At yethe same time Cadmus being sent by his father the son of Agenor & being sent to seek his sister Europa brought a colony of Phœnicians & Arabians into Greece & taught the rude Greeks the use of these Phœnecian letters & Evander wthwith his mother Carmenta soon after carried those letters into Italy & this gave a beginning to learning & history in Greece Europe. For before this time the Europeans for want of Letters ha could have nothing more of history then names & actions of a few kings 3 or 4 generations backwards wchwhich they were able to remember till Cadmus taught them to set down commit things to writing. About yethe same time or not long before not long b 5r Emendanda & addenda in Cap. 1 Pag. 6. l. 53. Post. 1689, was ☉adde ♉ 214. gr 23.' 27." & north Latitude 37.gr 26.' 56." And the Equinoctial Colure cuts the Ecliptick in P. 10. l. 48 47. Post a Greek ✝ adde. And the Chronologies of Gallia Spain Germany, Scythia, Suedeland, Britain & Ireland, are of a date still later. For Scythia beyond the Danube had no letters till Ulphilas their Bishop formed them wchwhich was above 650 years after the death of Alexander the great. And Germany had none till it received them from the western Empire of the Latines, wchwhich was above 700 years after the death of that king. The Hunns had none in the days of Procopius who flourished 850 years after the death of that king. And Sweden & Norway received them still later. And things said to be done above three or four generations before the use of letters, are of little credit. P. 10. l. ult. Post taking of Troy. ☉ Adde. For Eurystheus was slain by Hyllus in the first attempt of Heraclides to return, & Atreus succeeded him, & after three years opposed them in their second attempt to return, & died just before Paris stole Hellena Menelaus being then gone from home to look after what his unkle Grandfather Atreus had left him; & Hellena was stolen, according to Homer, twenty years before the taking of Troy. But in recconing 208 years &c. P. 11. l. 10. Post originale ☉ adde. Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians & their Priests recconed from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon who put Sennacherib to flight, three hundred and forty generations of men & as many Priests of Vulcan, & as many kings of Egypt; & that three hundred generations make ten thousand years, (for, saith he, three generations of men make an hundred years;) & the remaining forty & one generations make 1340 years (he should have said 1366.) And so the whole time from the reign of Menes to that of Sethon was 11340 years. And by this way of recconing, & allotting long reigns to the Gods of Egypt who preceded Menes, Herodotus tells us from the Priests of Egypt, that from Pan to Amosis were 15000 years & from Heracules to Amosis 17000 years. The Greeks & Latines have been more modest in this point &c Pag. 14. lin. 7. a Post Pisistratus ‡ an. 2. Olymp. 65; adde, the first annual Archon of Athens an. 1, Olymp. 5; & the first decennial Archons dying in their regency. And the death of Codrus king of Athens, & the Ionic migration under his sons might be about two hundred years earlier, or about 10 or 20 years after the return of the Heraclides; there reigning twelve Archons for life successively between the death of Codrus & the first decennial Archons, & six kings between the taking of Troy & the death of Codrus, viztvidelicetvidelicet, Demophoon, Oxyntes, Aphidas, Thymætes, Melanthus & Codrus, the third & fourth of wchwhich reigned together but nine months years according to Chronologers. Pag. 22. lin. ult. Post Minos. . adde. For Cadmus in coming to Greece, arrived first at Rhodes, an Island upon the borders of Caria, & left there a Colony of Phœnicians who sacrificed men to Saturn; & the Telchines being repulsed by Phoronæus, retired from Argos to Rhodes with Phorbas, who purged the Islands from serpents, & Triopas the son of Phorbas, carried a colony from Rhodes to Caria. And by this & such like Colonies, Caria was furnished with shipping & sea-men, & called ee Athen. l. 4. c. 23. Phœnice, Strabo ff Strabo l. 18 p. 661. Herod. l. 1. & Herodotus tell us that the Cares were called Leleges, & became subject to Minos, & lived first in the islands of the Greek seas, & went thence6r thence into Caria a country possest even before by some of the Leleges & Pelasgi. Whence its probable that when Lelex & Pelasgus came first into Greece to seek new seats, they left part of their colonies in Caria & the neighbouring Islands. Pag. 23. lin. 27. Lege. And this retiring of the Tyrians from the red sea to make long voyages on the Mediterranean, together with the flight of the Edonites from David, gave occasion to the Ib. lin. lin. 37. Post Gades peopled by Phenicians. adde. So dd Solin. cap. 26.Solinus: In capite Bœticæ insula a continenti septingentis passibus memorantur, quam Tyrij a rubro profecti mari, Erythiam, Pœni sua lingua Gadir, id est sepen, nominarunt. Ib. lin. 42. Post. wanted new seats ⟐ adde. Edom, Erythra, & Phœnicia are names of the same signification, the words denoting a red colour wchwhich makes it probable that the Erythræas who fled from David, setled in Phœnicia, that is, in all the sea cost coasts of Syria from Egypt to Sidon; & by calling themselves Phenicians in the language of Syria instead of Erythreans, gave the name of all that sea coast. ☉ ☉ Ib. l. 49 Dele. These Phenicians were - - - - - - with scriptures of the labours of Hercules, & scribe. These Phenicians were the Tyrians who at that time built Carthage in Afric & Tartessus in Carteia in Spain & Gabdes in the island of that name without the straits & gave the name of Hercules to their chief Commander because he sailed as far as the Egyptian Hercules had done before, & that of Heraclea to the city Carteia wchwhich he built. So Strabocc Strabo plib. 3. p. 140. :Mons Calpe ad dextram est e nostro mari foras navigantibus, et ad quadraginto inde stadia Vrbs Carteia vetusta ac memorabilis, olim statio navibus Hispanorum. Hanc ab Hercule quidem conditam aiunt, inter quos est Timosthenes, qui eam antiquitus Heracleam appellatam fuisse appellatam refert, ostendique adhuc magnum murorum circuitum & navalia. This Hercules, in memory of of his building & reigning over the city Carteia they called also Meleartus. And they built a temple to him also in the Island Gades, & adorned it with the sculptures of the labours of Hercules the king of Carteia Vnder him they sailed as far as Tarressus or Tarshish a place between the two mouths of the river Bœtis, And after his death they & there met with much silver d d Aristot. de mirabil. wchwhich they purchased for trifles. And after his death they built a temple to him in the Island Gades & adorned it with the sculptures of the labours of Hercules. Ib. lin. 56. Post Tyrij condidere ♀ adde. For the Tyrians ee Achil. Tatij. l. 2. initio p. 67 recconned Bacchus to be their own, & Philostratus ff Phil. ib. l. 2. c. 14 tells us that it was the Egyptian Hercules want to Gades & there setled the bounds of the earth: Pag. 24. Lin. 11. Lege. And this temple & that of wchwhich Eurydice erected to her daughter by the name of Iuno Arsgiva, are the first instances that I meet with in Greece, &c Ib. l. 60. Post David & Erectheus #, Adde & that the Temple of Iuno Argiva was built about the latter end of Davids reign, or the beginning of Solomons. Pag. 25. lin 45. Pro Lycurgus Cepheus & Augeo a were &c Lege The first kings of Arcadia were successively, Pelasgus, Lycaon, Nychimus, Arcas, Clytor, Epytus, Aleus, Lycurgus, Echemus, Agapenor, Hippothous, Epytus, Cypselus, Olæus &c, Vnder Cypselus the Heraclides returned into Peloponnesus, as above. Agapenor was one of those who courted Helena. He courted her before he reigned, & afterwards he went to the war at Troy, & thence to Cyprus & there he built Paphus. Echemus slew Hyllus - - - or thereabouts. Pag. 30. lin. 62. Post 30 years after it. adde. And Homer ~ was of about the same age. For he cc Vita Homeri Herodoto ascripta lived sometime with Mentor in Ithaca, & there learnt of him many things concerning Vlysses, with whom Mentor c had there been personally acquainted. Now Herodotus, the oldest historian of the Greeks now extant, dd Herod. l. 2 tells us that Hesiod & Homer were not above four hundred years older then himself; & therefore they flourished about 1200 or 120 years after the death of Solomon; & the taking of Troy was but one generation earlier. Pag. 31. lin. 20. Pro Arcas the son of Callisto &c scribe. Lycaon died just before the flood of Deucalion as above, & according to PausaniasPausan. l. 8. c. 2. was contemporary to Cecrops, & had many children, & so might reign long, & Pelasgus was one generation older, being his father. If their two reigns together be recconed at about 50 or 60 years Pelasgus will be contemporary to the Prophet Samuel. 7r twelve Princes reigning in so many castles (Gen. 26.16.) asAnd as the posterity of Iacob according to the number of his sons continued in twelve distinct bodies or tribes in Egypt wchwhich afterwards were seated in twelve distinct regions in Canaan each with his own Prince & Army & standard (Num. 1 & 2). So the Egyptians according to the number of their first fathers were distinguished from the beginning into several tribes or nations seated in several parts of Egypt each with its own Prince or chief Captain & Armiyes : And as Moses made laws for Israel & united the Tribes under one Temple & Council common High Priest & Common council so Thoth made laws for Egypt & by uniting every tribe under one common Council & Metropolis & Market & Temlple & mode of worship & Banner, prevented its breaking into such little kingdoms as were to be met with in Canaan & other places. And this I take to be the original of the Nomes of Egypt. But how these Nomes warred upon one another or confederated, what kingdoms arose out of them & what changes they underwent untill they became one Monarchy is not to be found in history, excepting what we meet with concerning the kingdom in the lower Egypt under wchwhich Israel was in bondage, the invasion of that kingdom by the Shepherds & the conquest of the Shepherds by the kingdom of Thebesais. & Egypt tho Mizraim is sometimes put for all Egypt including Pathros () & sometimes only for yethe lower Egypt or th & most commonly for the kingdom wchwhich lay upon the mouths of the Nile. Egypt & Mizraim extends from the Mediterranean Egypt (called in scripture Masor, Misraim & the land of Ham & by the Coptites Missir & Cham) was a is a broad Valley between mountains & desarts running north & south between five & above 500 miles on both sides yethe Nile in a streight line f 5000 furlongs in a streight line from the mediterranean sea to Syene an a town in an island of the Nile & Elephantine & in the southern border of Egypt. & the lesser Cataracts of the Nile. Its distinguished into two count lands, the lower a flat triangular land country upon the mouths of the Nile about 3000 furlongs in compass called Delta by the Greeks & Rahab in scripture, & the upper a long valley on both sides the single streame of the Nile extending about 4200 furlongs from Delta to Syene. This part is again divided into two parts the lower called Heptanomis the metropolis of wchwhich was & the upper called Thebais & in scripture the the land of Pathros. Next Next above the Cataracts was Phylæ wchwhich called in scripture Phul () & next above them the Chus or aa Strabo l 176 p 758 ab & l 17 p 819 b, & p. 786 c the Megabar Æthiopians a people who used lances & buckets & clubs knotted with iron. The ethæ the Ethiopians used bows & lances an yethe same valley on the banks of the Nile were watered by the Nile were on the eastern side of the Nile were the Ethiopians called the Megabars & Blemonyes & in scripture Chus. These extended as far as the Island Meroe wchwhich & beyond it & against on the western side of the Nile were the Nubians called and a people not subject to the Ethiopians but under severall kings of their own frequently at war Phylæ was a town common to the Ethiopians & Egyptians. There were other Ethiopians sou westward & southward of these who used lances & large bows & darts & in scripture are called Lud. 7v Egypt is a long & narrow tract of land running north & south on both sides the Nile between mountains & desarts. The south end of this region is wthwith yethe spacious country beyond it is Ethiopia. The middlemost tract is Thebais called in scripture the land of Pathros & the rest below Thebais was called Mizraim This last was distinguished into two parts the higher & narrow country called Heptanomis by the Greeks, & the lower a broad & flat country upon the mouths of Nile called Delta by the Greeks & Rahab in scripture. The Metropolis of Thebais was Thebes called in scripture No Ammon that is the City orof Ammon or Iupiter & by the Greeks Diospolis. The Metrop In the south end of Thebais between the Nile & the Red sea, wetstward from Berenice a city upon yethe red sea & not far from Thebes was C the City Coptus & the Nomus Coptites whose people gave yethe name of Coptites to all the old Egyptians as their reliques are still called. Whence the Greeks formed ἆια Κόπτου, Egypt. Probably the Coptities founded Thebes & thereby spread their name with their dominion. The Metropolis of Heptanomis was Noph Moph or Memphys a city on yethe western side of the Nile just above yethe Delta. Near this city were the fields where the Egyptians buried their dead & built Pyramids to their memory. Within a mile or two below Memphys the Nile begins to divide it self into several streames to water the Delta. The main stream runs through the middle of the Delta & is called the Thermusiac river or Sebennitic Ostium. The first stream wchwhich parts from it runs on yethe eastern side of the Delta & is called the Bubastic river or Pelusiac Ostium, the next steam wchwhich separates from yethe main channel runs on the western side of the Delta & called the Canobic ostium. Between These are the three biggest streams & between them are several others. In the way from Syria into Egypt at yethe entrance of Egypt stands Pelusium about three miles from yethe sea stands the Pelusium, called also Sen, Abaris, Setron & Pithom & upon the over against it westward from it upon yethe eastern bank of the Bubastic river stood Ramesses. These were the two cities wchwhich the Israelites built for Pharaoh & between them lay the feild of land of Goshem where Israel was in bondage. In the eastern border of Eg & on the other side of this river l was the field & city of Zoan or Tanis. On the eastern side border of Egypt about 1500 furlongs above Pelusium stood the city On Aven or Heliopolis whose Priest Potiphe Potiferaphera gave named his daughter Asenath to Ioseph. An The way between these two cities was over through a Desart through over wchwhich there was an open access from east into Egypt until Sesach fenced Egypt on that side wthwith a great ditch of water carried from Pelusium to Heliopolis. The Ethiopic nations are in scripture called Chus & Lud & Phul. Phul is Phylæ & Elephantine a country next above Thebais Lud A 8r twelve princes reigning in so many castles (Gen. 25.16) & as the posterity of Iacob according to the number of his sons continued in twelve distinct bodies or tribes in Egypt wchwhich afterwards were seated in twelve distinct regions in Canaan each with his own Prince, Army & Standard (Num. 1, 2& 2) so the Egyptians according to the number of their first fathers were distinguished from the beginning into several tribes or nations seated in several parts of Egypt each with its own Prince or chief Captain & Army. And as Moses made laws for Israel & united the Tribes under one Temple & High Priest & Sanedrim or Common Council so Thoth made laws for Egypt & by uniting every Tribe or Nome under one common Council & Metropolis & Market & Temple & mode of worship & Banner, prevented its breaking into such little kingdoms as were to be met with in Syria & other places. And this I take to be the original of the Nomes in Egypt. But how these Nomes warred upon one another or confederated, what kingdoms arose out of them & what changes they underwent and untill they became one Monarchy is not to be found in history, excepting what we mmeet with concerning the kingdome in the lower Egypt under wchwhich Israel was in bondage, the invasion of that kingdome by the shepherds & the conquest & expulsion of the shepherds by the kingdome of Thebais. In the kingdom where Israel was in servitude are mentioned these cities, Pithom, Ramsesses, On & Zoan Gen. 41.45. Exod. 1.11. Psal. 78.12, 43. Pithom was a city at the entrance of Egypt in the way from Syria about thre miles from the sea. It was otherwise called Sethron, Abaris, Sin & Pelusium. On or Aven was Heliopolis a city in the eastern border of Egypt about 1500 furlongs above Pelusium. The way between them was over a Desart through wchwhich there was an open access from the east into Egypt untill Sesach fenced Egypt on that side with a great ditch of water carried from Pelusium to Heliopolis. Almost parallel to this ditch ran the eastern stream of the Nile called the Bubastic river or Pelusiotic ostium lay the country of Tanis or Zoan an ancient city wchwhich was built seven years after Hebron, ( Num. 13.22). These thre cities were the Metropolises of three Nomes, the Sethroite, the Helipolitan & the Tanite. Vpon the eastern bank of the Bubastic river was the city Ramesses & Pharaoh's cCourt & the between9r between Pithom & Ramesses lay the land of Goshen. For Pithom & Ramesses were cities of treasure (that is fortified cities,) wchwhich the children of Israel built for Pharaoh (Exod. 1.11) & therefore were seated in or neare the land where Israel dwelt. &And that land was in the territory or country of Ramesses (Gen. 47.11) bordering upon the River (Exod. 1.22. & 2.3, 8) & in the way from Syria to Pharaohs court (Gen. 46.28, 29) & Pharaoh's court was seated upon the same bank of the River (Exod. 2.5 & 7.15, 20 & 28.20) or so neare to that land that Ioseph (the second man in Egypt) upon notice given by his brother Iudah went thence to meet his father in Goshen (Gen. 46.28, 29) & that when the first born of the Egyptians were slain at midnight, Pharaoh sent for Moses & Araaron & by their hand sent away the children of Israel the same night & they prepared for their journey & borrowed jewels & rayment of the Egyptians the same night, & in the morning under the conduct of Moses & Aaron began their journey from Ramesses the city wchwhich they had been building & journied that day to Succoth a place in the desart where they baked cakes of unleavened bread (Exod. 12.29, 31, 37 & Num. 33.2). From all wchwhich it may seem that Pharaoh then resided in the city of Ramesses tho Zoan became afterwards the royal city of the lower Egypt wchwhich is therefore called the field of Zoan, Psal. 78.12, 43. 10r Doves in the ancient fables of the Greeks are put for Priestesses as Bochart has shewed, the same Greek word πελειαδες signifying both. The This marginal addition continues materials from a previous page.the Temple of Iupiter Trophe And this housing yethe yethe dead with glorious names, building & Oracles & temples to them with Festivals & sacrifices Oracles & Festivals & sacrifices, made it easy for Sesostris &Iris & Orus to set up the worship of their priests in all Egypt. the Nomes of Egypt, & for the Greeks after the Example of the Egyptians to set up the worship of their kings & great men in all Greece. All this being done in Egypt before the death of Isis & in Greece before the Tr fall of ruin of Troy & no so that series the & new Gods with Oracles or Gods having been since recon admitted by the nations into the number of the old ones we may safely conclude ytthat yethe 4four ages of the Gods so much celebrated by antiquity ended in Egypt wthwith the death of Isis in Greece wthwith the destruction of Troy. Strabo places the Soanes or Suanes upon the mountain Caucasus on the north of the Cochos in the nei & Dioscurias & Ptolomy on the north side of the mountain. And Strabo & saith that they were the stoutest of all thoese northern Scythian nations, & had a king & a cCouncil of 300 men & had an army of 200000, & that the torrents brought gold to them from the mountains wchwhich they It seem wchwhich they gathered wthwith woolly sheepskins, whence whence the fable of yethe golden fleece might be occasioned. It seems yethe progress of Sesostris after his conquest of Persia & India was stopt by Sesostris & this nation, & therefore he left turned back & left leaving left Prometheus at mount Caucasus with a part of his army to guard his conquests from them, & & proceedinedg through Asia minor into Egypt; & meeting there with new repulses he returned throuhg Asia into Egypt leaving several Colonies of Egyptians. to cultivate & guard the pass between yethe Euxine & Caspians seas. So Valerius Flaceus. And Strabo tells us that there was another body of Amazons seated in Albania, doubtless a colony of Se – & the Oracles Theples of Apollo at Delos, at Didyma of the Milesians, at Larissa, of the Argives at Abæ in Phocis. at Claros in Ionia, at Eutresis in Bœotia, at Orope & Tegyræ in Eubœa, at Corype in Thessaly, — the several temples of Apollo one in yethe Island Delos, &anotthater also of Apollo at Larissa a fort of the Argives, that of Apollo another at Didyma in Ionia built by the Milesians, that another of Apollo at Abæ in Phocis, that 1 the Temple of Lucothea that is of Ino the daughter of Cadmus built in the kingdom of Cholchos by Phryxus Strabo. l. 11. p. 498. c.) that 5 of Ceres at Patræ a city of Patræ in Achaia. (Pausan l. 7. c. 21) that of Hercules Mercury at Pharæ a city of Achaiæ of Æsculapius at Epidaursus a city of Peloponnesus (Pausan 3 Pasiphae inat Thalamiæ a city of Laconia (Plutarch in Agide. . ) 2 that of Ino or Leacoth in the way between Thalamiæ & Oeltylus in Laconia (Pausan l. 3. c. 26) 4 that of Æsculapius at Epidaurus a city of Poloponnesus frequented by sick for remedies revealed to them by dreams .(Pausan l. 2. c. 27. – such as were the Oracle of Apollo Iupiter at Dodona, that of Apollo at DelposDelphos such as were the Temples of Apollo at Delos in the at Delos the several Temples of Apollo one that ofAppolloApollo in the IsandIsland Delos ( ) another of Apollo at Larissa a fort of yethe Argives (Pausan l. 2. c. 24.) of Apollo Branchides built by the es Macrob. Saturnal. (l . 1. c. 171. Herod l. 41. c). another at Didyma in Ionia built by the Argives Milesians & consulted by all the Ionians & Æonians , another at Abæ in Phocis Herod l. 1. c. 46. Steph. in Αβαι) another of Apollo Dapna &c the Temple of Ceres at Patræ a city of Achaia (Pasusan l. 7. c. 21) that of Pasiphae at Thalamiæ a city of Laconia (Plutarch in Agide) that of Leucothea that is of Ino the daughter of Cadmus built in the kingdom of Colchos by Phryxus (Strabo l. 11. p. 498. c.) another of Ino in the way between Thalamiæ & Oetylus in Laconia (Pausan l. 3. c. 26.) And in like manner the w Oracles were set up in And in like manner the worship of Dead men was set up in Greece by Oracles & b & these Oracles began to be erected about two generations before the Argonautic expedition, the two first Oracles in Greece being that of the Pelasgians at Dodona, brou set up to erected by an a woman brought frō Egyptian woman [ at the same time that another Egyptian woman at set up the Oracle of Iupiter Ammon in Lyibya in a Temple built by Danaus. [And Herodotus tells us that before the Greeks began & that of Iupiter consulted by Minos in a Cave in Crete And the Oracles of Iupiter consulted by Minos in Crete was of a Cave in Crete was of about the same age. to set up Oracles they had no variety of names of Gods for various Gods but called them only by the name of Gods, or P & that by the dictates of the Oracle of Dodona the Pelasgians received the names of - - - - - - - - to the weomen attending on Venus.] And after the example of their Oracles there were a great multitude of other Oracles soon erected in all Greece as the Oracle of Iupiter Olympus Apollo in the Temple of Delphos, that of Iupiter Olympius in the Temple at Olympia near Elis, the temple of Oracle of Apollo in a temple in the Island Delus the Oracle of Iupiter Trophonius in a cave, the Oracle of Apollo Branchides10v Branchides at D in a temple at Didyma built erected built by the Milesians, f & frequented by all the Ionians & Æolians, another of Apollo in a temple at Larissa a fort of the Argives, another of Apollo in a temple at Abæ in Phocis, another of Ceres in a temple at Patræ a city of Achaia, another of Pasiphae at Thalamiæ in a temple at Thalimiæ in a city of Laconia another of Leucothea, that is of Ino the daughter of Cadmus in a temple built in the kingdom of Colchos by Phrixus, another of Ino in a temple built in the way between Thalamiæ & Oetylus in Laconia, another of Amphiaraus one of the seven captains who warred against Thebes. Mercury had his Oracle at Pharæ a city of Achaia, the Muses theirs at Træzen a city of Peloponnesus, set up by Adalus the son of Vulcan from whence they were called Ardalides, Hercules had his atn Oracle at Bura in Achaia, & Apollo had one at Claros instituted by Manto the daughter of Tiresias in the time of yethe second Theban war called the war of the Epigoni. And divers several other Oracles there were in Greece were in those days erected in Greece some of wchwhich remained in vogue till the times of the Persian Empire & are mentioned by historians from that Empire & some till the times of the Roman. But when the Romans prevailed the Oracles grew silednt meeting with no encouragement. For they did not use to give answers at any time but to such men as brought them presents. Herodotus tells us that before the Greeks - - - - - - - clouded the history of the ages of the Gods Now by honour the kings & Princes Priests of Egypt & Greece by honouring their dead men with great men after death with glorious new names & with hymns composed to honour of their memory in their praise & with altars & Temples & Priests for sacrificing to them, & with Oracles at & furnishing their Altars to& Temples with Oracles to make the nations beleive that they dead were still alive & took care of knew things present & to come & governed humane affirairs & knew things to come. & by causing the Oracles to dictate wo the worship of the dead men & the forms & ceremonies of worshipping them & to give such answers upon occasions as might tend to the honour credit of the Oracle, the wealth of the Temple & the honour & advantage of the kings & Priests the Priests & great men the Kings Priests & great men of the country nations: & great men: the kings & Priests of Egypt & Greece bu were enabled in a short time to set up the worship of their dead ancestors in all Egypt & Greece. For Sesos By These practices made it was it became easy for Sesostris Orus & Isis to& set up the worship their great counsellour Thoth to set up the worship of their dead friends in all Egyp the Nomes of Egypt before the death of Isis & for the Greeks afteafter the example of the Egyptians to set up the worship of their dead kings & heros in all Greece: & For by these practises the worship of the dead overflowed all Greekce wthwith such a torrent spread Greece so quickly that Hesiod who lived in the age next after the Trojan war wrote that there were then so great a multitude of Gods in Greece, that there were three thousand deified daughters & as many deified sons deified daughters of Occanus & Thetis were amounted to three thousand & their deified sons were as many Theog. v. 364, 367. then thirty thousand Gods in Greece besides all the rest of their greater Gods & their deified sons & daughters of all the rest of the Gods.. And after Greece was replenished with Gods & the worship of the chief of the chief of these Gods, by were established by began to be celebrated by began to be reverenced was established & by f custome by the custome & antiquity of worshipping them & ant for their some &antiquity & celebrated by the Poets, it grew difficult to make any new Gods take place amongst the old ones wthwith equal credit & honour. The custome of consecrating dead men continued in use in all ages while the heathen religion lasted, but no new Gods could ever attain the honour of being numbred amongst the Dij magni majorum gentium. Seing therefore that the worshop of the great Gods of Egypt werase set up in all the Nomes of Egypt before yethe death of Isis & the worship of the thgreat Gods of Greece was set up in all Greece before the end of the Trojan war: we ret ruin of Troy:; & the wa & no new Gods wthwith Oracles have been since admitted by the nations into the number of the old ones: we may safely conclude that the number four ages of the Gods so celebrated by antiquity ended in Egypt with the death of Isis & in Greekce with the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war. We have told you that when Bacchus invaded Greece he was enterteined by Amphiyctyion the son of Deucalion - - - - - - - - - - - - - enterteined Bacchus & his great men & erected an altar to him & building a temple to Iupiter Phyxius instituted an annual festival to him another alteraltar to the twelve Gods in memory of his escape built a Temple to Iupiter Phyxius, & instituted an annual festival wchwhich was kept at Athens. They tell us that when the rain fell wchwhich overflowed the kingdō of Deucalion - - - - - the fleece to Iupiter Phyxius. This re They tell us also that when Deucalion instituted an annual festival to Iupiter Phyxius & that the Athenians observed this festival in the temple of that God th upon the first day of the month Anthesterion in the & shew pouring an offering into a hole in the earth in11r in memory of the waters the flowing down there in the time of the flood: all wchwhich savours of a allegory. When Bacchus with his army had conquered Thrace & invaded invaded the kingdom of Deucalion invaded Greece, Deucalion fled from this army as from a flood. He fled to Athens, for there he built a temple & instituted a festival to Iupiter Phyxius, there Amphictyon the son of Deucalion enterteined Bacchus & erected an altar to him & there Deucalion built an altar to yethe 12 Gods of Egypt wchwhich was the first step of setting up the worship of those Gods in Greece. Deucalion is reputed a Scythian - - - - - - - - son of Iupiter. We have told you that Bacchus invaded Greece in the days of Amphictyon the son of Deucalion & was enterteined by Amphictyon at Athens. This was that Amphictyon who by the advice & assistance of Deucal Acrisius erected the Amphictyonic Council appointing it to meet every spring & autumn at Delphos in the temple of Apollo & at Thermopylæ in the temple of Ceres. & his And whose & whose His father Deucalion wbuilt an altar to the twelve Gods, & thereby made the first step of introducing the worship of the Gods into Greece, This is that Deucalion & In whose his days, as the ancients feigned, that a great great fGreece was overflowed, meaning by the flood (if I mistake not) the overflowing of Greece by the armies of Sesostris. For in the allegorical language of the ancients a flood was an invasion was called a flood. In thise days of this Deucalion Greece was overflowed not by a flood of real waters but by yethe armies of Sesostris. For in yethe allegorical language of the ancients, w nations & waters & armies peoples were ca called represented by waters & an invasion by a flood. Whether there was another Deucalion the father of Hellen & king of Athens I leave to be examined. 11v These & several others were set up before the end of yethe Trojan war 12r Doves in the ancient fables of the Greeks are put up for Priestesses, as Bochart, & Marsham & Potter Bochart, Phænic p. 822. Marsham Chron. Can. p. 65 have shewed. And, saith Herodotus Herod. l. 2, the Oracle at Dodona is the oldest in Greece & is very like that at the Egyptian Thebes, & the way of divining in temples came from Egypt. Oracles were set up by the Politicians for giveing divinity to dead men & laws to yethe people living. Zaleucus pretended to receive his laws from the Goddess Vesta, Numa his from the Goddess Egeria, Minos his from the Cretan Iupiter. Lycurgus Plutarch in Lycurgo backt his laws by the authority of the Delphic Oracle. When Acrisius erected the Amphictyonic Council & & built a temple was built at Delphos for them to meet in, the Temple was furnished with an Oracle not for governing the Council but for influencing the people & bringing wealth to the Temple & credit to the God.. And the same is to be understood of all the Oracles in Temples built by publick authority.: such as were the Temple of Iupiter in Thebes built by the king of Egypt who reigned in that city; the Temple of Iupiter Ammon in Libya built by Danaus in the reign of his brother Sesostris; [the The Temple of Iupiter at Dodona built at the same time by the Pelasgians for all Pelasgia; the Temple of Iupiter Olympius in Olympia neare Elis.] ☉ ☉Virgil. Æn. 4. v. 143 Macrob. Saturn. l. 1. c. 17. Herod. l. 4. c. 1. Pausan. l. 2. c. 24 Herod. l. 1. c. 46. Steph. in Αβαι Plutarch in Agide Pausan l. 7. c. 21 Plutarch in Agide Strabo l. 11 p. 498. c. Pausan. l. 3. c. 26. that of Apollo in the island Delos, another of Apollo Branchides at Didyma built by the Melesians & consulted by all the Ionians & Æolians, another of Apollo at Larissa a fort of the Argives, another of Apollo at Abæ in Phocis, the temple of Ceres at Patræ a city of Achaia, that of Pasiphae at Thalamiæ a city of Laconia, that of Leucothea, that is of Ino the daughter of Cadmus, built in the kingdom of Colchos by Phryxus, another of Ino in the way between Thalamiæ & Oetylus in Lacomia & as many of the Temples of the Nomes or Provinces of Egypt as had Oracles in them. For Sesostris divided Egypt into 36 Nomes & built a Temple for every Nome or Church & all these Temples had their Councils of Elders or Senators who met at set times of the year to consult & regulate the affairs of the Nome & Temple, the people of the Nome also coming together to sacrifice & feast together & to buy & sell. For the several Nomes had their several Gods & several ways of worshipping their Gods & these Gods had their Oracles some of wchwhich continued in vogue till the days of Herodotus, as the Oracles of Hercules & Apollo in their cities, that of Minerva in the city Sais, that of Diana in the city Bubastis, that of Mars in the city Pampremis, that of Iupiter in Thebes, thatose of Apis & Serapis in their temples of Apis; but of all the Oracles that of Latona in the city of Buti remained most in repute. And these Oracles were not all alike but delivered themselves in different manners. And indeed I do not see how Sesostris could have set up so many Gods & so many religions in Egypt as there were Nomes & Temples, if he had not furnished the temple of every Nome wthwith an Oracle in the beginning. HerodotusHerod. l. 2. c. 50, 52 tells us that before the Greeks began to set up Oracles they had no variety of names for various Gods but called them only by common names of Gods: By & that by the & that by the dictates of the Oracle of Dodona the Pelasgians received the names of the Gods of Egypt & propogated them into all Greece. before And soon after Pausan. l. 1. c. 2 by the dictates of the Delphic Oracle & prophesying of Pegasus Melampus & Orpheus the Greeks received the worship of Bacchus. But under these names they worshipped their own dead men, it being usual to consecreate the dead by new names for promoting their worship , as; as by giving the name 32 of Bacchus to the son of Semele, 23 that of Hercules to Alcæus the son of Alcmena, that of Pan to the son of Penelope, 1 that of Iupiter to Minos Trophonius, Agamemnon & other kings, 4 that of Neptune to Erecthhtheus & Æolus, 7 that of Mars to the father of Alcippa that13r 6 that of Mercury to the son of Maia, 9 that of Thetis to the mother of Achilles, 45 that of Leucothea to Ino the daughter of Cadmus, 56 that of Palæmon to her Melicertes, 10 those of the Muses to the daughters of Pierus, & those 11 those of the Graces to the weomen attending on Venus, And so the Egyptians & other nations gave the names of of Osiris, Bacchus, Belus, Hyperion, Ilus, Dionysus Mars, Hercules to Sesac And this confusion of names & persons & those of the Gods of the Nomes of Egypt to the great men of his court, & those of Baal, Baalim Melech, Melcone Asteroth to the k dead kings & Queens of the cities of the east. And this changing of names & calling several dead men by the same new name & the same dead man by several new names has very much clouded the history of the ages of the Gods. When Bacchus invaded Greece he was entertained by Amphictyon the son of Deucalion, & in memory thereof there were set up at Athens in a cell consecrated to Bacchus, many earthen statues & amongst them the statue of Amphictyon enterteining Bacchus & the Gods, & also the statue of Pegasus of Eleutheris who first introduced the worship of Bacchus amongst the Athenians. This was that Amphictyon who by the advice of Acrisius erected the Amphictyonic Council appointing it to meet every spring & autumn at Delphos in the temple of Apollo & at Thermopylæ in the temple of Ceres. They tell us that when the rain fell wchwhich overflowed the kingdom of Deucalion in Thessaly & Lycorea, he fled from the rain to Athens & in memory of his escape built there a Temple to Iupiter Phyxius. This cannot be understood literally without a miracle. For Athens was lower then Thessaly & Lycorea, & no man without a divine admonition would fly from rain before he was in danger by the rising of the waters, & then the waters would hinder his flight. Iupiter Phyxius signifies the Iupiter of them that fly escape by flying. So the Scholiast of Pindar Ad Pyth. 4. tells us that when Phryxus fled from his stepmother & came escaped to Colchos he consecrated the fleece to Iupiter Phyxius. When Sesostris invaded & overflowed Thessaly, Deucalion fled with his son Amphictyon to Athens & there they made their peace with Bacchus. For there Amphictyon enterteined Bacchus & his great men There Deucalion erected an Altar also to the 12 Gods & & erected an altar to him, & th th as instituted an annual festival to Iupiter Phyxius wchwhich was long observed. And by these & such like practises the worship of the Dij magni majorum gentium was set on foot in Greece. Deucalion is by reputed a Scythian, & might with a body of Scythians invade Thessaly & erect a kingdom there before the coming of Sesostris. StraboStrabo l. 10. c. 5 relates that the Delphic Oracle was a Bæo a woman of Delphos in a hymn composed by her related th wrote that the Delphic Oracle was dedicated to Apollo by a people coming from the Hyperboreasis amongst whom were Pagasus, Agyieus, & Oben & Deucalion might be their king. And whether thesre be another Deucalion the father of Hellen & son of Prometheus & another Amphictyon the son of that Deucalion & king of Athens I leave to be examined. For Prometheus was an Egyptian contemporary to Atlas & Sesostris, & Hellen was much older & b is by some called the son of IupiterApollodor l. 1. c. 7. s. 2. Scholiast. Apollon. Arg. l. 1. v. 118.. The bottom half of this page is torn.14r between them T without naming the kings who reigned in those intervalls. Those intervalls were therefore invented since the days of Herodotus & are to be neglected, & no more kings allowed then those which he names. And they are these. Iupiter, Ammon & Iuno, Osiris & Isis, Horus, Menes, Busiris I, Busiris II, Osymanduas, Vchoreus, Myris, Sesoosis I, Sesoosis II, Amasis, Actisanes, Mendes vel Marrus, Proteus, Remphis, Chembis, Chephren, Mycerinus or Cherinus, Gnephactus, Boccaris, Sabacus, Duodecim Reges Psammiticus, ** Uaphres, Amasis. In reciting the kings wchwhich follow Actisanes & some of those wchwhich precede him, namely Menes, Myris, Sesoosis I, & Sesoosis II, Diodorus agrees with Herodotus. Amasis & Actisanes an Ethiopian who conquered him I take to be the same wthwith Anysis & Sabacus in Herodotus. Osimanduas is the same with Menes in Herodotus, & Busiris is the same with Osiris, the Greeks deducing the names from the Egyptian lamentations O-Siris, Bu-Siris. For Diodorus saith that the Tumb of Osiris where they sacrificed red men was called Busiris, & the building of Thebes he ascribes to both Osiris & Busiris. He omits Nitocris & Nechus & Psammis & next before Sabacus adds Gnephactus & his son Boccaris. These two kings reigned successively at Memphys after Asychis. And at the same time Anysis or Amosis reigned in the lower Egyp at Amysis or Hanes (Isa. 30.4.) Petabastes Osorchon & Psammis at Tanis, Stepanates, Nechepsus & Necheus ast Sais, Senscoris or Sesonchis, Osorchon & Tacellotis at Bubaste & perhaps others at some other places. And Egypt being weakened by this division was invaded & conquered by the Ethiopians under Sabaconus, who slew Boccharis & Nechus & made Anysis fly. IsaiasIsa. XIX. speaking of the times next preceding the reign of Sabacon, mentions the kingdoms seated at Zoan or Tanis & Noph or Memphis. I will set, saith he, the Egyptians against the Egyptians & they shall fight every one against his neighbour, city against city & kingdom against kingdom — And the Egyptians After the study of Astronomy was set on foot of navigation, & the Egyptians by the heliacal rising of the stars had determined the length of the solar days & by other observations had fixed the solar the fixt stars into asterisms (all which was done Ammon Sesak & Memnon:) it may be presumed continued to observe the motions of the Planets them after their Gods; & Nicpsos their of Petosiris a Priest of Egypt, invented A upon the aspects of the Planets. And Sabacon invaded Egypt, a body Babylon & ca Astrology A & this wa of Asa i reign, t years re 14vThe bottom half of this page is torn. In the Dynasties of Manetho, Sevechus is made the successor of Sabacus, but I take them both to have been one & the same king. He is that So or Su with whom Hoshea king of Israel in the conspired against the Assyrians in the 4th year of Hezekiah, Anno Nabonass. 24. For Herodotus tells us that Sabacus after a long reign relinquished Egypt voluntarily, & that Anysis who had fled from him, returned & reigned again in the lower Egypt, & was succeeded by Sethon, & that Sethon defended Pelusium against the army of Sennacherib & was relieved by a great multitude of mise which eat the bowstrings of the Assyrians: in memory of which the Statue of Sethon (seen by Herodotus) was made with a mouse in its hand. A mouse was the Egyptian symbol of destruction, & the mouse in the hand of Sethom signifies only that he overcame the Assyrians with a great destruction. The Scriptures inform us that when Sennacherib invaded Iudea & besieged Lachish & Libnah, (wchwhich was in the 14th year of Hezekiah, Anno Nabonass. 34) the king of Iudah trusted upon Pharaoh king of Egypt, that is upon, Sethon, & that Teirhakah was king of Ethiopia came out also to fight against Sennacherib ~ (2 King. 18.21. & 19.19) Which makes it probable that when Sennacherib heard of the kings of Egypt & Ethiopia coming against him, he went from Libnah to Pelusium to oppose them & was there surprized & set upon in the night by them both, & routed with a great a slaughter as if the bowstrings of the Assyrians had been eaten with by mise. After this victory Tirhakah carried his arms westward through Libya & Afric to the straits mouth, & was succeeded by Meores or Ammerres. But Herodotus tells us that the Egyptian Priests recconed Sethon the last king of who reigned Egypt was before the 12 contemporary kings, & by consequence before the invasion of Egypt by the Assyrians. For Asserhadon king of Assyria in the reign of Manasses king of Iudah invaded & conquered Egypt & Ethiopia & reigned over them three years (Isa. 20.3, 4.) at is untill wchwhich was in the year of Nabonassar 801. The following — damaged — fragment occurs at the tight hand bottom of the page, and is most likely part of an addition to the main text on fol. 15r. Only the last few words of each line are preserved.in Abaris. And Heliopolis. And then reigned is of the upper found in t expelling ted the 15r Israel conspired against the Assyrians in the fourth year of Hezekiah, three years before the captivity of the ten tribes (2 King. XVII.4.) And Tirhakah reigned over Ethiopia & Egypt in the 14th year of Hezekiah (2 King. XVIII.21, 24. & XIX.9) & therefore succeeded Sevechus between the 4th & 14th year of Hezekiah. And in the reign of his son Manasses, Asserhadon king of Assyria invaded & conquered Egypt & Ethiopia, thre & reigned over them three years untill his death (Isa. 20.3, 4.) that is untill the year of Nabonassar 80. Then Egypt became subject to twelve contemporary kings reigned over Egypt. They reigned 15 years including the reign of Asserhadon whom the Egyptians reccon not among their kings. Then Psammiticus conquered themose kings & built the last Portico of the Temple of Vulcan founded by Menes about 260 years before Psammiticus reigned 54 years including the 15 years of the 12 Kings. For he was one of them. Then reigned his son Nechus or Nechaoh 17 years, Psammis 6 years, Vaphres or Hophra 25 years, Amosis 44 years & Psammenitus six months. Egypt was subdued by Nebuchadnezzar in the last year of Vaphres, Anno Nabnass. 179 & remained in subjection to Babylon 40 years, (Ier. 44.39, & Ezek. 19. 12, 13, 14, 17, 19) that is almost all the reign of Amasis a plebeian set over Egypt by the conqueror. Cyrus reigned over Egypt & Ethiopia aacording to Xenophon, & the 40 years ended with his death. At that time therefore those nations recovered their liberty, but after four years more they were invaded & conquered by Cambyses, Anno Nabonass. 223, & have ever since remained in servitude as was predicted by the Prophets. To the division of Egypt into more kingdoms then one both before & after the war of Sennacherib, the Prophet IsaiasIsa. XIX. seems to allude in these words. I will set, saith he, the Egyptians against the Egyptians, & they shall fight every one against his neighbour, city against city & kingdom against kingdom, & the spirit of Egypt shall fail. — And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel Lord [viztvidelicetvidelicet Asserhadon] & a fierce king shall reign over them. — Surely the Princes of Zoan are fools, the counsel of the wise Counsellours of Pharaoh is become bruitish How say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise the son of the ancient kings. — The Princes of Zoan are become fools; the Princes of Noph are deceived; they have also seduced Egypt, they that were the stay of the tribes thereof. — In that day there shall be a high way out of Egypt into Assyria & the Egyptians shall serve the Assyrians. Pliny tells us that the Egytian Obeliscs were of a sort of stone dug neare Syene in Thebais, & that the first Obelisc was made by Mitres (that is Mephres) who reigned in Heliopolis, & afterwards other kings made others, Sachis (that is Sesochis or Sesak) four each of 48 cubits in length, SRamises two, Smarres (that is Marrus or Mæris) one of 48, Eraphius (or Hophra) one of 48 & Nectabis one of 80. Mephres therefore reigned over all the upper Egypt from Syene to Heliopolis. His successor Mephramuthosis 16r13 The histories of the Persians now extant in the east represent that the oldest Dynasties of the kings of Persia were those whom they call Pischdadians & Kaianides, & that the Kaianides immediately succeeded the Pischdadians. And the three last kings of the second Dynasty they call Ardshir Diraz, Darab his bastard son & Darab who was conquered by Ascander Roumi, that is Artaxerxes Longimanus & his son bastard son called Darius Nothus & Darius who was conquered by Alexander the Greek. They omit the kings between the two Dariuses, which shews that their history of this kingdom is imperfect: but by the names of the kings here mentioned tis certain that the Dynasty of the Kaianides was that of the Medes & Persians mentioned in scripture & therefore the Dynasty of the Pischdadians was that of these Elam conquered by Cyaxesres a little after the fall of Nineveh. The oriental historians say that the fourth king of their second Dynasty was Lohorasp & that he was the father of Kishtasp, & the grandfather of Cyrus & the great grandfather of Bahaman the grandson of Kishchtasp, taking Bahaman sometimes for Darius Hisystaspis. And by these recconings they make Lohorasp as old as Cyaxeres. They say also that Lohorasp was the first of their kings who reduced their armyies to good order & discipline, & Herodotus affirms the same thing of Cyaxerxes. And they say further that Lohorasp went eastward & conquered many provinces of Persia & that one of his Generals whom the Hebrews call Nebuchadnezzar & others call Raham & Gudarz went westward & conquered all Syria & Iudæa & took the city Ierusalem & destroyed it. And by these circumstances they take Lohorasp for one & the same king with Cyaxeres, calling Nebuchadnezzar his General because he assisted him in the taking of Nineveh. Seeing therefore that Lohorasp was the fourth king of the second Dynasty of the Persians, this Dynasty began about three reigns or sixty years before the fall of Nineveh & by consequence at that time when the Medes & other nations revolted from the Assyrians. And soon after the fall of Nineveh, in the reign of its fourth king it inva conquered the Provinces of Persia, & thereby put an end to the first Dynasty. ✝ ✝ The first three kings of thes second Dynasty they call Kai Cobad, Kai Caus & Kai Cosros, & derive the name Kaianides from the word Kai wchwhich they say in the old Persian language signified a Giant or great King. The three next kings they called Lohorasp, Kischtasp, & Bahaman & tell us that Bahaman was Ardschir Diraz, that is Artaxerxes Longimanus, so called from the great extent of his power. And yet they say that Bahaman went westward into Mesopotamia & Syria & conquered Balthaser the son of Nebuchadnezzar & gave the kingdom to Cyrus his Lieutenant general over Media Assyria & Chaldea, & here they takae Bahaman for Darius the Mede. By Kischtasp they mean Darius Histaspes. For Darius Hystaspes the father of Patius & master of the Magis. For they say that he was contemporary to Ieremiah Daniel & Ezra & to to Zardust or Zoroaster the legislator of the Ghebers or Fireworshippers, & established his doctrines throughout all Persia. And by Lohorasp they mean Cyaxeres. For they say that Lohorasp was the first of their kings who reduced their armies to good order & discipline, & Herodotus affirms the same thing of Cyaxeres. And they say further that Lohorasp went eastward & conquered the many provinces of Persia, & that one of his Generals whom the Hebrews call Nebuchadnezzar & others call Raham & Gudars went westward & conquered all Syria & Iudea & took the city Ierusalem & destroyed it. And by these circumstances they take Lohorasp for one & the same king with Cyaxerxes, calling Nebuchadnezzar his General because he assisted him in the taking of Nineveh. The oriental historians therefore between Cyaxeres & Darius Hystapis omit have Darius the Mede, Cyrus & Cambyses, & by the name of Bahaman, but confound theis actions of Darius the Mede with those of Artaxerxes Longimanus. They say that Kischtasp was the son of & successor of Lohorasp; whereas Darius whom they call Kishtasp was the son of & here they take him for Darius the Mede confounding this Darius with Darius Hystaspes was a Persian who reigned not. By placing telling us that Lohorasp was the fourth king of the second Dynasty they place the beginning of this Dynasty about sixty three reigns or sixty years before the fall of Nineveh & by consequence at that time when the Medes revolted from the Assyrians, & by this kings conquering the Provinces of Persia they put an end to the first Dynasty soon after the fall of Nineveh. The oriental historians tell us that in those days the Scythians on the north side of the river Oxus - - - - - Afrasiab & his captains. In the first dynasty of the Persians the oriental historians reccon eleven succ In this first Dynasty the Oriental historians reccon eleven successive kindgs. And these kings at about 18 or 20 years to a reign will take up about 200 or 220 years & thereby place the beginning of this Dynasty about 20 or 40 years before the Olympiads, that is, soon about the time that the oriental nations revolted from Egypt, or soon after. ButAnd yet the Oriental historians make this Dynasty much ancienter. For they tells us that some of thie Pischdadian kings reigned a lived a thousand years a piece & that they reigned all together above three thousand years. And to the first king of the second Dynasty they assigne a reign of 120, to the second a reign of 150 years, to the third a reign of 60 years to the 4th a reign of 120 years, to the fift as much, & to the sixt called Artaxerxes Londgimanus a reign of 112 years. So then we need not wonder that the Egyptians have made the kings in the first Dynasty of their Monarchy (that wchwhich was seated at Thebes in the first days of David Solomon & Rehoboam) so very ancient & so long lived, since the17r the Persians have done the like to the kings who began to reigned in Persia above two hundred years after the death of David king David Solomon making them older then Adam. The oriental historians tell us also that in those days the Scythians on the north side of the river Oxus wchwhich runs westward into the Caspian sea having erected there a potent kingdom called the kingdom of Touran or Turquestan, invaded Persia frequently in the reign of one of their kings called Afrasiab; & that in the reign of the eighth king of the Pischadadians, Afrasiab conquered Persia & reigned over it twelve years together, & then was repulsed by the tenth King of the Pischadadians, & invaded it again in the reign of the eleventh & last king of the Pischadadians called Kischtasp the son of Zab; & was at length slain in the mountains of Media by the third king of the second Dynasty. Whence its probable that the three first kings of the second Dynasty were contemporary to the three or four last of the first Dynasty, & that the Scythians whom Cyaxeres slew in a feast in the latter end of his fathers reign or beginning of his own were Afrasiab with and his captains or some of them. The Persians in their histories have no memory of the wars of Sesac or of the dominion of Egypt over Persia, or of any thing ancienter in Persia then the Dynasty of the Pischadadians. So then before the beginning of the Olympiads & the reign of Pul & the revolt of the Persians from Egypt, there were no great empires in the world (on this side of India) except that of Egypt founded by Ammon & Sesac wchwhich was but of a short continuance. They begin their history wthwith that Dynasty as the Ethiopians do theirs wthwith the Dynasty of their Gods & make it three or four thousand years older then the truth Adam tho it was not much older then the Olympiads. So then the first great Empire in the world on this side India was ytthat of Egypt founded by Ammon & Sesac & this Empire lost some Provinces upon the Euxine & Mediterranean seas about the time of the Argonautic expedition, but kept its dominion over Chaldea, Elam, Assyria, Armenia & Cappadocia till the reign of Mæris or his successor Sephis. And then those nations becoming free set up the kingdoms of Elam Assyria Babylon & Media. And these are the first great Empires in the world on this side India. Great Empires &c Great empires are always accompanied wthwith great imperial cities, & the first city wchwhich reigned over all Egypt was Thebes, the first wchwhich reigned over all Phœnicia between Egypt & Euphrates was Ierusalem, the first wchwhich reigned over all Assyria was Nineveh, the first wchwhich reigned over all Chaldea was Babylon, the first wchwhich reigned over all Media was Perse Ecoatane, the first wchwhich reigned over the greatest part of Asia minor was Sardes, the first wchwhich reigned over all Greece was Macedon, & the first wchwhich reigned over all yethe Italy was Rome. Persepolis was the capital of the Medo-Persian Empire, & Darius Hystaspis built it out of the spoiles carried from Egypt by Cambyses. These great Empires arose out of smaller kingdoms by conquest & were the first that did so; & those kingdoms arose out of others still smaller, & those out of single cities each of wchwhich at first had its own king, & those out of small single cities each of wchwhich at first had its own king, & those out of small villages built by mankind upon the first peopling of the earth, & those began not to be built in Europe before the days of Eli & Samuel. Herodotus tells us that all Media was peopled by δήμοι towns without walls when till they revolted from the Assyrians & that after that revolt they built Ecbatane with walls for the seat of their kings set up a king over them & built Ecbatane wchwhich walls for his seat, the first town wchwhich they walled about. And it will be difficult to name a town in all Europe wchwhich was built with walls before the warrs of Sesostris. The antiquities of Libya were not much older then those of Europe for Diodorus tells us that the Libyans had a tradition that Vranus the father of Hyperion & grandfather of Helius & Selene (that is, Ammon the father of Sesac) was their first king & caused the people who then wandered up & down, to dwell in towns & cities, & reducing them from a lawless & salvagesavage course of life taught them to wander in use & lay up the fruits of the earth, & do many other things usefull for mans life. When Ioshua conquered the land of Canaan, every city of the Canaanites had its own king like the cities of Europe before they Olympiads conquered one another : which is an argument that towns began to be built in Canaan that land not many ages before the days of Ioshua. For the Patriarchs wandred there in tents & fed their flocks wherever they pleased, the field of Phenicia not being yet appropriated for want of people. The countries first inhabited by mankind17v mankind were in those days so thinly peopled that four kings from the coasts of Shinar & Elam, invaded & spoiled the Rephaims & the inhabitants of the countries of Moab Ammon Edom Amalec & the kingdoms of Sodom Gomorrah Admah & Zeboim & yet were pursued & beaten by Abraham with an armed force of only 318 men the whole force wchwhich Abraham & the Princes confederate with him could raise. And Egypt was so thinly peopled before the birth of Moses that the king Pharaoh said of the Israelites; Behold the people are of the children of Israel are more & mightier then we; & to prevent their multiplying & growing too strong, caused their male children to be drowned. These footsteps there are of the first peopling of the earth by mankingd not long before the days of Abraham & of the overspreading it with villages towns & cities & their growing into kingdoms first smaller & then greater untill the rise of the Monarchies of Egypt, Elam, Assyria, Babylonia Media & Persia, Greece & Rome, the first great Empires on this side India. 18r out of gratitude for the benefits received of him they had received of him. He being therefore king of Cyprus & part of Phenicia & in so great esteem & honour among them for his benefactions, 'tis not to be doubted but that after his death his friends & subjects deified him according to the custome of that age. In several respects he had several names. His proper name was Thoas or Theias. From his skills on the Harp he was called Cinyras; from his skill in works by fire את;שא בא, Ἥφαιστος Ignis-piter, & Διαμίχιος Baal machinator; & perhaps from the place where he was worshipped Baal-Cana, Volcanus, the God of Canaan. While Sesostris & his great men were thus deified by the nations, the commander of his fleet in the Mediterranean was not to be buried in obscurity: for he was the great Neptune of the ancients. For the Cretans aa Apud Diodor l. 5. c. 4. affirmed that Neptune was the first that began to handle sea affairs & set out a Fleet having obteined this Prefecture of Saturn, whence posterity recconed things done in the sea to be under his government, & mariners honoured him with sacrifices. By Saturn I understand here the father of Iupiter Belus, Neptune & Pluto. For Ammon who was the Iupiter of Egypt & Libya was the saSaturn of some other nations. Neptune was therefore an Egyptian being the brother of Iupiter Belus & Pluto. And even his name Neptune is Egyptian signifying a Lord of the sea coasts. For the bb Plutarch in Iside. outmost parts of the earth & promontories & whatever borders upon the sea the Egyptians call Nephthys. The God cc Herod. l. 2. was first worshipped in Africa & from thence his worship was propagated into other countries & therefore he was king over some part of Afric bordering f on the sea where there were good harbours for shipping. Now dd in all the sea coasts of Egypt from Ioppa in Palestine to Parætonium in Afric, for the space of 625 miles there was not one safe harbour to be found except Pharus. At Parætonium was a very good harbour & from thence along the sea coasts of Cyrene (including Marmonica) were several other good ones, & there Bochart & Arias Montanus place the Naphtuhim a people sprung from Misraim Gen. 10.13. For all this region as far the river Triton was imbued wthwith the manners & language of the Egyptians, being peopled by colonies from Egypt as we mention shewed above. Stephanus ee tells us that this region had many names as Libya properly so called, Olympia, Oceania, Hesperia, Ammonis, Cyrenæ. Its probable that it had the name Hesperia from its bordering westward on Egypt & the name Oceania from its being a long & narrow tract of land bordering on the sea & being fitted with good harbours. The names Naphtuhim Ammonis, Naphtuhim, Hesperia & Oceania discover it to be the kingdom of Neptune Ammon & his son Neptune, the people Naphtuhim & their king Neptune bar deriving their names from the sea coasts wchwhich the AEgyptians called Nephthys. Oceania Cyrene was famous for the breed & management of good horses. And thence ff Pausan. l. 1. c. 30. Orphei Argonaut. v. 738. Neptune Pallas & the Amazons were called Equestres. The scholiast upon Pindar (Ptyh. Ode. 4) saith: Equestrem Neptunum Poeta vocat non ex præsenti occasione sed quia Neptunus Libyes docuit equos currui jungere. And Pausanias: Equestris Neptunus vocatur quod equitationem Neptunus invenisse dicatur. And Pamphus, hh Pausan. l. 7. c. 21. who is reputed the author of yethe oldest19r oldest Hymns amongst the Athenians calls Neptune Ἵππων τε δοτῆρα, νεῶν τ' ἰθυχρηδέμνων The inventor of horses & of tall ships with sails. 20r Herodotus (l. 6.) tells us that Leocides the son of Phidon & Megacles the son of Alcmæon at one & the same time courted Agarista the daughter of Clisthenes, king of Sicyon, & the Amphityons by the advice of Solon made Alcmæon & Clisthenes & Eurolycus king of Thessaly commanders of their army against Cyrrha. And hence Phidon Megacles Alcmæon, Clisthenes, Eurolycus & Solon were all of them contemporary to one another & the war against Cyrrha was in their days. They were also contemporary to Crœsus For Solon in his travelsls visited Crœsus, & Alcmæon enterteined & conducted the Messengers whom Crœsus sent to consult the Oracle at Delpohos An. 1 Olymp. 56 according to the Marbles, & for so doing was sent for by Crœsus & rewarded with much riches. — rewarded wthwith much riches. Megacles the son of Alcmæon married Agarista, And Pisistratus when he obteined the tyranny at Athens married the daughter of Megacles & Agarista, & Clisthenes the son of Megacles & Agarista expelled the sons of Pisistratus An. 1 Olymp. 67 according to the Marbles. And t The Cyrræans therefore were conquered about two generations by the eldest sons before the con expulsion of the sons of Pisistratus, or about the 53 Olympiad. And thus the Legislature of Solon may have been about the 55t Olympiad – – – Draco about the 50th Olympiad. But the old Chronologers placed the conquest of Cyrra An. 2 Olymp. 47 A & thereby made Solon older t too old to be conversant with Crœsus, P as Plutarch complains. The kingdom of Macedon – – p. 13, 14 - - - - - upon the 46th Olympiad or thereabout. It could not be older because earlier because Phidon was contemporary to Alcmæon Clyisthenes Eurolycus & Solon as above. Iphitus presided – p. 15 – not to be admitted. The According to the Marbles place the message of Crœsus was aAn. 1 Olymp. 56 & the war of Cyrrhæans were conquered An 2 Olymp. 47. But that of Solon may be contemporary to C I had rather place the first message of Crœu And. 1 Olymp. 57 & the second conquest of Cyrrha An. 1 Olymp. 53. And thus the Legislature of Solon may have been about thee 55th Olympiad the return of Solon to Athens after a travel of ten years, about the 58th Olympiad, the conversation of Solon with Crœsus about the 589th Olympiad, & the taking of Sardec an 2 or 3 Olymp. 59 & the Legislature of Draco in the 50th or 51th Olympiad. Iphitus presided both in the Temple of — p. 15 — not to be admitted. Between the taking of Troy & the death of Codrus king of Athens their reigned six kings over Athens viztvidelicet Demophoon Oxyntes Aphidas Thymetes Melanthus & Codrus; the third & fourth of wchwhich reigned together but nine years according to Chronologers. If we should allow 21 years a piece to yethe other four, the death of Codrus will be 173 years after the return of the Heraclides. Then reigned twelve Archons for life successively wchwhich being if we should reccon themir reigns one with another at about 15 or 16 years a piece one wthwith another (for they were all elected & by consequence grown up to years of discretion before they were elected reigned) they might take up 180 or 190 years. Then reigned seven decennial Archons wchwhich might take up 40 or 50 years some of them dying before their tenn years were expired. And then reigned the annual Prytanees till the tyranny of Cypselus & his son Periander reign tyranny of Pisistratus wchwhich might begin about the 58th Olympiad. About two years after the death of Codrus - - - Pausanus represents that Melas – – – – Thus do these four prophesies, that of the image composed of four metals, that of the four beasts, that of the Ram & He-goat & that of the scripture of truth treat all of them the same subject & tend all of them to the same purpose, as if the latter were but repetitions of the former under vareious modes & forms of representing things. And therefore I consider them all together as four parts of one great prophesy wchwhich each of w wchwhich must be compared wthwith one another for understanding them whole; each of them conteining the state of the Iews, & of Christians & of the kingdoms wchwhich they live under during all times till the day of judgement & the resurrection of the dead & day of judgement. When the first of these prophecies was given, Daniel by recovering the dream of Nebuchadnezzar & interpreting it, gained the reputation of the wisest of men from whom no secret could lye hid, as is mentioned by Ezekiel who lived in those days. Thou art wiser then Daniel, saith he to the king of Tyre, there is no secret that they can hide from thee. Ezek. XXVIII.2. The first prophesy of the four was therefore certainly Daniels. And they were all of a piece. And the Apocalyps is written upon the same subject & in the same figurative style. 240-6 From Ægialus to Xeuxippus were twelve kings inclusively, & there reigns after the rate of 20 years a piece one wthwith another take up 240 years. And so long it was fro Apis or Epopeus or Epophus & Nickus were slain in battel & in th about the 10th year of Solomon as above & And from Apis to Xeuxippus werwere teneight reigns inclusively wchwhich at 1920 years a piece one with another amount unto 160 years wchwhich recconed counted from the 10th year of Solomon end in the 122th year after the place the death of Xeusxippus death 20v 12230 years after the death of Solomon or 4655 years after the dtaking of Troy & there so long after the taking of that city Eusebius places it. And the four preceding kings might reign 80 years & so place the begin̄ing of the reign of Ægialeus & P his brother Phoroneus about the 10th year of Samuel. For Epopeus & the first four kings, Sicyon Agialeus, Europs, Telchin, Apis, after the rate of about 20 years a piece one wthwith another take up about 80 years, & Apis &or Epopeus & Nicteus were slain at in battle about the tenth year of Solomon, & the 80 years counted upwards3 from1 thence2 place the beginning of the reigns of Ægialeus & his brother Phoroneus about the tenth eleventh year of Samuel. And the eight reigns following that of Apis, after the same rate, take up 160 years wchwhich to be wchwhich counted forwards from the death tenth year of Solomon, place the death of Xeuxippus about 55 years after the taking of Troy, & there Eusebius places it. And [Between Adrastus & Pelasgus I have omitted Polyphides as being unknown to the ancienter Greeks. If he be inserted, the death of Xeuxippus will be about 75 years after the taking of Troy, which recconing agrees better with the opinion of those who tell us that M Melanthus upon the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus, Melanthus fled from them to Ath was was by them from them expelled Messene & flying Melanthus king of Messenæ fled from them to Athens & became their king of that city.] be delivered every one that shall be found wittenwritten in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust shall awake some to everlasting life & some to shame & everlasting shame to contempt. And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament, & they that turn many to righteousness as the starrs for ever & ever. 21v I place the end of the reign of Sesac upon the 5th year of Asa because Asa at that time in that year Asa became free from the dominion of Egypt so as to be able to fortify Iudæa & get raise that great an army with wchwhich he beat met Zerah & routed him. so that he The Libyans under therefore under Typhon (that is Iapetus ) & his son Atlas, invaded Egypt in the 5t year of Asa & raised that famous warr between the Gods & Giants from whence the Nile had the name of Eridanus. But Orus by the assistance of the Etiopians prevailed, & reigned till the 14th & 14th or 15th yeare of Asa. And then A the Ethiopians under Zerah invaded Egypt drowned Orus in Eridanus & were & were routed by Asa And the lower Egypt revolting from under Osarsiphus, & so that Zera could not recover himself them & Zerah who could not recover himself was succeeded by Amenophis a youth king of thero an Ethiopian youth, a youth of the royal family of the Ethiopians. But the people of the lower Ægypt revolted from him & set up Osarsiphus a priest over them & called in to their assistance a great body of men men from Phœnicia I think a part of the army of Asa, & thereupon the Amenophis with his army of Ethiopians retired to Memphis & there turning the river Nile into a new channel fortified that city against Osarsiphus, & then retired into Ethiopia & stayed there 13 years & then returned, came back wthwith a great army & subdued the lower Egypt. & Whenile Amenophis was in Æthiopia & Ægypt was in its greatest distraction, And then it was as I conceive was that the Greeks hearing thereof contrived the Argonautic expedition, & sent the flower of Greece in the ship Argo to perswade the nations upon the sea coasts &of the Euxine & MediterranMediterranean seas to revolt from Egypt & set up for them selves, as the Libyans & Ethiopians & Iews had done before. And this is a further argument for placing that Expedition about 44 years after the death of Solomon. Amenopishis might return from Ethiopia & conquer the lower Egypt about 8 or 9 years after that eexpedition & having subdued the lower Egypt, & expelled the Phenicians f might lead h & setled his government there over it he might, for putting a stop to the revolting of the nations, laead his army into Persia & build the Memnonia at Susa, fortifying that city as the Metropolis of Persia his dominions in those parts. Pag. 26. lin. 25. Danaus, Perseus &c are setled. After navigation in long ships with sails & about 50 one order of oars had been propagated from Egypt to Phœnicia & Greece & thereby the Tyrians had carried on their trade with Spain & Britain & other remote nations about one hundred & forty or fifty years, the Corinthians began to improve navigation by building bigger ships with three orders of Oars called Triremes. p. 18. For Thucydides tells us that the Corinthians were the first who b of the Greeks who built long ships wthwith three orders of — later then the days of Solomon & Rehoboam. And at that time And in those days the king of the north (who reigneth over besides his newly northern countries dominions reigneth over Iudea, Egypt, Libya & Ethiopia, shall go forth with great fury to destroy & to make away many & he shall plant the tabernacle of his palace between the seas (the dead Sea & the Mediterranean) in the glorious holy mountain; but he shall come to his end. And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great Prince who standeth for the children of thy people & was annointed that to reign over them. And there shall be — And [until the time of the end] athe king shall do according to his will & he shall exalt himself & magnify himself above every God & shall speak marvellous things against the anci God of Gods [the ancient of days,] & shall prosper till the indignation [or long captivity of the Iews] be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers [those who were holpen with a little help] nor the desire of weomen [in lawful matrimony, but set up the professions of Muncks & Nuns] nor regard any God; for he shall magnify himself [&or his own will] above all. And in his estate shall shall he honour & togetherwthwith Mahuzzims [putting his trust in potent saints, the souls of dead men] honnour shall he together with a strange God a new God whom his fathers, he [those who were holpen with a little help] knew not, shall he honour them with [things dedicated to gold & sihlver & with pretious stones & & valuable things [dedicated to them.] Thus shall he do in the most strong holds [or temples of his Gods] with a strange God whom he shall acknowledge & increase with glory & cause them [the Mahuzzims or Guardians to to rule over many & divide [among them] the land [over which he reigns] for a patrimony. And at the time of the end shall the king of the south [or the Empire of the Saracens] push at him. And the king of the north shall come [the Empire of the Turks shall come against him like a whirlwind with chariots & with horsemen & with many ships, & [by conquering Constantinople A. C. 1453] he shall enter into the countries & shall overflow & pass over. He shall enter also into the glorious land [of Iudea] & many countres [in those parts] shall be overflown. But these shall escape out of his handcountries, even Edom & Moab & the chief of the Children of Ammon [to whom his caravans in their way to Mecca pay tribute.] He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries, & the land of Egypt shall not escape. But he shall have power over the treasures of gold & silver & over all the pretious things of Egypt. And the Libyans & the Etiopians shall be at his steps. But tidings out of the east & out of the north shall trouble him: therefore he shall go forth with great fury to destroy & utterly to make away many. And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain: yet he shall come to his end [in the battel of the gretgreat day] & none shall help him. And at that time shall Michael stand up the great Prince wchwhich standeth for the children of thy people [the prince of princes, he & his army on white horses shall stand up] & there shall be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time. And at that time thy people 22r as he left sons surviving him. * The first kingdom after the flood was that of Noah reigning over all his posterity till the confusion of languages. For in his reign the whole earth was one language & of one speech by living together in one society Till that time all mankind lived together in one socitety & by conversing together the whole earth was of one language & of one speech. And it came to pass as they journied from the east that they found a plane in the land of Shinar & they dwelt there (Gen. 11.1, 2) And they said to one another Go to, let us make brick & burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone & slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build a city & tower whose top may reach unto heaven & let us make a name least we be scattered abroad upon the face of yethe earth Gen. 11. This was Noahs kingdom the people building the city Babel for its seat & raising a Tower so high that in seeking for food for themselves & their cattel they might see the same from all parts of the great plane of the land of Shinar & know whether to resort least they should be scattered from their main body. The river Tigris just below Bagdad becomes divided into two streams one of wchwhich runs South south east & compasses between Susiana & on yethe east & Eden & the land of Chus on yethe west the other runs between Eden & Mesopotamia about 40 or 45 miles between Me to the point of Mesopotamia where it meets with the river Eufrates. Eufrates runs from thence by to Babylon & from Babylon to The river Tigris run at the ruins of Seleucia a little below Bagdad becomes divided into two streams, one of wchwhich runs south or south & by east between Susiana on yethe east & Eden & the land of Chus on yethe west till it meets wthwith Eufrates about 440 miles below at Gorno But the Lord came down to see the city & tower & said: The people is one & they have all one language; & this they have begun begun to do: & now nothing will be restrained from them wchwhich they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down & there confound their language that they may not understand one anothers speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of the all the earth, & they left of to build the city. That is, by the counsel of God they were forced to leave relinquish their city Babel & the fruitful land of Shinar to an enemy & were scattered abroad from thence abroad to fell out amongst themselves & (by discord) were forced to separate & leave the seek new seats & build new cities, going into in several bodies to several places parts of yethe earth according to their tribes & families, & by cea the want of conversation becoming various nat peoples & nations & tongues & languages. Sem seated his sons Elam Ashur Arphaxad & Aram at Elymais, Assyria, Araphachitis above Assyria & Syria on both sides Euphrates upon the E the river Tigris Euphrates & Euley or Choaspis gazing upwards from the land of Shinar. Ham seated his four sons in Arabia Egypt, Afric & Canaan & Iapheth went into Asia minor & spread thence into Scythia & Europe, every father seating his sons in distant regions to avoid new discord. And this division happened abo at or soon after the birth of Eber Peleg wchwhich was 101 years after yethe flood. Nimrod being the youngest son of Chus was & by consequence two little generations older then Peleg was in his prime at the division of the earth & at that time or soon after began to be potent a mighty one in the earth, Sem staid with his the eldest son of Noah staid wthwith his father & family upon the rivers Euphrates & Tigris, th placing His second son Ashur seated himself in Assyria in Assyria a region next above Shinar & the most fruitful region next after Shinar, & his third son Arphaxad setled in Arraphachitis a region next above Assyria & next to Assyria in fruitfulness: & therefor the eldest son Elam staid wthwith his father Sem & Grandfather Noah inat the most 22v Babel most fruitful region of Shinar in Shinar in Shinar that being the most fruitful region. The youngest son Aram seatled himself on both sides the river Euphrates & h having many placing his eldest son Vts inhabiting in Cælosyria & his younger song higher up the river. And Ham & Iapheth the younger sons of Noah went from those rivers to ~ Noah sent away his younger sons Ham & Iapheth & staid with Sem his eldest at in th Babel. And Sem sent away his younger children placing them upon the rivers Tigris & Euphrates above the plains of Shinar, via his second son & staid with his eldest Elam his eldest at Babel. For he placed his second son Ashur in Assyria a count region next above Shinar & next to it also in f degree of fertility, & his third son Arphaxad in Arraphathitis a region next above Assyria & next to it also in fertility & his fourth son Vtsor Vz or Guz in the count between Arraphachitis & the Caspian sea in Gauzania & also & in the northeast part of Mesopotamia lying upon Tigris, the sons of Ioctan dwelling there. & his youngest son Aram in all the country in the country on both sides Euphrates called Aram by the Hebrews, that is, in Syria Mesopotamia & Armenia. TArphaxad possessed also the northeast corner of Eufrates lying upon Tigris, the sons of Ioctan dwelling there. Cham placed his four sons in Arabi Chus Mizraim Phut & Canaan in Arabia, round the Persian gulph & in Egypt, & Africa beyond Cyrene & Mauritania Cyrene & Ind Canaan & Iaphet divided Asia minor & the regions upon placed his sons in several w round the Euxine sea & in other parts of Asia minor & the isles of yethe Gentiles. And again the Grandsons of Noah t subdivided their territories among their children as is manifest by the Geography of Moses, And explained by Ba & particularly Chus placed his sons round upon the borders & particularly Chus stayed wthwith his eldest son in Euxiana called the land of Chus by Moses, & Cutha in 2 King. 17. & Chazestan by the Arabians & Cossæans by Ptolemy & his second son Havilah was seated or the mouth of Euphrates westward. But Nimrod being the youngest son of Chus & therefore seated after his brothers & being a mighty hunter & by conquering wild beasts being emboldened emboldened & inured to violence & enabled to conquer men was not content with his lot but invaded the land of Shinar & thereby grew mig began to be a mighty one in the earth. For the beginning of his kingdom was Babel & Erech & Accad & Calneh in the land of Shinar. And he went out thence into Assyria & conquered built Nineveh And Elam the eldest son fled from him & seated himself on the next river Choaspis or Euley giving the name of Vlay to the river & Elymais to the region & leaving Babylonia to be peopled by Nimrod: Whence Babylonia is called the land of Nimrod Micha 9. And This was done soon after the division of the earth because Nimrod was two generations older then Peleg in whose days the earth was divided. And AfterwarsAfterwards Nimrod being not yet content with his seat went out thence to conquer invade Assyria & then built Nineveh & Rehoboth & Calah the metropolis of Calachene & Resen (le Resen Larissam) between Nineveh & Calah. And all this was And thence Nineveh Assyria is called the land of Nimrod days soon after the division of yethe earth because Nimrod was But asit being the custome in those days for every father to divide his territory between all his sons: so it is to be conceived that Nimrod bet divided his territory & cities between his sons & they theirs between their sons so & so on till every city had its king. And thence it is that we hear nothing more of raly the kingdoms Empires kingdoms founded by Nimrod This kingdome by division & subdivision quickly becoming as small splitting into kingdoms as small & numerous as in other parts of the earth. And thence it is that we hear nothing more of the kingdome foun And thence it is that we hear nothing more of the kingdome founded by Nimrod For I shall shew presently that the Assyrian Empire so much established in history grew up by conquest out of many small kingdoms long after the days of Nimrod. Yet Nimrod by reason of the greatness of his conquests & dominion being called yethe Lord, wchwhich in the Chaldean language is Belus, seems to have retained that name after death amongst his subjects, & to have been the first king whom they worshipped by that name. For idolatry began soon after his death amongst the Chaldees. Ios. 24.2, 14. And as Nimrod invaded the Babylonia & Assyria so other wars arising frequently between the lords of kings of cities or countries in some places sooner in others later about their possessions put things frequently into disorder Which made it nea as in the case of the five kings invading Arabia Petræa & the southern parts of Canaan in the days of Abraham. And this made it necessary for those of of a Tribe or neighbourhood to consult together for their common safety & chuse out wise & valiant men to lead their armies against their enemies & fortify places wthwith walls wthwithin which should be many houses for the people to resort unto out of the fields & villages in time of danger. And this ....... proper king After this manner the most fertile places upon the rivers Vlai Tigris Euphrates & the Nile seem to have been planted wthwith cities & the cities planted at thinly peopled before the days of Abraham. But places less fertile were planted later. The Holy land was so thinly peopled wthwith villages in Abrahams days that he & lot fed their herds & flocks wherever23r wherever they pleased, Abraham built founded the city Beersheba in that southern border of Canaan & that Abraham founded room to build the city Beersheba in the southern border of Canaan. And Arabia Petræa was so thinly peopled as to be subdued invaded & subdued by the four kings whom Abraham beat wthwith 318 men, & that Ismael the twelve sons of Ismael found room dwelt from Havilah unto Shur that is before Egypt as thou goest to Assyria, & were named by their towns & by their castles twelve Princes according to their nations (Gen. 25.) that is, Princes of twelve cities wchwhich they founded & wchwhich were founded by them & grew into 12 nations. And about yethe same time that yethe Israelites peopled this country the Horites peopled mount Seir. For Seir the son o Horite or Son of Hori placed his sons Duke Lotan Zibeon Shobal Zibeon Anah Dishon Ezer Dishan, And in this mount. And these were Dukes of Seir that is the or heads of the families reigning in Mount Seir of Seir, or heads of families according & founding of cities, & Timnah their sister was Esau's concubine, & Aholibamah the daughter of Anah was his wife. And in yethe next generation, he Esau seated his sons the Dukes of Edom in the same moutnt, & they in time expelled the Horites. Neither was the lower Egypt people much sooner. For Tanis or Tsoan a royal city of thereof was built 7 years after Hebron. And after the same manner it may be conceived that the lands of Moab & Ammon were peopled first by the Emims & Zuzims & then by yethe the Moa sons Moabites & Ammonites in the days of Abraham & Isaac & Iacob. And even in that fertil country the lower Egypt they continued building new cities till Abrahams days For Tsoan or Tanis a royall city thereof was built seven years after Hebron And Hebron was founded in Abrahams days being first called Mamre & the fields of Hebron the field of Mamre from Mamre the Amorite the brother of Eshcol the brother of Aner who were contemporary to Abraham, then Kirjath Arba from Arba the father of Anak & lastly Hebron by the Israelites when they took it from yethe sons of Anak in Sheshai Ahiman & Tolmai the three sons of Anak in the days of Ioshua. So then the first kingdoms were single cities 24r parts of Egypt wchwhich renders them the less memorable. In the time of yethe monarchy of Egypt has given the best account of & sets them The Monarchs of Egypt Herodotus sets sets down their kings in this order. Sesostris Sesostris. Sabbacus the Ethiopian Anysis again. Pheron. Tirhaka. Sethon Priest of Vulcan. 2 King. 128.21, 24. & 19.9. Proteus. Twelve Kings. Rhampsinitus. Psammiticus. Cheops. Necho. 2 King. 23.29. Ier. 46.2. Chephren. Psammis. Mycerinus. Apries Ier. 44.30. Asychis. Amasis. Anysis. Psamminitus. Sabbacus yethe Ethiopian Cambyses. Between Rhampsinitus & Cheops are to be inserted Amenophes & Mæris, . & to Anysis or Amasis are to be added his contemporaries Baccharis & Nechus and contemporary to Anysis are to bed added Bocchis TGnephactus wthwith his son Boccharis & Nechus the father of Psammiticus For Manetho reccons Sesostris Rampsinitus & For Manetho reccons The Kings of Thebes Eusebius out of Manetho thus reccons these Kings Sethos, Rhapsaces, Amenephthes Ramases Amenemes Thuor where that is Sesostris Rhampsinitus - - over Proteus Proteus yethe lower Egypt. For he is distinguished from yethe race of yethe Thebain Kings by his being a Memphite & reigning there, & Herodotus tells [the name being Proteus being not an Egyptian name word but a Greek one translated from yethe Egyptian as Herodo it seems to be not yethe proper name of a man but an appellative, a title of honour like Adad in yethe Syrian tongue & Princeps or Prince in the Latin &or English. For & therefore translated into Greek according to its signification For Proteus, Adad, Princeps, a Prince are works of yethe same signification, & & no doubt the/] and yethe word Proteus is a Greek word of yethe same signification with Adad in Syriac & Primus or Princeps in Latine & therefore that or a Prince in English, & therefore seems to be not the proper name of a man but a title of honour. like For Herodotus tells us that it For had it been a proper name the Greeks would have retained yethe Egyptian word without translating it whereas Herodotus tells us that it is the Kings name in Greek. Prhruron, Nilus. In the chronical canons of chronical canons of Eusebius & A Dynasties of yethe Kings of Egypt published by Africanus publis out of Manetho Suphus Pyris put yethe successor of Soris, Lachares the ✝ of yethe Labyr. of Sesostris, Thuor of Amenemes Saophis of Ayres Siphaosis of Maris In yethe Greek chronical canons published by Home Scaliger Thuoris is the successor Amenophis or Amenemes & said to be the Polybus of Homer in whose reign Troy was taken. And Aiyres, Soris, & Maris are the predecessors of Saophis & or Syphoasos or Hermes. So that Amenophis Mæris & Saophus or Cheops succeeded one another. Αμμενέμμης, Θούωρις by Homer called Polybus under whom Troy was taken Ἀιύρης, Σαῶφις. Μαρις Σιφωασος ὁ καὶ Ηρμῆς Αμενωφις, Θούαρις Σῶρις Σοῦφις Saophis called also Phiops Cheops Chembis & Chemmis was a merchant - - - - Pyramids. For among yethe successors of Sesostris Herodotus & Diodorus reccon yethe founders of the three great Pyramids neare Memphys & ascribe the biggest of them to Cheops or Chemmis. & the next another of them to his brother & successor 24v Cephren &( called also Suphis Sen Saophis Mente Iuphis Metha Saphis Achescas Ocharas) & & the third either by the daughter of Cheops or by Mycerinus the whom Manetho calls Nitocris or by Mycerinus the son of Suphis & successor of Cephren who In the Chronical canons is called also Moscheres & Mencheres. His successor Asychis – – – – wifes & children. After yethe reign of Asychis Aiyres the kingdom became divided In yethe reign of Anysis the Kingdom of Egypt seems to have been divided between & For Gnephacthos & his son & successor Boccharis reigned in another part of Egypt & Stephanathis Necepsos & Nechos A reigned successively in Sais & Gnephacthos (called also Neochabis & Technatis) & his son & successor Boccharis reigned reigned in some other part of Egypt. For Sabbacus the Ethiopian invading Egypt took Boccharis & burnt him alive, made Anysis fly & slew Nichus. This Nechus was the father of Psimmiticus who reigned afterwards & his predecessor Nicepsos Boccharis is Diodorus makes Boccharis the 4th from King from Mycerinus but names not the intermediate Kings. And in another place calling him Uchoresus Uchoresus He saith that Uchoresus the son of Uchoresus & was eighth King from Osymandes & built Memphys & fortified it wthwith a lake & reigned there & yethe most of yethe following Kings preferred it to Thebes & removed their court thither, & from that time the magnificence of Thebes decreased & that of Memphys increased to yethe times of Alexander the great King of Macedon who built Alexandria that drained lessened & outgrew Memphys as that had done Thebes. By making This Uchoresus by being yethe 8th from Psynandes he seems to be the same wthwith Boccharis or some other contemporary King of that Some take Sabacus or Sua or Sevacus to be So So Sua or cus who reigned in Egypt at yethe time of yethe king of Egypt & his son went fled captivity of yethe ten tribes 2 King. 17.4. After his reign Anysis returned to his kingdom & Sethon Priest of Vulcan su succeeded him or rather reigned at Memphys for he was Priest of Vulcan. Herordotus tells us that Sethon was beseiged at in Pelusium by Sennacherib king of Assyria & freed by mise eating the Bowstrings & Quivers of yethe Assyrians leathers latchets strings of their Arms, in memory of wchwhich his statue seen by Herodotus was erected of him & this hoelding a mouse in his hand. The scripture relates his the Assyrians went at that time against king fou After him reigned 12 kings together in several parts of Egypt The Assyrians: which makes it probable that Tirhaca succeeded Sabacus in how Tirhaca king of Ethiopia at that time came out against yethe Assyrians. Which makes it probable that Tirhaca succeeded Sabacus in the Ethiopians still reigned in Egypt, Tirhaca succeeding Sabacon In yethe TDynasties of Africanus Sabacon the Ethiopian reigned in Egypt eight years in Egypt Senechus his son 14 & Tirhaca 18. These were kings of both Ethiopia & Egypt. & Senechus seems to be yethe So or Sua who reigned in Egypt at yethe capt time of captivating the 10 tribes 2 King. 17.4. When Sennacherib invaded Iudea & Tirhaca king of yethe & Tirhacah was that Tirhakah who king of Ethiop who came out against Sennacherib in behalf of Hezekiah Eth & Tirhakah king of Ethiopia (a king who came out against Sennacherib king of Assyria 2 King. 19.21. seems to be that Pharaoh king of Egypt on whom Hezekiah trusted when Sennacherib king of Assyria came & invaded Iudea 2 King. 18.21. For Tirhakah Fof Herodotus giving account how they army of the Assyrians wasere slain, saith that Sethon Priest of Vulcan was beseiged in Pelusium by Sennacherib & freed by mise eating the bowstrings & Quivers of the Assyrians & yethe latchets of their Arms & that he saw the statue of Sethon holding a mouse in its hand in memory of this notio deliverance. Whence its probable that Herodotus took him to be king of Egypt. After Ægypt freed it was freed from yethe Ethiopians there was an interregnum 2 years & then reigned 12 Kings together for 15 years, & Then Psammiticus the son of Nechus, & one of those twelve the twelve subdues the rest & reigned became king of all Egypt. 25r Æ Herodotus tells us th The reign of yethe Ethiopians over Egypt according to Herodotus lasted fifty years & began & ended undunder Sabacus: but in yethe Dynasties of Syncellus Africanus Sabacus reigned but 8 years & had 2 successors Senechus his son who reigned 14 year & Tirhakah who reigned 18. Senechus seems to be the Sua or So who reigned in Egypt at 25v Sr The day appointed by yethe Commissioners of the Navy for hearing considering Monsr Barderis matters being put off by himself &I designed to But whether it was or was not the Sheephers (as they called the s Arabians) at length invadinedg Egypt became & reigned over both Ægypt for a long time together These were called Misraim in the dual member that is Ægyptus utraque And Out of these four kingdoms & perhaps some others at length arose the Monarchy of Egypt but how those kingdoms arose out of smaller kingdoms ones is harder to relate. 26r About 60 years after it began to spread into Syria & from that time we may reccon that it began to & grow great flourish to & soon after arrived to its greatness. The kings wchwhich reigned henceforward at Nineveh were P The kings wchwhich reigned henceforward at Nineveh were Phul, Tiglath Phulassar, Palmanassar, Señacherib, & Assarhaddon Assar-haddon-phul or Sardanapalus.. Phul invaded Israel in the reign of Menahen king of Israel but was bought off. In the reign of Tiglath Paleserhulassar about the beginning of his reign the Kingdom & City of Babylon was founded by Assyrians under yethe conduct of Nabonassar, & thereby the Assyrian Monarchy became divided into two kingdoms, the one reigning at Nineve the other at Babylon. Whether this kingdom division was founded made by a revolt or by yethe last will & testament of Phul or by some otherwise by the consent of T. Phulassar, is not said in history. One of the two latter is is not said in history. I The latter is more probable because the king of Assyria was now Tiglath Philasar was potent enough to have made war upon Nabonassar & yet bent his forces another way. For about this time he captivated made waredwarred up Syria & in Phœnicia captivated Galile wthwith yethe two Tribes & an half & placed them in Chalah & Chabor Chara & to yethe river of Ssozan, places lying in the western border of Media between Assyria & the Caspian sea. (2 King. 165.29. & 1 Chron. 25.26.) & about yethe 4th or 5t year of Nabonassar his he came to yethe assistance of yethe king of Iudah against yethe kings of Israel & Sanaria Syria wchwhich had been seated at Damascus ever since the days of King David & led the Syrians captive & carried away the Syrians into captivity to Kir (2 King. 15.3737. & 16.5, 9.) & captivated the Assyrian Syrian (2 King. 15.37. & 16.5, 9.) that is with bb Ioseph. l. 9. c. 12. the region of uperupper or mountainous Media & b placed other nations in the region of [However this is certain that yethe Damascus. king Babylon Kingdom & city of Babylon was founded by Assyrians (Isa. 23.13.) & that Damascus & Whence I gather that the were newly conquered the kings of this kingdome were Assyrians untill the reign of Darius the Mede. For the title wchwhich Ptolomy has given to his canon of the Kings of Babylon For Ptolomy in thie title of his canon of all yethe Kings of Babylon wchwhich preceded Cyrus calls them For yethe title wchwhich Ptolomy has given to his canon of all the kings of Babylon wchwhich preceded Cyrus is Canon Regum Assyriorum et Medorum. The last of them was Darius the Mede called Nabonadius by Ptolomy, the rest were Assyrians unless perhaps yethe last but one was also a NMede. For as Nab he was the father of Belshasser by yethe daughter of Nebuchadnezzar: & as the wife of Nebuchadnezzar was a Mede so by her influence might Nebuchadnezzar marymarry his daughter to a Mede of yethe blood royal. You may know also that they were assyriansAssyrians by their names compounded of Assyr, as Nabon-assar, Nabapoul-assar Nabop-pul-assar Nabacol-assar, Bels-assar, Nercassol-assar Nabacol-assar, Nabuch-adon-assar, Nabu-assar-adon, Beltes-assar, Bels-assar, Shesheb-assar Nerigal-assar, Nabuch-adon-assar, Nabou-assar-adon Beltes-assar For so were the Assyrians names often compounded, as in these instances Phul-assar26v Phul-assar, Salman-assar, Assar-adon. Shar-assar The same is confirmed by yethe word Adon, as d Dominus, used by both both in the composition of their names, as in these Bel-adon, Chissil-adon.] The next king Salenassar (called Enem-assar by Tobit ch. 1) aa M apud Ioseph. l. 9. c. ult invaded all Phœnicia took the city Samaria & captivated Israel & placed them between Assyria kingdom & the Caspian sea in Chalah And now the Assyrian monarchy to have arrived at & C Chabor by yethe river Gozany & in the neighbouring cities of the Medes2 King. 17.6. & in the b in Chalah & Chabor by the river Gozany & greatness extending westward to yethe Mediterranean sea & western border of Media between Assyria & the Caspian Sea in Chalah & where the Syrians were placed before. eastward as far as Media & Persia. For the Medes were now Chabor by the river of Gozany. Whence I gather that these Chalah & Chabor regions became subject to it (2 King. 17.6. & Tobit 1.14.) besides those other nations who of the afterwards (as Herodotus tells us) fell & the Medes & other people upon yethe Ca were but newly conquered F from it The next king Sennacherib invaded Iudea Phœnicia & & bb Beros. apud. Ioseph. l. 10. c. 1. Herod. l. 2. c. 141. Egypt, but all & took several cities of the Iews Pha Iudah but laying siege to Ierusalem he lost but in one night lost 185000 men & yethe plag by a vehement plague seized 185000 men & thereupon to save yethe reliques of his army returned in hasthaste into Ch to Nineveh, And The same year did Merodach Bal-adon or Mardokempad king of Babylon send an embassy to Hezekiah (Isa. 39 And from & the this time the Medes on that occasion revolted . Monarchy began to decline by the defection The so At the same time did Merodach Bel-addon or Mardopkempad king of Babylon send an embassy to Hezekiah king of Iudah. Isa. 39. first of the Medes & that of some other nations. At this time did Merodach or Mardokempad king of Babylon send an embassy to Hezekiah. The next king Assarhaddon (corruptly called Sarchedon by pTob. 1. Tobit, Asar-dan by yethe seventy & Sargon qq Isa. 20.1 Sar-gon by Isaias & yethe great & not Asnappar by rr Esra. 4.10. Ezra) of Iudea reunited the kingdoms of Nineveh & Babylon to that of Nineveh so reigned over the whole Assyrian Monarchy. He invadedcc Isa. 20.1. Iudea took Azot dd 2 Chron. 33. carried & captivated Manasseb captive to Babylon & ee Ezra 4.2. peopled Samaria wthwith captives brought ff 2 Kin. 17.24. from Babylon & from Cuthah or Susa & from Ava & from Hamath or Antioch, & from Sepharvaim, Whence I gather that he conquered the kings of all these nations the kings of all these nations for yethe nations whose kings he had gg 2 King. 19.13. conquered He & hh Isa. 20.4. Nahum. 3.8, 10. captivated also Egypt & yethe Ethiopia wchwhich was above Thebais.. And now the Assyrian Monarchy seems arrived to its greatness being united under one Monarch & conteining C Assyria, Susiana, Babylonia Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Syria, Phœnicia & part of Arabia. And in this state yethe kingdom seems to have continued till the Medes made war upon it that is for above 40 years dated together dated from yethe year of Nabonasar 678 – which Assar-haddon took conquered the babylonians to the yethe tear till after yethe year 10 for above forty years together. & Then it borake again into two kingdoms the one seated at Nineveh yethe other at Babylon as before; but & soon after NebuchadnezzNebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon by the help of the Medes overthrew the Kingdom of recovered Mesopotamia Syria & Phœnicia from the Egyptians who had invaded those parts & destroyed Neineveh & became lord of all all yethe dominions of the kin which had heretofore belonged to the kingdokingdomf of Assyria excepting some par what the Medes had seized beyond Tigris. For Nebuchadnezzar reigned over Susiana, Chaldea, Mesopotamia Syria Phœnicia & part of Arabia He conquered also Idumea & Moab & Ammono & & made the king of Egypt tributary & adorned Babylon wthwith sump stron walls & other sumptuous 27r sumptuous buildings, & if we may beleive SXenephon, he reigned also over the Province of Assyria. But whether he or the Medes had yethe Province & uncertain & are would or whether they parted it between them is uncertain. However this is certain that by the building of Babylon & fall of Nineveh yethe kingdom of yethe Assyrians B did not cease but was only translated to a new seat, For the kingdom of Babylon was founded by Assyrians. Beheld the land of the Chaldeans this people was not till the Assyrian founded it Herodotus who ascribes the subversion of the great Nineve to the Medes t alone reccons that they subdued Media. But NubucadnezzarNebuchadnezzar & the Medes joyned &c may be disputed, but whilst Assyria belonged originally to the same kingdom wthwith Babylon its most probable that yethe Medes conceded in this to the Babylonians & were requited by something else. However this is certain that &by the full of building b.for these reasons First because yethe Kingdom & city of of Babylon was founded by Assyrians. Behold, saith Isaiah, saith IsaiahIsa. 23.13., the land of the Chaldeans this people was not till the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness: they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof. Secondly because the Kings of Babylon were all of them aAssyrians till the reign of Darius yethe Mede. For Ptolomy to his Canon of all the Kings of Babylon wchwhich preceded Cyrus prefixes this title Canon regum Assyriorum & Medorum. And Canon th This appears also by c Thirdly the people of Assy the names of the names of the kings Babylonsians Kings & Nobles compounded of Asseyr, as such as are nabon-assar, Nabo-phul-assar, Nabu-chadon-assar, Nabu-assar-haddon, Beltess-assar, Bels-assar, Nergal-assar, Shesheb-assar, For so were the Assyrian names often compounded as in these instances, Tiglat-phul-assar, Assar-hadon Salman-assar, Shar-assar. Where Where note that chadonhadon or adon signifies Dominus. Thirdly yethe people of B Chaldea & Babylonia & Assyria were of yethe same stock, their common father being Nimrod. For he reigned first in Chaldea yethe Shinar & then in Assyria. Fourthly Babylon the dominions of Babylon & Assyria Nineve were the very same reigned over all excepting that Babylon reigned over Moab & Ammon & Edon & perhaps not over all Assyria. Fiftly Lastly the ancients used to reccon the kingdom of Babylon & one of the two branches of the Assyrian Monarchy. So aa Herod. l. 1. c. 178 Herodotus Strabo:bb. Strabo l. 16. p. 737. Sola Assyriorum regia fuit Babylon post eversam Ninum & Herodotus b Strabo Assyrij Babylone ac Nini regiam habuerunt. & cc Herod. l. c. 178 d & c. 106. Herodotus: Sola Assyriorum regia fuit babylon post eversam Ninum. And again: Medi et Ninum ex pugnaverunt et Assyrios subiegerunt excepta portione Babylonica. And hence it is that yethe Greeks & Latins in recconing up27v up all the great Monarchies, never reccon the Babylonian Monarchy distinct from yethe of yethe Assyrians but include it therein. For they reccon yethe Assyrian Monarchy the first, & that of yethe Medes yethe second & that of yethe Persians yethe third & that of yethe Greeks & Latins yethe fourth & fift. 28r quered his kingdom became a Province with wthwith more cities in it then one. And this I take to have been yethe the oriIginall of Cities & Kingdoms. The first Monarchy of great extent is generally recconed yethe Assyrian seated at Nineve. It stood 520 years according to Herodotus 520 years untill yethe defection of yethe Medes & fell a little before about fifty years the reign of Cyrus king of Persia about an hundred years more untill Nebuchadnezzar & Cyaxerxes overthrew it & so began about 150 years before the reign of Saul. But we are not to reccon yethe it stood all that time in its greatness. The cities of Rome, Athens Sardes, C Athens, Corinth, Tyre & others kept long registers of their kings while their dominions were but small, & yethe like it is to be understood of Nineve. In During the time of yethe Iudges of Israel & in unlike after the reign of David or longer Syria & Mesopotamia wasere subject to other kings of other cities & (Iud. 3.8. 2 Sam. 8 & 10) & therefore Nineve did had not yet extended it dominion on this side Euphrates. The Prophet Ionah who flourished about 100 hundred 230 years before yethe fall of Nineve, this city was a great one of three days journey & had a king. The first mention I meet wthwith of a king of Nineveh is in yethe prophesy of Ionah who lived about about 2230 years or a before yethe fall of this kingdom. And at that time thise City was a very great one of 3 days journey, but the greatness was rather in extent of ground then multitude of people. The For it conteininged not much above 120000 persons wchwhich could not discern between their right hand & their left Ionah 4.11. Reccon these exceeded not to be infants under 2 years old & that there were six times more people in yethe city & the whole number of people will be but about 720000 whereas in the Egyptian Thebes there were numbred 700000 persons fit for war. souls (Ionah 4.11.) & so was short of either London, Paris & some other cCities of moderate kingdoms kingdoms now in being. About 60 years Whence Whence we may reccon that the kingdom of Assyria was now grown a considerable one but not yet arrived to its greatness. About 560 years after it began to spread into Syria: & from that time reigned grew & flourished in the reigns of these its kings Phul, Tiglath Pileser, Salmanassar, Senachaerib, & Asarhaddon. Phul invaded Israel in the reign of Menahen, but was but was bought off. (2 King. 15.19. Tiglath Pileser was bought of captivated first Gihad & Galilee wthwith the two tribes & an half in yethe reign of Pekah king of Israel (2 King. 165. & 29.) 1 Chron. 25.25.) & then the Kingdom of Syria wchwhich had been reigned seated at Damascus ever since the days of king David (2 King. 16.9.) Afterwards Salmanasser captivated took Samaria & captivated Israel & then Senacherib invaded Iudah & Assarhaddon carried Manasses king of Iudah captive to Babylōon.. Hitheto this kingdom seems And now monarchy In the reign of these kings this Monarchy to have arrived to was in its height, extending westward to yethe Mediterranean sea, & east reaching as far eastward as westward. For the reigned ove Medes were now become subject to it (2 King. 17.6. 1 Tobit 1.14.) besides some other28v other nations who afterwards, as Herodotus tells us, fell off from it. The kingdom being now in its hightheight began from this time to decline by the defection of some of yethe conquered nations. And yethe first of yethe nations who fell off yethe Medes. For They first asserted their liberty without a king & then made Dejoces f made Dejoces king over them & lived under four successive kings, Dejoces, Phraortes, Cyaxerxes & Astyages and for about 150 years together till yethe reign of Cyrus, & by consequence fell off from yethe Assyrian Monarchy in yethe reign of Sennacherib soon after yethe great slaughter loss of his army by a plague in Palestine Palestine by a sudden plague, 2 King. 19. For that loss happened 156 years before yethe reign of Cyrus & by reason of the subsequent defection of the Medes, Tobit tells us that the reign of by reasoreason of this defection of the Medes, Tobit tells us that the could not go from Nineve into Media reign of Sennacherib was troubled so yt he could not go from Nineve into Media as he had done before in the reign of EnemessarTobit 1.15. (so he calls Salmanassar) the former king. Tobit 1.12. There Dejoces the first king Dejoces of the Medes faounded Ecbatane reigned 53 years & propagated yethe kingdom westward into Armenia as far as yethe river Halys on this side the common bound of p his & the Lydia kingdoms. Phraort the son & successor Phraortes his son reigned 22 years & conquered the Persians & made war also upon the kingds of Assyria but was overthrown by him in battel & slain. Cy Thereupon Th Cyaxerxes yethe son of Phraortes thereupon prosecuteding yethe yethe war, overcame yethe Assyrians in battel & laid siege to Nineve but was forced from yethe siege by a great incursion of Scythians who overcame him in battel & reigned over his kingdom for 28 years together but there Phraortes invited them to a feast made them drunk & slew them, in drink & having thus recovered his kingdom returned to yethe war against yethe king of Assyrians & by the help of Nebuchadnezzar overthrew thisat kingdom. The In confirmation of all this you may see the very great slaughters of yethe P Assyrians & Scythians by Cyaxerxes & of the Persians by Phraortes you may see described Cy in Ezekiel chap. 32.22, 24, 26. The kingdom The city & kingdom of Babylon was founded by Assyrians Nabonassar an Assyrian about 34 years before yethe dedefection of yethe Mede 29r & compare them wthwith yethe records of yethe Greeks. This I note to shew yethe uncertainty of such hypotheses opinions about this monarchy as rest upon yethe authority of yethe Iews: of wchwhich kind are yethe opinions yt yethe return of yethe captivity was in yethe 28th year of Cyrus, &yt Axrtaxerxes was the common name of all yethe kings of SPersia, & that Sanballat lived in yethe time of Darius Codomannus & built yethe temple of yethe Samanites in mount Gerazim in yethe very end of his reign when Alexander yethe great made wars upon him. Another predjudice in these things is are the writings of Ctesias Tables credit wchwhich yethe For fabulous writings of Ctesias have obteined in the world. For For he makes yethe kingdoms of Babylon Assyria Babylon & Media much older then they were What a liberty he took in fabling may be easily seen by his The Assyrian monarchy is much celebrated for antiquity & yet y seems to have been of no great extent before yethe reigns of Puhul & Tiglath Peileser. For in the time of the Iudges Mesopotamia had in had a king of its own Iud. (Iud. 3.8.) & so had Syria had its from the time of King David do bb Nicholaus Damascenus apud Ioseph antiq. l. 7 c. 6. so Syria till yethe reign of Tiglath Peleser Lyc had its own king reigning at Damascus & n in the reign of David Damascus Hamath or Antioch had one king, & Hamath, that is so Antioch another & Sobah Sobah (a town of Syria, upon Euphrates) another & the king of Sobah reigned over the Syrians of Mesopotamia & we other kings of Syria Damascus some other kings of Syria. And from this time Damascus had also a king of its own How yethe King of Nineve could be potent & yet not once conquer the adjacent region of Mesopotamia nor so much as once (that we read of) make war upon those of people of Syrians & Phœnicians before yethe reign of Phul is hard to be conceived. This the king therefore may be recconed yethe first who enlarged yethe dominion of Nineve Yet was Nineve a very great town city befo in yethe days of Ionah who prophesied before The earth was at first divided into many small kingdoms according to yethe number of cities. These by conquering one another g grew greater & greater till they arrived at yethe bigness of the four Monarchies they are now at. The first Monarchy of great extent is accounted yethe Assyrian. Its seat was Nineve founded by a city founded by Ninus or Nimrod who was mighty in the earth. The beginning of his kingdom was in yethe land of Sennaarr & thence he went into Assyria & built Nineve Gen. 10. As Egypt is called yethe land of Ham not because he peopled it (for so he did Phœ all Phœnicia & all Afric,) but because he reigned there it was his kingdom: so Assyria f is called yethe land of Nimrod because it was his kingdom ( Micha 5.6. Nineve was of old a very great city. in yethe days of Ionah He Ionah who lived above an hundred years before the captivity of the 10 tribes s(2 King. 14. 29v tells us it was then a very a great city of three days journey, that is in compass he Strabo's account makes it was 48 miles, by Diodorus is 60 miles about, Ionah so yt it was much greater then Babylon. By yethe greatness thereof even in Ionah's days it may be gathered that it had been then the seat metropolis of an ancient flourishing kingdom. Yet there is no evidence of its being then And yet if it conteined not above much above 12000 people (Ionah 4.11.) it was only great in extent of ground & fell much short of Paris & London in number of people & others If yethe race of kings borrowed by Eusebius from yethe fabulous writings of Ctesias be rejected, we have little or nothing certain of this kingdom before yethe reign of Phul. Till then it seems to have been kept within the bounds of Assyria: for Syria & Mesopotamia had kings of their own (Iud. 38. 2 Sam. 8 & 10.) Phul was the first king of Assyria who is read to have made war up Israel (2 King. 15.19 on this side of Euphrates He This (2 King. 15.19.) he This was about 40 or 50 years before yethe captivity of yethe 10 tribes. He Soon after Tiglath Peleser ruined & ca the Kingdom of Syria & captivated it wthwith yethe two tribes & an half (2 King. 16.9. 1 Chron. 5.26.) & afterwards Salmenasser Shalmanesser captivated all the rest of Israel. And as this kingdom was propagated now as far westward as to yethe Mediterranean so it was no doubt it was propagated at yethe same time into other quarters eastward & northward & southward. For the Medes were now become subject to yethe Assyrians (2 King. 17.6. Tobit 1.13, 14.) Out of this kingdom theus grown great were two others split: that of Babylon & that of the Medes. First Nabonassear an Assyrian founded both the city & Kingdom & people of City of Babylon & peopled it wthwith the neighbouring Arabians collected thither into a body from the neighbouring regions (Isa. 23.13.) These aArabians seem to be of yethe posterity of Chavilah yethe son of Chus. For Chus after he had lived some time in Egypt wthwith his fFather Ham, inwent thence into yethe east & placed his sons round the Persian gulf from yethe most furthest southern part of the Arabia felix to yethe furthest part of Persia, & the lot of ChavilaChavilah was between yethe Persian gulf, & Babylon & the country of Amaleck lying in yethe way from Egypt to Assyria (Gen. 2.11, & 25.18. 1 Sam. 15.7.) These Arabians yethe aa Greeks & Latins called Chaulotæians whence came yethe name of Chaldæans to those in Babylon. The C Chaldeans dated all their years from yethe begi first year of the reign of their founder Nabonassars wchwhich year was 747 years before yethe vulgar account birth of Christ according to yethe vulgar account. And these years consisted always of 365 days wthwithout any leap year & in yethe time of the Babylonian & the & Persian Monarchies began in winter. T At length by the fall of the Assyrian Monarchy the B Kingdoms of Babylonia & Media grew great. For till then the Kingdom of Babylon seems to have comprehended 30r nothing more then the Provinces of Babylon & Susa. But before I explain yethe growth of this kingdom its necessary to settle the connect the Chronology thereof of this kingdom wthwith that of Iudah. But upon but when Assyria the yethe kingdom of this kingdom fell Nebuchadnezzar invaded Syria Phœnicia & Mesopotamia wchwhich had hitherto belonged to yethe A King of Assyrians & were newly taken by were newly upon their fall were newly seized from him by the King of Egypt. But for understanding these things its requisite to connect yethe chronology of yethe kingdom of Babylon wthwith that of the kingdom of Iudah. The years of Nabpolassar the father of Nebuchadnzezzar &c Zedekiah therefore began Before all this, Paraoh Necho in passing through Iudea to make war upon yethe king of Assyria & take from beseige him Carchemish or Cerusium a town of Mesopotamia upon by upon Euphrates, slew Iosiah King of Iudah who opposed him & three months after where he had beaten yethe Assyrians & taken Carchemish n& was returned through into the land of Hamath or Antioch, sent & captivated Iehoabaz yethe successor of Iosiah & made Iehojakim king in his stead & put yethe land to tribute (2 King. 23. 2 Chron. 35.:) whence Iehojakim, began his reign in towards yethe end of summer in yethe 37th year of Nabonassar. For he reigned 11 years incomplete, & his 4th year fell in wthwith the first of Nebuchadnezzar over Iudea (Ier. 25.1.) Thus Pharaoh became Lord of what the King of Assyria had hitherto possest on both sides Euphrates & makde Iudea yethe King of Iudah also became his servant. I know some would by have the King of Assyria against whom ParaohPharaoh now warred understand to be yethe King of Babylon as if there were now more kingdoms of Assyria then one. For: where as its certain that the Kingdom of Assyria was still in being & at this time distinct from that of Babylon. T About this time the king of Egypt This war of Pharaoh seems occasioned by a conspiracy of the Kings of Media & Babylon at yethe same time against the Kings of Assyria. C For Ahasuerus or Cyaxerxes King of yethe Medes & C Persians & Nebuchadnezzar yethe son of yethe king of Babylon now joyned together against yethe king of Assyria overthrew his kingdom & destroyed Nineve Tobit. 14.15.. And so great was yethe fall of this kingdom that Ezekiel has dthus described it. Thus saith yethe Lord God, in the day when he went down to yethe grave, I caused a mourning, – I covered caused Lebanon & all the to mourn for him, & all the trees of the field fainted30v fainted for him. I made yethe nations to shake at yethe sound of his fall when I cast him down to hell wthwith them that descend into yethe pit Ezek. 31.15. And The same Prophet describes at large how very great this kingdom was before its fall & how th at its fall the tributary kingdoms nations deserted him & yethe neighbouring nations kingdoms shared hits provinces. Strangers, saith he, & the terrible of yethe nations have cut him off & have left cast him upon yethe mountains, & in all yethe valleys his branches are fallen, & his boughs are broken by all yethe rivers of the land, & all yethe people of yethe earth are gone down from his shaddow & have left him. Upon his ruin shall all yethe fowls of the heaven remain & all the beasts of yethe feildfield (that is all the kingdoms) shall be upon his branches. Ezek. 31.12. So then this kingdom continued a great one till the day of its fall. The occasion of the war its overthrow was this. The Medes as Herodotlus relates, fell off from yethe kingdom of yethe Assyrians about 150 years (or a little more) before yethe reign of Cyrus, Th that is in the reign of Sennacherib aft a little after that the great overthrow of his army in Iudea Palestine Palestine. For by reason of this defection of the Medes Tobit tells us yt the reign of SenacheribSennacherib was troubled to yt he could go not go. into Palestine from Nineve into Media as he had done before in the reign of Enemessar (so he calls Salmanassar) yethe former king (Tob. 1.15.) p for so he calls Salmanassar. For so he calls Salmanassar They Medes first asserted their liberty wthwithout a king & then makde Dejojes king over ym. He founded Ecbatane & conquered west propagated the kingdom westward as far as the river Halys wchwhich in Armenia the common terminus of his & yethe Lydian kingdoms. His son & successor Phraortes made war upon the Persians & conquered them. Persia & He Phraortes made war also upon the king of Assyria who but was overthrown by theim in battel & slain. His son Cyaxerxes prosecuting the war overcame yethe Assyrians in battel & laid siege to besieged Nineve in the beginning but of Nineve but was forced from yethe siege by a great incursion of Scythians & who overcame him in battel & reinged over f his kingdom 28 years together, bBut then Phraortes were returned invited then to by Phraortes to a feast & slain in drink. This Herodotus Phraortes having therefore thus released the freed his kingdom of yethe Medes & Persians from servitude a foreign power & his kingdom into returned to the war against the Assyrians & by the assistance of Nebuchadnezzar overthrew over that kingdom conquered that kingdom excepting the east belo portion of Babylon & the relation is well confirmed by what Ezekiel writes of the great ✝ ✝slaughters wchwhich had then happened to yethe Persians Scyt Assyrians Persians & Scythians. Ezek. 32.224, 24, 26. Thus far Herodotus. He makes no mention of the Babylonians assisting the Medes as Tobith doth: but Diodorus out ofCtesias, e who makes Ba Nineve destroyed by the Medes & Babylonians together, tho he has placed the destruction of it 250 years too soon. The Iews in their Chronicle Seder Olam Rabbah & not only make the ascribe the action to the Babylonians & noteThe next folio is irregularly numbered 31a. The recto is blank; on the verso we read, in pencil: "These 2 sheets follow — Catch word — And compare them" 31r note also yethe time placing it the year before Nebuchadnezzars first expedition into Iudea T Anno primo subegist Nebughadonozor Niniven, secundo ascendens in Iudæam subjugavit Ioachim factusque est Ioachim illi servus annis tribus. that is In yethe first year of Ioachim of his reign (that is in the fourth of Ioachim's) Nebuchadnezzar subdued in Nineve, in the second we ascending into Iudea he subdued Ioachim. & Ioachim became his servant three years The chronicle make Nea The chronicle means in yethe first & second year of Ioachim Nebuchadnezzar For a little after he was makes yethe seventh eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar to be yethe seventh of from Ioachims subject But whilst Nebuchadnezzar in his first year warred against Pharaoh at Earchemish by Euphrates, its more reasonable to referr place yethe fall of Nineve to yethe year or two before. After this some Scythians being banished from home & by reason of their skills in hunting r received by Cyaxerxes, one day &presented Cyazerxes him one day with a boy drest like veneson & fled to Alyattes king of Lydia, & Cyaxerxes demanded them & Alyattes refused to deliver them & thereupon th arose a war between the two kings wchwhich lasted five years & ended wthwith a battel in the sixt predicted by Th by means of a total Eclips of the Sun predicted by Thales w wchwhich ha happened in yethe time of ya battel & parted them by the darkness.. This eclips by the computation of Petavius fell upon yethe 9th of Iuly in the 151th year of Nabonassar & by consequence yethe war began in yethe 145th year. Herodotus places yethe eclips in yethe reign of th Cyaxerxes; Tully, aa Cic. l 1 de Divinat. & Pliny,b Plin. l 1 cc Euseb. Chron. Eusebius & dd cap. 20 Solinus in yethe reign of his Son Astyages his son Eudemus saith that Thales predicted it in yethe reign of Cyaxerxes: the first perhaps by inadvertency because Cyaxerxes began yethe war & yethe Thales predicted yethe Eclips (as ee apud Clemetem Strom l 1 p 302. a. Eudemus writes) h in his reign, the last because the &c it came to pass in his son's reign. Suppose therefore that Cyaxerxes died a year or two before yethe eclips & an. Nabonas. 149 & the clips will fall since he reigned 40 years (as Herodotus writes) his reign will begin an. Nabonass. 109 & if the slaughter of yethe Scythians be placed in his 28th year & yethe fall of Nineve in his 30th year, that fall will be happen neisare yethe end of yethe 2d year of Nabonass Iehojakim & Cy as above. I know that from the reign of death of Cyaxerxes to yethe reign of Cyarus there will be 40 years according to this acc account but & yet Herodotus makes yethe reign of Astyages the successor of Cyaxerxes & predecessor of Cyrus to be but 35 years. In But Eusebius & Syricellus make his reign 38 years & by a canon among the Isagogical Canons published by Scaliger makes it 40, wchwhich is oe account. 32r To the most Honourable the Lord Aleppo tasken by yethe Tartare in yethe reign of Nasser Iosef Sultan of Syria & Egypt p. 63. 1 Malek at Anss Dhaler 3d son of Saladin succeeded his father at Aleppo An. Hegir 589 & (186 1193 or 94) & died an. Hegir. 613. 1216 d& was succeed in yethe kingdom of Aleppo by his son Malec al Aziz who died an Hegir 634, 1238. & was succeeded by his son Malek al Nasser who took Damascus & was slain at the taking of Aleppo by Hatagu Holagou 1259. Aladin Caicobad ben Kaichosrou tenth king of Natolia reigned 26 years was at length subdued by Hocata Kan, & died An. Hegine 636, 1236 or 1238 Alp-Arslan succeeded his unkle Thogrulbeg an. Hegir. 445. 1063, & reigned over all Persia beyond Tigris as far as the river Oxus. He was slain an. Hegir 465. A. C. 1072 Almansor laid the foundation of Bagdat in An. Hegir 145 & finished the building of it in a. 149. Malech shah the son & successor of Alp Arslan, in an. Hegir 467 sent his cousin Soliman the son of Cutlu Cutulmish wthwith an army to conquer Syria & in a little time he conquered it as far as Antioch. Malec sha died an. Hegir. 485 after a reign of 20 years. In his life time he distributed a great part of his dominions amongst his friends. He gave his Couzin Soliman the son of Cutulmish the country of Roum wchwhich he had taken from yethe Greek Emperor, extending from Euphrates into Asia minor, the village Arzeroun (now called Erzertim) being the capital. The country of Aleppo to T Touschteghin Aksankor: that of Mosul to Tchaghimischch, & Maredin to Catmour. Gaiathoddin Caicosru son of Caicobad reigned tenth king of Roum reinged 8 years & then was deprived by the Tartars, an. Hegir. 644. A. C. 1246. Solyman reinged 20 years & died A. H. 664 Caicosrum yethe son of Rocknoddin Solyman yethe 12th King son of Caicosru, yethe 12th Sultan of Roum reigned 18 years & then was killed an. H. 682, A. C. 1283 by order of Ahmed Khan Emperor of the Moguls or Tartars, & Garathedden Massud the son of Cai Kaus succeeded him by order of Argum Khan the successor of Ahmed Khan. Masud died A. Hegir. 687, & was succeeded by his Nepheu Caicobad the son of Feramorg the son of Caicans He revolted from the Tartars & Gazan Khan Emperor of yethe Tartars slew him & put an end to his kingdom A. Hegir. 700. A. C. 1300. Rocknoddin Solyman Melec cum fratre Aladin. Solyman poisoned his brother Aladin & then was poisoned by the Tartars. Raconadius = Melec = Azatines Aladin fidius & successor Giathoddin = Gaiazadin =– Iu Azatines Michaelem Palæologum ad se profugum comiter habuit, in bello contra Baidonem Palæologum Ducem Tartarorum Græcas copias Palæologo commisit, proditione suorum fugatur & magna ditionis parte exutus, pòst regiam quoque amittit & exul ad Palæologum tum Imperatorem se deportare cogitur cum simul uxorem & liberos secum ducens. Aliquandint Constantinoploi substitit, deinde ad Ænum oppidum. Postea a Tartanis captus & abductus in Tartarins a bijt. C Filios habuit 1 Salyman Raconaduim Suliman 2 Azadinum, utrosque Melicum dictoque 3 Aladinum Caicobad Roconadinus Soliman parti susccessit 1244, 1245 or 1246. Hae poinsoned his brother Aladin & was soon after poisoned by the Tartars having reigned 20 years Or rather he & his Za Azatines (or Gaiathoddin) & his brother Melec Roconadinus Solyman fled were beaten by the Tartars as above & fled to the Greek Emperor & died in exile & the 3d son (a child of 7 years old 1 at his fathers death) to whom of right the kingdom belonged the others being bastards, succeeded in part of the kingdom. And And Melec the son of Azatines sometime after endeavtoured to recover the kingdom – & died A. C. 1244 & left three young Children Melec Rocknodin Solyman 119 years old, Gaiathodin or Azartines 9 years old & Aladin Caicobad 7 seven years old the right heir, the two elder brothers being bastards. But Gai Solyman reigned first & his brother Azartines in the first or second year of the Greek Emperor Iohn Palæologus (A. C. 16 1261) was beaten by the Tartars & fled wthwith his brother Melec to the Azartines to yethe Greeks, & Aladin succeeded in part of the kingdom being in subjection to yethe Tartars. His kingdom was weak & the32v & the Princes of the Turks who fled the Euphrates & sheltered themselves under his protection. For the better understanding these things I should tell you that in the Histories of Persia written since the conquest thereof by the Saracens there the oldest Dynasty of the Kings of Persia are called Ca Pischdadians in the first Dynasty are callsed Pischdadians, those in the second Caianides in the third. The three last kings of the Cainides are Ardshir Daraz, Darius his bastard son & Darius who was conquered by Askander Roumi, that is Artaxerxes, Longimanus, Darius Nothus & Darius who was conquered by Alexander the Greek the great king of the Greeks. The kings between the two Darius's are omitted wchwhich shews that the history is imperfect This Dynasty was therefore that of the Medes & Persians founded by Cyaxerxes And s before Ardshir they name but five kings They reccon Ardshir the sixt king of this Dynasty And therefore for these reasons this Dynasty was that of the Medes & Persians founded by Cyaxerxes. And the Dynasty of the Pischdadians was that of the Persians wchwhich fell in yethe reign of Cyaxerxes for these & Nebuchadnezzar according to Ezekiel. And mentioned by the Prophet Ieremy threatened by the the Prophet Ieremy & mentioned by that P Ezekiel as newly destroyed. For the Persian historians make the first Dynasty end where the second begins. They tell us also that there was a king potent kingdom of Turesmans Tartars or Scythians seated in Turguestan ot Usbec/ Tartary on the north side of the river Oxus & east side of the Caspian sea, wchwhich whose king Afrasiab in the reign of the seventh king of the Pischdadians race was conquered the Persians & were soon after repulsed & driven bakck again beyond theat river Oxus, wit by Zab or Zoub a Prince of the royal r descended from the former kings of Persia but returned wthwith a potent army from bey t beyond that river, & overcame Gushtasp the son of Zab & conquered all Persia putting an end to yethe race of yethe Pischdadian kindggs, & after a few weeks was driven out of Persia by the assistance of the first king of the second Dynasty Medes & returning wthwith a fresh army was routed & slain in the mountains of Media by yethe third king of the second Dynasty. [Whence it seems to me that in yethe reign of Cyaxerxes these nations Tartars invaded Persia on both sides the river Caspian sea, sending Madyes westward to invade the Medes & Assyrians while Afrasiab invaded the Persians from the north east; & that the kingdom of the Pischdadians rarose about the same time wthwith the kingdom of the Assyrians there being but seven kings of the rdynasty before it was invaded by the Tartars. The eastern historians tell us indeed that the seven first kings of the Pischdadian Dynasty reigned lived some of them a thousand years a piece & reigned all together above three thousand years. But this amounts to no more then to let us know that the Pischdadians & their contemporaries the Assyrians reigned in the fabulous ages of the Persians. And having hitherto treated of yethe fabulous ages of the several nations we now proceed to the times wchwhich commenced with the taking of Nineveh by Nebuchadnezzar & Cyaxerxes. And hence it is that The samsame historians have made the kings of the second Dynasty also reign too long lived, Particularly they make the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus to have lasted 112 7 years To the first king of this Dynasty they assygine a reigne of 120 years. To yethe second a reign of 150 years. To the third a reign of 60 years. To yethe 4th a reign of 120 years. To the fift, as much to the fift who was they called called Kishtasp or Darius Hystaspis s To the same the sixt called Artaxerxes Longimanus a reign of 112 years 112. By wchwhich it may be understood that we are to expect little of certainty from the Persian records concerning these times ancient times. 33r While the Assyrians reigned at Nineveh & the Medes at Ecbatane & the Chaldeans at bBabylon there were some other some other kingdoms in P there were Persia was divided into several kingdoms. And particularly There was the kingdom of Sheshack or Susa Elam, & the kingdom of the Medes & the kingdom of Sheshak or Susa conquered by Babyl (Ier. 25.25, 26) [& 51.541.) T And this kingdom of Elam was The Histories of E Persiacns written since the conquest of thereof Persia by the Saracens tell its of several Dynastics of that the kings three of the two first Dynasties of the Persians were called the Pischdadians & the Caiarides & that the three last kings of this second Dynasty were Darab Ardsahir Diraz, Darab his bastard son & Darab who was conquered by Ascander Roumi, that is Artaxerxes Longimanus, Darius Nothus & Darius who was conquered by Alexander the Greek. The kings between the two Dariuse's are omitted & this shews that the history is imperfect: but by the names of these kings it appears that this Dynasty was that of the Medes & Persians mentioned in scripture. They tell us this Dynasty immediately followed the first Dynasty they of the Pischdadians: & therefore this first Dynasty was that mentioned by Ieremy (c. 25.25.) & Ezekiel. Those oriental historians tell us also ..... third king of yethe second Dynasty. Whence it seems to me ..... ages of the Persians & borders upon Usbec Tartary. For this kingdom had frequent wars with a kingdom potent kingdom of those Tartars or Scythians then seated on the northern f side of that river. & The historianses of the Persians written since the conquest of the Persia by the Saracens mention these two kingdoms calling them the kingdoms of Persia & Touran or Turguestan, & say that this kingdom of Persia was the first or oldest Dynasty of their kings of Persia & was immediately succededed by the second Dynasty. The kings of the first Dynasty they call Pischdadians, those of the second Caianides. And the three last kings of yethe 2d Dynasty they name Ardsahir Diraz, Darab his bastard son & Darab who was conquered by Ascander Roumi, that is DArtaxerxes Longimanus, Darius Nothus & Darius who was conquered by Alexander the Greek. They omit the kings between the two Darius's wchwhich shews that their history of this kingdom is imperfect. DBut by the names of the three kings its easy to understand that by the second Dynasty they mean that of the kings of Media & Persia mentioned in scripture b& by consequence by the first Dynasty they mean that wchwhich was contemporary to the kingdom of Assyria & fell in the reign of Zedekiah. Those oriental historians tell us also that Afrasiab king of the Turcomans bey Touran or Scythaian beyond Oxus, in the reign of the seventh king of the Pischdadians passed that river & conquered the ....... & Cyaxerxes Now while there were but seven kings of the Pischdadians before these wars of the Scythians began, it seems to me that this kingdom of the Persians arose about the same time with the kingdom of the Assyrians. The eastern historians tell us indeed that some of these kings Pischdadian Kings lived some of them a thousand & others years a peaiece & that they reigned all together above dthree thousand years. But .... of the Persians. 33v Illustrissimo Domino Is. Newton Illustrissimo Domino Dno L' Abbatio de Bignon Is. Newton Salutem Salutem. Quod munuscalum meum ad manus vestrad pervenerit gandeo maxime vero quod vobis non ingratum fuerit quam maxime gandeo. cum Inde Inde enim Nam quo tam quod vobis non d Et vestro judicio apprime tribuendum esse ceses nero si vestratibus viris doctis viris doctis qui apu post hac non displisuerintcent quiæ in Libro meo tractantur. Queippe quæ numia brevitate propemodum redduntur subobscura, et a receptis hypo reo ab hypothesibus Philosophicis hypotheticarum minus grata redduntur sunto, & ob rerum difficultatem a paucissimus legi possunt, At auspicijs & favoris vestis scientiæes florent florere in Gallia in omnium ore est, et ijsdem auspicijs Mathesies Philosophicam ad Philosophiam spectantsem, uti spero, flerebit. Vale The following passage is found at the bottom of the page and written upside down. While the Assyrians reigned at Nineveh, there were some other Kingdoms in the remoter parts of Persia. For the Persian Historians tells us that the old dynasty of the kings of Persia was that of Pischdadians, & the second Dynasty was that of the Caranides The following passage is an unknown hand, and contains a partial copy of materials present elsewhere in this manuscript. The text has been sparsely edited/annotated by Newton. The unknown scribe has the habit to use multiple words as catchwords, but only repeats the first one on the next page. In order to accomodate for a correct reading the other words have been supplied. 34r6. and his successors at length by conquering all Greece and the East erected the third Monarchy. The rise of Kingdoms in Italy was like that in other places for Dionisius Halicarnassaus writes how the Region where Rome was afterwards built was first peopled by barbarians called Siculi. This Region saith he was afterwards taken from them by a long war by the Aborigines who till then lived in the Mountains in towns without walls spread all over the Region, but after yethe Pelasgi and other Greeks intermixed with them & helped them in their war against their Neighbours, the Siculi being expelledthey compassed many Cities with walls & became possest of all the territory between the two rivers Livis and He speaks of the Aborigines & Pelasgi here as of two peoples intermixed, but a little after he takes them to be but two names of one and the same people brought hither out of Peloponesus by Oenotrus the son of Lycaon as above; and thus describes how in the beginning they peopled the western part of Italy. Oenotrus saith he having found a larger Region fit for pasturage & tillage but yet for the most part uninhabited and where it was inhabited peopled but thinly: in a certain part of it purged from the barbarians he built Cities little and numerous in the Mountains: which manner of building was familiar to the ancients. Then he tells how after they were grown numerous so as to want room they made war upon the Siculi as above and forced them to leave Italy & seat themselves in the next Island, which was ever since from them called Sicily. This was that war in wchwhich the Aborigines first compassed many cities with walls as above. Out of such Cities as these arose afterwards divers Kingdoms34v Kingdoms in Italy amongst which the Aborigines or Latines for a long time made but a small figure tho augmented by the new Colonies of Ianus & Saturnus and Evander. They had a King before yethe Trojan war but without being united under him. For about 32 years after that war Afranius the son of Æneas built the City Alba and instituted there a Council of all the Cities under him with Sacrifices to Iupiter: In the time of which solemnity one of the young men of best note governed the City; and this Council was no doubt (like those of the Greeks) erected for uniting all the cities into one policy. The Vestal fire was also kept in Alba. This Kingdom allowing their Kings a reign of 21. years a piece one with another continued about 294 years, and then Romulus with a few Latines layd the foundation of Rome about 20 miles from Alba. StraboStrabo l. 5 p. 229. 230. tells us that this Æqui, Volsci and some Aborigines and the Rutuli & other greater and lesser Cities dwelt about Rome when it was first built and that they dwelt there freely village by village without being subject to any com̄on nation and that Romulus built Rome in a place assumed not by choice but by constraint which was neither fortified by nature nor had ground enough to supply the City nor men to inhabit it. For the Inhabitants of the Region lived each a part and rearhed to the very walls of the City, and regarded not the Albani. Suchwere Collatia Antonna Fidena, Lavinium, and other such like small Cities not above 4 or 5 miles from Rome. To get men therefore he built an Asylum wthwithdrew a conflux of people, and with these he warred with the Kings of the Sabines at Lavinium & by compact inhabited his Kingdom and being now grown strong it may be presumed that other little free Cities around about35r about easily complyed with him. For Dionysius HalicarnassausDionys. l. 2./ tells us that this new kingdom as Romulus left it consisted of thirty Courts or Councells in so many towns, each with the sacred fire kept in the prytanæum of the Court, for the Senators who met there to performe sacred rites after the manner of the Greeks. Whence the Senators were called Curiales. But when Numa the successor of Romulus reigned, he having the severall fires in their own Courts instituted one com̄on to them all at Rome. Afterwards SynesiusEpistol. 104. tells us that the Mountain Bombæa in Libya now Cyrene was hollowed and by the concurse of art and nature made a most safe retreat being to one that entered it full of intricate windings and passages like a Labyrinth & difficult to be got out of. And that some compared it to the Syringes and subterranean vaults in Egypt. This Mountain therefore and the Syringes in Egypt were the habitations of the first men; Like the labyrinth in Mount Ida in Crete and the Caturūbi in Italy. In the Syringes were Pillars of brick or stone on which the first inventions of arts & sciences were written by the ancient Egyptians. And no doubt this practice was begun before the Egyptians quitted those habitations to live in towns. A late Author tells us that in the westerne side of the mountain which runs in a right line on the easterne side of the Nile six hundred miles beginning about an hundred miles above Memphys, & ending at Syena, and the lesser Cataracts, there were Cells made all the way of which nothing appeared without but the doors, but upon entring into some of them he found them to be square rooms regularly cut in the rock and painted on the sides of the Rooms with various old paintings of men women and Children and boats upon the nile &c. In some of the rooms were pillars & stateus of men & women and figures of the Gods of Egypt with the heads of birds doggs oxen35v oxen &c. In the sides of the rooms were passages into other rooms, and in the floors of all the rooms were square pitts descending downwards to vaults or cellars below: Whence it seems to follow that after the first Inhabitants by digging habitations in the mountains of Egypt had found out veins of mettalls, with the ways of excocting them and working them into tools and utensils they applying such tools not only to digging in rocks for Gold but also to the making these regular habitations and at length to cutting and carving of stones into regular figures; & before they quitted their habitations to live in Towns, they found out also other various arts painting and Navigation upon the Nile & embalming the dead after the way of Mummies. For the Boats upon the Nile were in form of funerall processions, and in Some of the Rooms were figures of Mummies. It seems therefore that most arts & sciences began in Egypt and were propagated thence to the Arabians and from them by the red Sea to the Chaldeans. Of the original way of living in Caves of the Earth there are severall other instances. The Troglodyles on the Westerne border of the red Sea for many hundred miles together live in Caves of the earth without arts & sciences and government to this day; The Arabians live either in rocks or little hutts or tents. When Sodom and Gomorrha were destroyed Lot and his family returned to the original way of living in a Cave in the side of a hill: And Tavernier in his Iourney from Aleppo through Mosull into Persia describes severall habitable Caves and Grottos made in Mountains and Rocks in Syria Mesopotamia36r7 Mesopotamia and Assyria for poor people and sometimes he describes whole towns living in Caves. When the Egyptians [quitted their way of living in Caves &] began to build houses and towns is uncertain. Probably the invention of sowing Corn put them first upon building houses in the lower Egypt for the convenience of tilling that Country the same being otherwise uninhabitable by reason of the yearly overflowing of the Nile. In Abrahams days the Towns of Syria seem to have been but few and Small and newly built & some of them were built in the days of Abraham as Beersheba Abraham and Lot lived in Tents, fed their flocks where they pleased and had a right to the wells which they dug. We have showed above that when Cities were first built every City had its proper King and government. These Cities were at first but few in Number with very large fields, but in time as they grew populous sent out people to build villages in their fields for the Convenience of pasturage and tillage. The herdsmen and Shepherds at first wandered up & down in tents seeking pasturage and water for their herds and flocks as the Arabians and the Tartars do to this day. And in Phœnicia and such other places as were fruitfull and well watered fixing their seats and buildings Cities and villages where they found the best pastures and water. After this manner Phœnicia began to be thinly peopled with Cities a little before the days of Abraham, And as the people encreased the Cities also encreased all the days of Abraham Isaac and Iacob. For when Abraham came first into Canaan the fields were not so far stockt and appropriated but that he and Lot fed their herds and flocks36v flocks wherever they pleased, And the wells which they dug were their own. He first wandered in tents and dug the well which he called Beersheba then he built an altar there and planted the place with trees and lived there he & Isaac & Iacob, and yethe place became the City Beershaba. Iacob in his way from Mesopotamia came to Succoth and built him an house and made booths for his Cattle: therefore was the place called Succoth (Genes. 33.17.) And this was the Original of the City Succoth. The City Schechem had its name from Schechem the son of Hamor the Hivite Prince of the Country in the days of Iacob (Ios. 24.1, 32) the place where Iacob and Laban made a Covenant in mount Gilead and raised a heap of stones for a witness and called the heap Mizpah became the City Mizpah a principal City of Gilead (Gen. 31.48, 49. Iudg. 11.11, 29, 34. The City Hebron was built in the field of Mamre the Amorite the brother of Eschrol the brother of Aner who were contemporary to Abraham, and was thence called Mamre (Genes. 3 13.18. and 23.19. 35.27.) Afterwards it was called Kiriath Arba or the City of Arba: which Arba was a great man among the Anakins being the father of Anak their King & the Grandfather of Sheshay Ahiman and Talmai whom Caleb conquered in the days of Ioshua (Ioshua 14.15. & 15.13, 14. & Iudg. 1.20.) And then the Israelites called this City Hebron (Iudg. 1.10.) when Abraham came first into the land of Canaan, before he had dwelt there tenn years, he came & dwelt in the plane of Mamre & Mamres was then a young man (Gen. 13.18. & 14.13, 24.) and therefore37r therefore the City Mamre whose feild was called the plains of Mamre whose was built about the same time that Abraham came into the Land of Canaan: And Tsoan or Tanis a Royal City of the lower Egypt was built seaven years after. (Num. 13.22.) The Land of Canaan being more fruitfull then Arabia was therefore peopled with towns more early and for that reason Ismael, Moab, Ammon & Esau the Children of Abarham Lot, & Iacob went into Arabia, finding more room in that Country. Ismail had twelve Sons whose names are writed in Scripture by their towns and by their Castles twelve princes according to their Nations. (Gen. 25.16.) that is his twelve Sons built twelve towns and Castles which they called by their own names & reigning in them became twelve princes in the southern borders of Arabia Petræa. Esau had five sons and eleven grandsons which were Dukes that is princes reigning over so many Cities in Mount Seir. And Seir from whom the mountain had its name had seaven sons who were all of them Dukes that is founders of so many Cities & Nations in mount Seir. And this in the days of Isaac. For one of the wives of Esau was Aholibamah the daughter of Anah whose father of Grand father was Seir the Horite or Son of Hori, and the Concubine of Eliphaz the eldest Son of Esau was Timna the Sister of Lotan the Son of Seir. (Gen. 36.2, 12, 20, 22, 25.) Those Horites were driven out by the posterity of Moab Esau; and so were the Emims by yethe posterity of Moab, and the Zuzims or Zamzummims by the posterity of Ammon. And how thinly Arabia petræa was inhabited by the Horites, Emims and Zuzims and Amalekites in the days of Abraham ham37v Abraham may appear from hence , that they wer were all invaded and subdued by the four Kings whome Abraham beat with an army of 318 men. Gen. 13. Ægypt being next to Canaan & Arabia petræa we reckon planted with Cities and towns about the same time with those Countries. For Tsoan or Tanis a Royal City of the lower Egypt was built seaven years after Hebron (Num. 13.22.) But what Kings reigned in the lower Egypt before the shepherds invaded it and what in the upper Egypt before they expelled yethe shepherds I do not finde recorded, and therefore shall begin the history of the Kings of Egypt with yethe expulsion of the shepherds. For before those days the Egyptians had no Letters, and their hieroglyphicks are not understood. After Numa Servius Tullius, the field being divided, as above, into about 30 territories, on the hills and such places as being fortifyed by the nature of the place might safily protect yethe husbandmen, he prepared refuges which the Greeks call δήμους. Hither every body fled out of the fiels when any enemies came, and how they staid all night. Those had also their Magistrats to whose care it belonged to know the names of the husbandmen who contributed within the limits of that refuge, and their farms whereby they gott their living , and as often as it was necessary to call the Countrymen to their Arms, and to lay a Tax upon them those Magistrates called them together and taxed them. And that the number of the Country people might safily be known and reckoned he com̄anded them to build & dedicate Altars to the Gods who were Inspectors and Keepers of the refuge: which Altars they should yearly honour38r8 honour with sacrifices being all assembled together and institutes a most honourable feast which they called the village feast and create Laws concerning those sacra which the Romans observe. Then being very desirous to unite and conjoyn the Cities of the Latine Nation into one body polytick lest being weakened by intestine discords and wars they should be deprived of their liberty by their neighbouring barbarians, he called together the cheife men out of the severall Cities declaring to them for what great designe about their com̄on advantage he had conveyed them. And by this speech he perswaded them to build a Temple with inviolable refuge at Rome at their common charge, in which the people of all the Cities being yearly assembled might performe publick and private sacrifices and buy & sell at set times. And if any quarrell or difference arose between them it might be determined at theirse Sacra. The decission of the Controversy being permitted to the arbitriment of the rest of the Cities. He built therefore at the com̄on charge of the Cities The Temple of Diana in the hill Aventinus, and wrote the Laws of the Compact made between these people in a pillar of brasse which remains to this day being erected in the Temple of Diana, and has the Character of the Greek Letters which the Greeks used of old. Thus far Dionysius. By this unquestionable record you may see how difficult it was to unite the Dividend Cities into one polity. You have also in the Refuges or fortified towns a Specimen of the first Cities & Kingdoms into which men convened when they began to make war upon one another. The Franks and Britains continued divided into many small Kingdoms till Iulius Cæsar invaded them, And the ancient Constitution of Spain was like that of other nations. For StraboStrabo Geog. l. 3. p. 158 a speaking in generall of the Collonies which the Greeks sent abroad into this and other Nations saith. The reason38v The reason why the Greeks wandered to the barbarous nations seems to be the distraction of those Nations into small parties and Dynasties of such as through haughtiness: would not combine with one another: whence it hapned that they were weake against those who invaded them. This haughtiness prevailed chiefly among the spaniards being accompanied also with their crafty nature and double mindedness. For they following a treacherous and thievish way of life, being bold in little things but attempting nothing great, neglected the acquisition of great power & society. For if they would have combined to defend themselves by their joynt forces, the Carthaginians could not by an incursion have conquered the greater part of Spain without opposition, nor before them the Tyrians and Celti, who are now called Celtiberi & Verones, nor afterwards the Theives Variatho & Sertorius, & if any others designed a greater Dominion. Also the Romans by parts warring upon first one then another Dynasty of the Spaniards, spent much time in subduing them severally untill they conquered them all in the space of 200 years or above. What Strabo tells us of the Greek Colonies may be safely applied to the Phœnician, namely that they by reason of the smallness & weaknesse of the ancient Kingdoms safily conquered where ever they pleased to seat themselves. Thus Carthage a Colony of the Phœnicians grew great before the Romans conquered it, but in the Region (a)a Strabo lib. 17. p. 829 c. & p. 832, a which lay between the Kingdom of Carthage & Mauritania and extended in length from Tritus to Melgonium a six thousand furlongs. Strabo describes yethe Kingdoms of the ancient Inhabitants to have continued small and numerous till the Romans invaded them. For39r For saith he, (b)b Strabo ibid. 831. b, c) that Region was divided after various manners seing those among whome it was divided were very many and the Romans according to their emergent Circumstances were friends to some and enemies to others so as in various manners to give to one and take from another. And as for Mauritania. Tertullian tells us cc Apolog. p. 26. Unicuique Provinciæ et Civitati suus deus est, ut Syriæ Astartes, ut Arabiæ Disares — ut Mauritaniæ Reguli sui. And who those Reguli were St Cyprian dd lib. de Idolorum vanitati) thus expounds Mauri vero manifesto Reges suos volunt nec ullo velamento hoc nomen obtexunt Inde per gentes et provincias singulas varia Deorum religio mutatur dum non unus ab omnibus Deus colitur sed propria cuique majorum suorum cultura servatur. And in generall all the southerne parts of Africa continue to be divided into many small Kingdoms to this day. East India continued divided into such Kingdoms till the reign of Alexander the Great, Germany & the Northerne parts of Europe till the Empire of the Romans. And America till the Invasion of the spaniards. Chap. II. For better understanding the ancient state of the Nations and how the four Monarchies arose, the Chronology of those times is to be rectifyed. That of the Oriental Nations is stated by the Scripture, The Annals of the Phœnicians and the Æra of Nabonassar, but that of the Greeks and Latines is very uncertain. For the Europeans had no Chronology ancienter then the Persian Monarchy And whatever chronology they have of ancienter times has beene framed since by reasoning and conjecture. Plutarch tells aa De Pytheæ Oraculo us that the philosophers anciently delivered their opinions in verse as Orpheus, Hesiod, Parmenides39v Parmenides, Zenophanes Empedocles, Thales, but afterwards left off the use of verses: And that Aristarchus, Timocharis Aristillus, Hipparchus did not make Astronomy the more contemptible by describing it in prose after Eudoxus Hesiod Thales had wrote of it in verse./ Among those ytthat wrote in verse are to be reckoned Pythagoras b & Solon cc Plutarch in Solon. For Solon c wrote in verse the Atlantic discourse as he had learnt it of the priests of Egypt, but did not finish it. And even all the seaven wise men were addicted to poetry as dd Apud Diog: Laert. in Solon p. 10. as Anaximenes affirmed. Till those days the Greeks wrote only in verse and while they did so there would c. be no Chronology, nor any other history then such as was mixed with poetical fancies. Pliny ee. Nat. his. l. 7. c. 56. in reckoning up the inventors of things tells us that Pherecides Syrius taught to compose Discourses in prose in the reign of Cyrus and Cadmus Milesius to write history. And in another place ff. ibid. l. 5. c. 29. he saith ytthat Cadmus Milesius was the first that wrote in prose. And Iosephus gg cont. Ap. l. 1. saith that there were no Inscriptions in the Temples and publick monuments of the Greeks so old as the Trojan War, and that the oldest publick writing was the Laws of Draco a little before the days of Pisistratus. And Suidas h that Draco made his laws in yethe 39.th Olympiad & that amongst the Greeks there was no publick Table older then these laws. Iosephus ii. Cont. Ap: l. 1: saith further that the Greeks who first attempted to write history, that is Cadmus Milesius & Acusilaus Aegibus and those that followed them were but a little before the expedition of the persians against the Greeks, and that these first writers varied much from one another about the same things. Hellenicus frequently differed from Acusilaus about the Genealogies and Acusilaus40r9 Acusilaus corrected Hesiod & Ephorus corrected Acusilaus & Timæus Ephorus very often. It seems those first Historians indeavoured out of the old Poets to state the Genealogies of the ancient Greeks that by them and the successions of Kings or priests conserved in Some Cities they might recover an Account of times past. One of those Historians was Phererides Atheniensis who in the reign of Darius Hydstaspeis or soon after wrote of the Antiquities and ancient Genealogies of the Athenians in ten books, and was one of the first European writers of this kinde; & one of the best whence he had the name of Genealogus, and by Dionysius HalicarnassensisDionis. l: 1 initio. is said to be second to none of the Genealogers. Another was Epimenides mm not the philosopher but an historian who wrote of the ancient Genealogies. Another was Acusilaus Argivus of whom Suidas saith that he was a most ancient historian, & wrote Genealogies out of Tables of Brass which his father as was reported found in a Corner of his house who hid them there may be doubted. Hellanicus who was twelve years older then Herodotus digested his History by the ages (or successions) of the priestesses of Iuno Argiva, others digested theirs by those of the Archons of Athens or Kings of the Lacodemonians. And hence it came into fashion in those days to reckon times past either by the Number of Generations or by the successions of Kings counted for so many generations or by round Numbers of years gathered from thence by conjecture as you may see in Herodotus and some others. At length the Greeks attempted to count the number of Olympic victors and to reckon by the Olympiads. And first Hippias40v Hippias the Elean, as Plutarch tells usin Numa Published a Breviary of the Olympiads supported by no certain arguments. This design done by conjecture was derided by Plato and gaind credit but slowly that is by conjecture without the authority of former writers He was contemporary to Plato, & Plato wrote a dialogue to deride him for his ignorance.. For the Arundelian marbles now composed sixty years after the death of Alexander the great. (An. 4. Olymp. 128) and yet mention not the Olympiads, so that this Æra was not then received, tho it be now the principal Æra of the Greeks. In the next Olypiad Timæus Siculus a very learned author wrote a history in severall books down to his owne times according to the Olympiads, comparing the Ephori, the Kings of Sparta the Archons of Athens and the preistesses of Argos with the Olympionic Victors so as to make the Olympiads suit with the Genealogies and poetical Histories according to the best of his Iudgment, and where he left off Polybius began and carried on the history. And Istor at the same time wrote against Timæus composing a contrary history of ancient Attica in many books, and calling him Epitimæus for his frequent and bitter reprehensions. About the same time or a little after Philochorus wrote of the Olympiads of the Kings and Archons of Attica against Demon another Historian. And other Authors followed each confuting those that wrote before and adding something of his owne. And this seems to be the original of counting by the Olympiads and of the technicall Chronology of the Greeks: which how uncertain it is, and how little credit it gained among the Greeks of those times may be understood41r understood by this passage of Plutarch.Plutarch in Solon. p. 151. The Congresse saith he, of Solon with Cræsus some think they can confute by Chronology. But a History so illustrious & rectified by so many witnesses and which is more, so agreeable to the manners of Solon, and worthy of the greatness of his mind & of his wisdom I cannot perswade my selfe to reject because of some chronical Canons as they call them, which six hundred correcting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain in which they could agree amongst themselves about repugnance. And as for the Chronology of the Latines that was still more uncertain. Plutarch aaPlut: in Romulo &c Numa. represents great uncertainty in the originals of Rome, and so doth Servius. bb In Æn. VII. v. 678. The old Records of the Latines were burnt by the Gauls 64 years before the death of Alexander the great. And Q. Fabius Pictor the oldest Historian of the Latines lived an hundred years later then the King. Diodorus in the beginning of his History tells us that he did not define by any certain space the times preceding the Trojan war, because he had no certain foundation to rely upon; But from the Trojan war according to the reconing of Apollodorus Atheniensis whome he followed there were eighty years to the returns of the Heraclides into Peloponesus & from that period to the first Olympiad there were three hundred and twenty eight years, computing the times from the Kings of the Lacedemonians. Apollodorus wrote his Chronology about 200 years after the death of Alexander the great, and Diodorus his history about sixty years after that, and yet in all this time41v time Chronologies could frame nothing more certain about the times between that war and the Olympiads then then by computing from the Kings of the Lacedemonians, that is from their number. Euphorus & his Contemporaries Callisthenes & Theopompus omitted the first ages as uncertain and began their histories with the return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus. These writers flourished in the reign of Philip and Alexander, Ephorus & Theopompus being the Schollar of Isocrates Varro reckoned all the ages before the first Olympiad to be fabulous & those which followed to be historical. Had the Number of years of every Kings Reign been anciently recorded Chronologers by sum̄ing up those years would safily have determined the length of times past, but for want of such records they were fair to guess at the length of times past by the number of Kings which had reigned in this or that city or by the Number of successive Priests of Iuno Argiva or by the number of successive generations in this or that family. And this guessing has occasioned yethe uncertainty of the times preceding yethe Olympiads and the many Contradictions of Chronologers about those and the following times down to the reign of the Kings of Persia, the Greeks having no difference Historians before the time of that Empire, no Chronologers before the Empire of the Greeks. Now all Nations before they began to keep exact Accounts of time have been prone to raise their Antiquities and make the lives of their first fathers42r10 Fathers longer then they really were. And this humor And this humor has been promoted by the ancient contention between severall nations about their antiquity For this made the Egyptians and Chaldeans rayse their antiquities higher then the truth by many thousands of years. The seaventy have added to the ages of the Patriarchs. And Ctesias has made the Assyrian Monarchy above 1400 years older then the truth. The Greeks and Latines are more modest in their Originals but yet have exceeded the truth. For in stating the times by the reigns of those their Kings which were ancienter then the Persian Monarchy they have put those Reigns equipollent to generations &, accordingly made them one with another about an age a piece, reckoning three ages to an hundred years. For they make the seaven Kings of Rome who preceded the Consuls to have reigned 244 years which is one with another 35 years a piece. And the 14 Kings of the Latines between Æneas & Numitor or the founding of Rome to have Reigned 425 years which is above 30 years a piece, & the first tenn Kings of Macedon (Caranus &c.) to have reigned 353 years which is above 35 years a piece, and the first ten Kings of Athens (Cecrops &c:) 351 years which is 35 years a piece, and the 8 first Kings of Argos (Inachus Phoroneus &c.) to have reigned 371 years which is above 46 years a piece. And between the return of the Heraclides and the end of the first Messenian war the ten Kings of Sparta by one race (Eurysthenes, Agis &c) the nine by the other race (Proclos, Sous &c.) the ten of Messene (Cresphontes Epytus &c) and the nine of Accadia (Cypselus, Olæas &c.) took up 379 years which is 38 years a piece42v a piece to the tenn Kings and 42 years a piece to the nine. And between the return of the Heraclides & the beginning of the first Messenian war. The eight Kings of Sparta by one of the races (Eurysthenes, Agis &c) reigned 359 years, that is one with another 45 years a piece, and the five Kings of this race between the end of the first Messenian war, and the beginning of yethe reign of Darius Histaspis (Eurycrates, Anaxander &c.) reigned 202 years which is above 40 years a piece Thus the Greeks have made the Kings of their severall Cities who lived before the times of the persian Monarchy to reign about 35 or 40 years a piece one with another, which is a length so much beyond the Course of Nature as is not to be credited. For by the ordinary Course of Nature Kings reign one with another about 18 or 20 years a piece. And if in some instances they reign 5 or 6 years longer, in others they reign as much shorter. Eighteen or twenty years is a Medium. So the 15 Kings of Iudah who succeded Solomon reigned 390 years which is one with another 22 years a piece. The 15 Kings of Israel after Solomon reigned 259 years which is 17 1/4 years a piece. The 18 Kings of Babylon (Nabonasser &c) reigned 209 years which is 11 2/3 years a piece. The ten Kings of Persia (Cyrus &c) reigned 208 years which is almost 21 years a piece. The 16 successors of Alexander the Great in Syria (Seleurus &c) reigned 244 years wchwhich is 15 1/4 a piece. The 11 in Egypt (Ptolomeus Lagi &c) reigned 277 years which is 25 years a piece. The 10 in Macedonia (Aridæus &c) 156 years wchwhich is 15 1/2 years a piece. The 28 Kings of England (William the Conqueror &43r Conqueror and his successors) 6354 1/2 years which is 22 2/3 years a piece. The first 24 Kings of France (Taramond &c) 458 years which is 19 years a piece: The next 24 Kings of France (Ludovicus Balbus &c) 451 years which is 18 3/4 years a piece. The next 15. (Philippus Valesius &c.) 315. wchwhich is 21 years a piece. And all the 63 Kings of France 1224 years which is 19 1/2 years a piece. So then the Greeks have made the reigns of their ancient Kings too long, & by that means have raised their Antiquities too high. The Olympiads being quadrennial could not be stirred; but in adjusting the Reigns of their Kings to the Olympiads they have made them reign earlier then they really did. For Lycurgus who in the 18th Olympiad restored the Discus they have made as old as Iphitus who restored the Olympiads, & Iphitus they have made above an hundred years older then the Æra of the Olympiads, and the return of the Heraclides into Peloponesus they have made about 328 years older then this Æra, though it was scarce above 60 or 70 years older; and the Trojan war they have made 200 years older then Sesak, tho by the consent of all antiquities it was later then Sesostris who is Sesak and fell in with the days of Belus the father of Dido. And as they have raised higher the times of their Kings, so to helpe out their Chronology they have endeavored to raise the Æra of the Olympiads proportionaly higher by feinging that before the first Olympiad wherein Coræbus was victor there were celebrated about 28 other Olympiads, the memory of which was entirely lost. Let these 28 imaginary Olympiads be rejected and the Reigns of the ancient Kings43v Kings of Greece be shortened in due proportion & adjusted to the times of the true Olympiads & of the Kings of Phœnicia and Palestine to whome they were contemporary, and we shall finde that those ancient Kings of Greece reigned about 18 or 20 years a piece one with another as the Kings of all nations have done ever since. In all History of certain credit I have not found tenn Kings together who reigned one with another full 30 years a piece. In all the Chronology of the Greeks preceding the Persian Monarchy the Kings of Greece are made to reign one with another above 30 years a piece; and therefore their reigns are feigned too long for the Course of Nature, and must be shortned. Generations from Father to Son may be reckoned one with another about 34 years a piece or there about three generations to an hundred years. But if the Generations proceed by the eldest Sons they are shorter; so that three of them may be reckoned to Eighty years. And the Reign of Kings is still shorter because Kings are succeeded not only by their eldest Sons but sometimes by their brothers, and sometimes they are slain, or deposed and succeeded by others of an equal or greater age, especially in elective & turbulent Kingdoms. But the Greeks in computing times past by the Reigns of their Kings, and chiefly by those of the Kings of Sparta have equalled those Reigns to Generations, as if the Kings had always succeeded from Father to Son: and by this means they have raised their Antiquities much too high, as we shall finde by repeating the Computations 44r wards Servius Tullius, the feild being divided, as above, into about 30 territories, on the hills & such places as being fortified by the nature of the place might easily protect the husbandemen, he prepared refuges wchwhich the Greeks call δημους. Hitherto every body fled out of the feildfield when any enemies came & here they often staid at night. These had also their magistrates to whose care it belonged to know yethe names of the husbandmen who contributed within the s limits of that refuge & their farms whereby they got their living & as often as it was necessary to call the countrimen to their arms & to lay a tax upon them, those Magistrates called them together & taxed them. And that the number of yethe country people might easily be known & recconed she commanded them to build & dedicate altars to yethe Gods who were inspectors & keepers of the refuge, wchwhich altars they should yearly honour wthwith sacrifices being all assembled together & instituted a most honourable feast wchwhich they called the village-feast & wrote laws concerning those sacra wchwhich the Romans still observe. — Theren being very desirous to unite & conjoyn the cities of the Latine nation into one body politick least being weakened by intestine discords & wars they should be deprived of their liberty by the neighbouring barbarians he called together the chief men out of the several cities declaring to them for what great designe about their common advantage he had convened them: — And by this speech he persuaded them to build a Temple wthwith an inviolable refuge at Rome at their common charge in wchwhich the people of all the cities being yearly assembled might perform publick & private sacrifices & buy & sell at set times & if any quarrel or difference arose between them it might be determined at these sacrl, the decision of yethe controversy being permitted to the arbitriment of yethe rest of the Cities. he built therefore at the common charge of the cities the Temple of Diana in the hill Aventinus, & wrote the laws iof the compact made between these people in a pillar of brass wchwhich remains to this day being erected in the temple of Diana45r Diana & has the characters of the greek letters wchwhich Greece used of old. Thus far Dionysius. By this unquestionable record you may see how difficult it was to unite the divided cities into one polity. You have also in yethe refuges or fortified towns a specimen of yethe first citeies & kingdoms into wchwhich men convened when they began to make war upon one another.⨳ I have now given an account of the rise of the four Monarchies, but the first kingdome in the world of great extent seems to have been the Ægyptian. Homer knew nothing of Nineveh & Babylon the seats of the Assyrian Monarchy, wchwhich therefore grew up after the wars of Troy, but he celebrates The Francks & Britains continued divided into many small kingdoms till Iulius Cæsar invaded them, & the ancient constitution of Spain was like that of the other nations. For StraboStrabo Geog. l. 3. p. 158 a. speaking in general of the Colonies wchwhich the Greeks sent abroad into this & other nations saith. The reason why the Greeks wandered to the barbarous nations seems to be the distraction of those nations into small parties & dynasties of such as through haughtiness would not combine wthwith one another: whence it happened that they were weak against those who invaded them. This haughtiness prevailed chiefly ~ among the Spaniards being accompanied also wthwith their crafty nature & double mindedness. For they following a treacherous & thievish way of life, being bold in little things but attempting nothing great, neglected the acquisition of great power & csociety. For if they would have combined to defend themselves by their joynt forces the Carthaginians could not by an incursion have conquered the greater part of Spain without opposition, not before them the Tyrians & Celti who are now called Celtiberi & Verones, nor afterwards the thieves Variatho & SerSertorius, & if any others designed a greater dominion. Also the Romans by parts warring upon first one & then the another dynasty of the Spaniards, spent much time in subduing them severally untill they conquered them all in the space of 200 years or above. What Strabo tells us of the Greek colonies, may be applied also to yethe Phœnicians, namely that they by reason of46r of the smalness & weakness of the ancient kingdoms easily conquered whoever they pleased to seat themselves. Thus Carthage a colony of the Phœnicians grew great before the Romans conquered it, but in the region aa Strabo. lib 17 p 829 c & p 832 a. wchwhich lay between yethe kingdom of Carthage & Mauritania & extended in length from Tritus to Melagonium six thousand furlongs, Starbo describes the kingdoms of the ancient inhabitants to have continued small & numerous till the Romans invaded them. For, bb Strabo. ib. p. 831 bc. saith he, that region was divided after various manners, seeing those among whom it was divided were very many & the Romans according to their emergent circumstances were friends to some & enemies to others so as in various manners to give to one & take from another. And as for Mauritania cc Apolog. p. 26. Tertullian tells us, Unicuique provinciæ et civitati suus Deus est ut Syriæ Astartes ut Arabiæ Disares — ut Mauritaniæ reguli sui. And who these Reguli were dd lib. de Idolorū vanitate. St Cyprian thus expounds: Mauri verò manifestè reges suos colunt, nec ullo velamento hoc nomen obtexunt. Inde per gentes & provincias singulas varia Deorū religio mutatur dum nom unus ab omnibus Deus colitur sed propria cuique majorum suorum cultura servatur. If we pass from hence into India we shall find that country divided into many kingdoms even when Alexander the great invaded it, wchwhich was above two hundred years after Media & Persia wasere grown into a Monarchy. One of the first great kingdoms in the world was that of Egypt. For ff lib. 7. c. 56 Pliny in recconing up the first inventors of things ascribes to the Egyptians the invention of a royal city & to the inhabitants of Attica that of a popular one. Which is as much as to say that Athens was by the Greeks accounted the first city in the world under which other cities united into a popular dominion by a cCommon Council, & the Egyptian Thebes the first city wchwhich became the seat of a great Monarchy kingdom. For Thebes was famous in Homers days when the four monarchies & their head cities were not yet talked of. For, gg lib. 15 p. 735 saith Strabo, Homer knew nothing of the Empires of the Medes & Assyrians, otherwise hh Homer. ιλ 9 naming the Egyptian Thebes & her riches & those of the Phœnicians, he would not have passed over in silence the riches of Babylon Nineveh47r Nineveh & Ectabane. The antiquity of this kingdome makes it difficult to give an account thereof in history of the originals of Egypt but some footsteps there are thereof in history. For in the seven years of plenty Ioseph laid up the corn in the cities of Egypt, the corn of the field wchwhich was round about every city laid he up in the same Gen. 41.48. And therefore the cities of Egypt being in those days the places in wchwhich the Egyptians inned their harvests they must have been not much further asunder then oR villages & therefore as numerous & small as the ancient cities of Syria & δήμοι of the Medes & Greeks. Which is an argument that the first constitution of Egypt was like that of other nations. For these cities like δήμοι of Greece united under Ccommon Councils & thereby grew into kingdoms. For the common Councils of the Greeks were set up in imitation of those set up before in Egypt, & the remains of such Councils continued in several parts of Egypt till the days of Herodotus. The Oracle, saith he, at Dodona is very like that at the Egyptian Thebes, & the way of divining in the Greeks Temples is taken from Egypt. For the Egyptians were the first authors of making Conventions & Solemnities & Councils & the Greeks learnt thiese things from them. Of wchwhich thing I have this argument that their way was in use from ancient times but that of Greece lately instituted. Neither do the Egyptians assemble once every year but frequently, as in other places so chiefly & most studiously in the City Bubastis to the honour of Diana, secondly in the city Bubastis Busiris to the honour of Isis. In which city seated in the middle of the Egyptian Delta is the greatest Temple of Isis. Isis is she who in Greek is called Δημήτης that is Ceres. Thirdly in the city of Sais to the honour of Minerva. Fourthly in Heliopolis to yethe honour of the sun. Fiftly in the city of Butis to the honour of Latona. Sixtly in the city of Pampremis to the honour of Mars. Herodotus adds that these Conventions were celebrated with great sacrifices & wother solemnities & were so numerous that in Bubaste alone there met seven hundred thousand men & weomen besides children. You have a specimen of them in the three annual feasts of the Iews. They seem to have laid48r laid the foundation of several religions in Egypt & to have equalled in number the ancient Temples & capital cities,. cE capital city havding its Temple & every Temple its proper God & religion & Festivals & these Gods were most probably the ancient kings or founders of these cities. F DiodorusDiodor. l. 1. c. 1. tells us that in Egypt alone among all the countries in the world are many cities built by ancient Gods as by Iupiter Sol Mercury, Apollo, Pan, Elithia & many others. Which is as much as to say that the Egyptians worshipped those men as Gods who built the p capital cities of Egypt & by consequence were the first kings of those cities. This was peculiar to the Egyptians that they worshipped their Gods not in the images of men like the other nations but in those of various beasts. The temples of Egypt, saithStrabo l. 17. p. 805. Lucian Dial. de in Imaginibus. Lucian, are beautifull & large being built of costly stones but if you seek a God within you will find either an Ape or a Stork or a Swallow or a Cat. To represent things by Hieroglyphics was the sacred language of the ancient Egyptians & the birds beasts & fishes wchwhich they worshipped were nothing else then the symbols o Hieroglyphicks symbols or banners of their first kings & their worshipping them was certainly older then the days of Moses because described & prohibited in the second commandment. Thou shalt not make to thy self any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above or in the earth beneath or in the waters below the earth thou shalt not bow down to them nor serve them (Exod. 20.) that is thou shalt not make nor worship the likeness or image of any fowle in the heaven or beast or insect in the earth or fish in the waters as thy fathers worshipped them in Egypt. Deut.4.16, 17, 18. Iosh. 24.14. When therefore we are told that the Egyptians worshipped ca cCrocodile in Arsinoe the Ichneumon in the city of Hercules, and Eagle & a Ram in Thebes, a Goat & the god Pan in the temple of the Mendesians, a sheep in Sais, a cCat & Diana in Bubastis, a Dog & Mercury in Cynopolis, the fish Oxyrinchus & in the city Oxyrinchus, the fish Latus in Latopolis, a wolf in Lycopolis, a Cynocephalus or Ape in Hermopolis, a Lyon in Leontopolis, a mouse and spider in Athribis & other creatures in other cities: we are to understand that in these Symbols the several cities worshipped their founders & first kings & that this worship was older then Moses & even as old as the idolatry of Egypt. By the founders of cities I mean nor their first inhabitants but those who first raised them erected common Councils in them & thereby founded their dominion over the other wchwhich cities and built49r built them accordingly. The worshipping of such kings gave the first beginning to Astrology Idolatry in Egypt Chaldea & the neighbouring nations from whom it spread into Europe & other places. And the multitude of cities in Egypt which had their several Temples, Gods, Conventions, High Priests & modes of worship argues the multitude of kingdoms & nations in Egypt when idolatry began. The manner how the first cities of Egypt grew into kingdomes will be best understood by the constitution of the kingdom of Athens. For the Athenians were a colony of Egypt & Cecrops the first king of Athens was an Egyptian of the Nomes or Province of Sais & aa Vide Diodorū lib. 1. p. 24, 25, 26. formed that kingdome after the mode of the Egyptian kingdoms. He taught Athens the worship of the Egyptian Goddess Minerva who was worshipped in Sais. He distinguished the people into three orders the Gentry soldiers & mechanicks as the Egyptians did, for the Egyptian Gentry were their Priests. He ordeined that the soldiers should be husbandmen & till all the land in time of peace as the soldiers did in Egypt. He first joyned one man & one woman according to a law in Egypt ordeined by Vulcan. He first introduced the Egyptian Gods among the Greeks & as the Egyptian Priests ware linnen garments so did the Athenian. And, saith Diodorus, the sacrifices and ancient customes of the Athenians & Egyptians were alike. Now whilst he thus imitated the Egyptian customes in other things we may reccon that he imitated them also in the Athenian polity of uniting many δήμοι & little cities into greater polities by common Councils For we have told you out of Pliny that the people of Attica were the first among the Greeks who thus united & out of Herodotus that the Greeks in these things followed the example of the Egyptians. It was the custome of the first ages for every king to have in his city a Prytaneum or place of public worship for his whole kingdom people. And if any cities united into one polity under any common city they erected a common Prytaneum in that city without abolishing the particular ones. This was done in Italy after the example of the Greeks & in Greece after the example of the Egyptians. And as the Prytanea in the several cities of Greece were the remains of ancient kingdoms, so were the temples conventions & religions in Egypt. So when Moses tells us50r us that Ioseph married the daughter of Potiphera Priest of On, we may conclude understand that On had been once the Metropolis of a kingdom but before Ioseph's days the Priests of on lost their dominion as kings & became subject to the kings of another city. And the like of as many other cities as had Temples or Prytanea, without kings & also of besides the smaller cities whose Prytaneaus were disused & extinct. For as in Greece when single cities became united into bigger kingdoms, their Prytaneaums in time became disused & the common Prtytaneum & Conventions the capital city only remained, so it is to be understood of Egypt. These capital cities with their Prytaneums & Conventions seem to have laid the foundation of the Nomes or nations of Egypt, every Nome having a capital city with a Temple & Priest & God and & annual conventions for the whole Nome & a Iudge for doing justice: so that the Nomes were seem to be the remains of ancient kingdoms, the Priests of the capital cities retaining their Priesthood & judicial power long after they lost their armies & power as kings. For in the first ages all kings were high Priests & Iudges, [& all high Priests were kings (after Melchizedec's order of Priesthood)] till they became subject to other kings more potent then themselves. These little kingdoms of Egypt began to grow into bigger kingdoms before the days of Ioseph & by degrees grew in one monarchy before the days of Solomon. And then Sesak made a new regulation of the Nomes & built their Temples more sumptuously. How they grew into one monarchy is the next thing to be explained. 51r those Councils with great sacrifices & festivals for assembling the people, & by means of those great councils grew into kingdoms first less & then greater, the captains of their armies becoming their kings. For the remains of such Councils continued in Egypt several parts of Egypt till the days of Herodotus. Luna itaque The Oracle, saith he, at Dodona is very like that inat Egypt the Egyptians Thebes, in Egypt & the way of deivining in the Greeks Temples so was is taken from Egypt. For the Egyptians were the first authors of making conventions & solemnities & Councils & the Greeks learnt these things from them. Of which thing I have this argument, that their way was in use from ancient but that of the Greeks lately instituted. Neither do the Egyptians assemble once every year but frequently, as in other places, so chiefly & most studiously in the city of Bubastis to the honour of Diana, secondly in the city of Busiris to the honour of Isis. In wchwhich city seated in the middle of the Egyptian Delta is the greatest temple of Isis. Isis is she who in Greek is called Δῃμήτηρ> that is Ceres. Thirdly in the city of Sais to yethe honour of Minerva. Fourthly in Heliopolis to the honour of the Sun. Fiftly in the city Butis to the honour of Latona. Sixtly in the city Pampremis to the honour of Mars. Thus for Herodotus, mentioning only the principal Conventions & omitting the rest. They seem to have laid the foundation of yethe Nomi or provinces into wchwhich Egypt was distributed & by consequence were as numerous as these These conventions he saith were celebrated with great solemnities sacrifices & other solemnities & were so numerous that in Bubaste alone there met seven hundred thousand men & weomen besides children. You have a specimen of them in yethe athree annual festivals of the Iews. They seem to have laid the foundation of the Nomi or Provinces into wchwhich Egypt divided & by consequence to have been as numerous his testi ges united under δήμοι towns & towns united into g Poli the & kingd by the means of after the same manner afterwards by their ex reigns of Cecpops Amphictyon & the first kingdoms I & that when Pliny so quickly & early so recconed. Athens knew 51v make Herodotuslib. 2. p. 183. say that the Egyptians could nevetr live a moment of time wthwithout a king. 53r fift year of Asa & then began to revolt, that is at the death of Sesostris. For Herodotus tells us that Sesostris was the only king that enjoyed the empire. Sesostris therefore began his reign in the 17 year of Solomon & warred till the 14th year of Rehoboam & then returned from his wars into Egypt & reigned there eleven years more in which time he employed the conquered nations in building the cCities & tTemples of Egypt & doing other great works & then died in the fift year of Asa. Whence I gather that he was the brother of Solomon's Queen. For since he warred conquered the Libyans in his fathers lifetime, he may be recconed above 20 years old when he began to reign & so was about the age of Solomon's spouse & her little sister who had no breasts. Pheron is said to be the son of Sesostris. Pliny calls him Nuncoreus & Diodorus Sesostris the second. They say he made no wars ubut upon throwing a dart into the river Nile became blind & after ten years upon a miraculous recovery of his sight placed memorable guifts in the Temples & particularly in Heliopolis two Obelisks an hundred cubits long & eight broad, one of wchwhich was carried to Rome by Caius. I suspect that he reigned only under his father & died before him because according to Manetho Rhampses was the eldest son & successor of Sesostris. Or rather I suspect that he was the samke king with Sesostris. For one of his names was Sesostris & another Pheron or Pharaoh the common name of the kings of Egypt, & as Pheron fell blind so Sesostris in his old age fell blind & slew himself. And if Pheron was once blind I had rather beleived that he died blind like Sesostris then that he recovered his sight in such a miraculous way as Herodotus describes. Proteus reigned next after Pheron according to Herodotus, but he seems rather to have been a Viceroy set over the lower Egypt then a soveraign king. Fof he was a Memphite of ignoble extraction & reigned at Memphys & is thereby distinguished from the race of the Theban kings. And the name Proteus being a Greek word wchwhich af54r which signifies a chief man or Prince, seems to be not the proper name of a man but a title of honour. For had it been a proper name the Greeks would have retained the Egyptian word without translating it whereas Herodotus tells us that it is the kings name in Greek that is the Greek word of the same signification with his name or title in the Egyptian language, & Diodorus tells us that this man's name was Cetes. There were several Princes of Egypt called Proteus one of which came wthwith Cadmus into Europe. And its proableprobable that the frequent changing of the name of the person might give occasion to the Greeks to feign that Proteus put on all shapes. Some make him a Phœnician reigning neare Pharus where Alexandria was afterwards built as TzetzesChil. 2 Hist. 44 Πρωτεὺς Φοινίκης Φοίνικος παῖς και τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος Περὶ τὴν Φάρον και ατοικῶν τῆς νῦν Αληξανδρηίας. And this agree best with his being a God of the sea But the Proteus of Herodotus reigned in Memphys & left a sumptuous Temple there to the south of the Temple of Vulcan. In this Temple was the house of Venus Hospita by which name Herodotus conjectured that Helena the daughter of Tyndarus was meant having heard that she stayed in Egypt with Proteus & was called Venus Hospita & being told so by the Priests of Egypt. For when Alexander stole her from her husband Menelaus the Greek, in his flight he was driven with her upon the coast of Egypt & there suspected by Thonis governor of the place & sent to Proteus at Memphys & Proteus examining the matter deteined Helena (as Herodotus relates) & sent home Alexander. Then the Greeks demanding her of the Trojans made war upon Troy thinking Alexander had carried he thither but after the destruction of Troy Menelaus went for her into Egypt. And to this history saith Herodotus Homer alludes in mentioning the errors of Paris with Helena by sea upon the coast of Sidon before the war & voyage of Menelaus into Egypt after it. By this History the Proteus of Herodotus reigned in the time of the Trojan war, & therefore governed the lower Egypt under Amenophis or Memnon. 55r and by consequence ain or neare the beginning of the reign of Iosiah while he was yet a Minor & the Government was in the hands of the High Priest & Antcients of Ierusalem: at which time was Phraortes vanquished & slain by yethe Assyrians, & therefore he & Arphaxad being were coincident in time & so must be one & yethe same of yethe Medes. Thense wars were made in the 12th & 13 years of Nebuchadnezzar & Phraortes Arphaxad slain in the 12th year according to Ieromes version wchwhich I prefer of the original Chaldee; & Phraortes was slain by the Assyrians 75 years before the 30 years reign of Cyrus according to Herodotus, & by consequence in the year of Nabonassar 112 or 12th year of Chiniladan. And therefore if Arphaxad & Phraortes be one & yethe same king of the Medes Nebuchadonasar & Chiniladan agree in the years of their reign & actions & are one & the same king of Assyria. supposing Arphaxad & Phraortes to be one & the same king of the Medes. This 12th year falls in with the 7th or 8th year of Iosiah in the 8th year of his reign while he was yet young began to seek after the God of David his father (2 Chron. 34.3.) & by the extraordinary impression wchwhich this great danger & deliverance made upon him in his youth became the best of all the kings of Iudah. And in yethe 12t year of his reign being newly delivered from yethe army of the Assyrians he began to purge Iudah & Ierusalem from Idolatry, & destroy yethe high places & groves & Altars & images of Baalin. And in the eighteenth year upon yethe death of his enemy Nebuchadonasar & division of yethe Assyrian Monarchy he began to repair the Temple & restore the true worship. From that division arose a new Æra of yethe Chaldeans kingdom of Babylon to wchwhich Ezekiel relates when he in yethe beginning of his Prophesy where he saith: Now it came to pass in yethe thirtieth year of the Ch [that is in yethe Chaldean 30thyear of yethe Chaldeans] or of the new kingdom of Babylon] in the 4th month wchwhich was yethe 5th year of Iehojachins captivity, the word of the Lord came unto me in the land of yethe Chaldeans. Ezek. 1.1. Thus for the book of Iudith as agrees wthwith other histories but the three last verses of that book shew that yethe author lived many years after yethe death of Iudith wrote some things in her commendation of wthwith he knew not yethe certainty. Cy Phraortes was succeeded by his son Cyaxerxes otherwise called Oxyares Astibares & Ashuerus, who was more warlike then any of his predecessors & brought yethe army of the Medes into good better order & discipline & in revenge of his fathers death prosecuted the war against the Assyrians routed them in yethe beginning of his reign & laid siege to Nineveh, but was on a sudden set upon & opprest in battel by a great inundation of Scythians who s from thence made their way towards Egypt but were met & bought off by Psammiticus & returning infested the kingdom of yethe Medes for about 28 years together from their first inrode. But at length Cyaxerxes about yethe 24th year of his reign invited the Scythians to a feast made them drunk slew many of them subdued or expelled the rest & recovered his kingdom & then returned to yethe war against Nineveh & together with Nebuchadnezzar who married a Mede & commanded the army of his father Nabopolasser king of Babylon took & demolished the City, Sardanapalus being the last king thereof aa Apud Euseb. Chrōon gr. Polyistor takes Sardanapalus for this Nabopolasser, but he was rather his contemporary.. This action the Greeks usually ascribe to the Medes the Iews to yethe Babylonians Tobit Herodotus Iosephus & Ctesias to both,. Herodotus in one place to the Medes in another to the Babylonians In the meane time Pharaoh Necho the successor of Psammiticus came wthwith a great army out of Egypt the King of Assyria or as Iosephus s & being denyed passage through Iudea beat the Iews at Magiddo or Magdolus before Egypt, slew Iosiah their king marched to Carchemish or Cerculium a town of Mesopotamia upon Euphrates & took it, possest himself of the cities of Syria sent for Iehoahaz the new king of Iudah to Riblah or Antioch deposed him there, made Iehojakim king in the room of Iosiah & put the kingdom of Iudah to tribute. And since this expedition was made against the Assyrians Nineve was standing at the death of Iosiah. But aa 2 King. 24.2, 7. Dan. 1.1, 2. Ier. 46.2. Nebuchadnezzar bb Expolemus apud Euseb. Prep. l. 9 c. 39. assisted by the Astibares king of yethe Medes a in the third a year of Iehojakim, c the year cc Sedar Olam Rabba. after they had destroyed Nineveh, & in the 18th or 19th year of his father Nabopolasser came wthwith an army a b of Babylonians, Medes, Syrians, Moabites & Ammonites to the number of 10000 chariots 180000 foot & 120000 horse & laid wast Samania, Galilee, Scythopolis & the Iews in Galeatis & soon after the Iews in beseieged dd Dan. 1.2. Ierusalem also & took king Iehojakim alive & bound him in chains for a time & carried to Babylon Daniel & others of the people & d part of what gold & silver & brassthey found in the Temple. And in ee Ier. 46.2. the 4th year of Iehojakim they routed the army of Pharaoh at Carchemish56rmish by Euphrates & by pursuing this war ff 2 King. 24.7. Ioseph. Antiq. l. 10. c. 7. took from the King of Egypt whatever apperteined to him from the river of Egypt to the river of Euphrates. And gg Beros. apud Ioseph. Antiq. l 9 c. 11 & cont. Ap. l. 1 whilst Nebuchadnezzar was acting in Syria he heard of the death of his father Nabopolasser, & having ordered his affairs in those parts he returned to Babylon leaving the captives & his army with his servants to follow him. And from hence forward he applied himself to adorn Babylon wthwith magnificent walls & gates & stately palaces & pensile gardens as Berosus relates. Iudea was now in servitude under the King of Babylon being subdued in the third year of Iehojakim so that the first year of his reign over Iudea was the fourth of Iehojakims (Ier. 25.1.) & tho their kings Iehojakim & Zedekiah rebelled against him yet it prospered not. For the King of Babylon came against them with an army & in the eighth year of his reign over Iudea & eleventh or last year of Iehojakims took Ierusalem & bound him Iehojakim in fetters to carry him to Babylon & after three months more took also his son Iehojakin in the end of the year & carried him to Babylon,2 King. 25.8. Ier. 32.1.& 39.1, 2. & 52.5, 6, 12. & in his 19th year & the eleventh year of Zedekiah in the fourth & fift months of the year took & burnt the cCity & Temple. Theis or the preceding year was a sabbatic year (Ier. 34.14, 15, 16.) & fell in wthwith the 158th or 159th year of Nabonassar & therefore his first year fell in with the 140th or 1451th year of Nabonassar, that is wthwith the 18th or 189th year of his father Nabopolassar who reigned 21 years according to the Canon. Berosus & Iosephus. Nebuchadnezzar therefore invaded Iudea & Syria in yethe 17th or 18th year of his father in yethe year of Nabonassar 130 or 140, & there he after three or 4 years, hearing of the death of his father returned to Babylon & his armies followed him & yn Iehojakim King turned & rebelled against him For Iehojakim served him three years & then turned & rebelled against him. 2 King. 24.1. Now in the first year of Nebuchadnezzars reign over Iudea & fourth of Iehojakims, Ieremiah prophesised that yethe land should serve the king of Babylon seventy years & that at yethe end of seventy years God would punish the King of Babylon & make the land of the Chaldeans desolate (Ier. 25.1, 12.) & thereby bring back the Iews from captivity (Ier. 29.10.). To the year of Nabonassar 140 in wchwhich their servitude began add seventy years & the dominion of Babylon will end in the year of Nabonassar 210. And so it did according to the Canon of Ptolomy. For this is yethe first year of Cyrus over Babylon according to that Canon. Nebuchadnezzar (according to the Canon & Berosus) reigned after the death of his father 43 years & died in yethe year of Nabonassar 186. The Iewish year in wchwhich he dies was the 37th of the captivity of Iehojachin, 2 King. 25.37. In this year On the 27th day of the last Iewish month of theis year his son & successor Evilmerodach brought Iehojakin out of Prison, & by the singular frinedship wherewith he treated him it may be presumed that he released him in the very beginning of his reign & by consequence that Nebuchadnezzar died in the last month of the Iewish year, that is in the second or third month of the year of Nabonasser. From that month of the year Nabonasser 186 subduct 37 entire years & the epocha of the 37 years of yethe captivity of Iehojakin will fall upon or near the beginning of the year of Nabonasser 149. In This year therefore therefore or the year before (accordingly as you reccon the yethe year of yethe captivity inclusively or exclusively) began the first year of Zedekiah, that is the & eleven years ninth56v eleven years after that is in yethe year of Nabonasser 160 or the year before Ierusalem was taken & buntrnt. Now & therefore in yethe year before the year of Nabonasser 159 that being Not in yethe year 160 for that was two years after the sabbatick year & therefore in yethe year before as we affirmed above. The same accomptaccount may be gathered from the reigns of the intermediate kings: For Evilmerodach succeeded his father Nebuchadnezzar in spring in the 237th year of Iehojakimns captivity (2 King. 25.37.) & by consequence in the 45th year of Nebuchadnezzars reign over Iudea. He reigned twoyears57r years according to the Canon & Berosus & then aa Berosus apud Ioseph. cont Ap. l. 1 p 1045. slain by his sisters husband Nergalasser who in behalf of his young son Laboasserdach reigned four years according to yethe Canon & Besosus. And then his son Laboasserdach (called Balthshesser by De (according to Berosus,) reigned nine months more accord accord ing to Berosus.) besides the four months reign with his father, in his childhood. a By reason of his ill manners his friends conspired against him & slew him in a feast & by common Some take him for Belsazer but he was too young. Belsazer was born before the 5t year of Zedechiah (Baruch 10, 11, 12) & therefore was above 32 years old at yethe death of Nebuchadnezzar. a Laboasserdach was slain in a feast by a conspiracy of his friends who by common consent gave the Kingdom of Nabonnidus a Babylonian & one of the conspirators but not of Nebuchadnezzars family Iosephus calls him Belsaser & Herodotus confirms it by saying that he was the son of Nitocris an eminent Queen of Babylon & of Labynitus, meaning that Labynitus who reigned in Babylon at the time of the great Eclips predicted by Thales & therefore was the great Nebuchadnezzar. [The cCanon makes him a Mede & therefore he was Darius the Mede the son of Ahasuerus For the Queen of wife of Nebuchadnezzar was a Queen Mede & therefore its probable that when he & Ahasuerus made a league against the King of Nineveh he married the daughter of Ahasuerus & that of Darius thereupon lived with his sister at Babylon in the Court of Babylon, & there took upon him the Medic Assyrian name of Nebo-nibdus. For Darius is a Medic name.] In the bb Berosus apud Ioseph. cont Ap. l. 1 p 1045 & Ca Canon Ptol. seventeenth year of his reign wchwhich by summing up the years mentioned above is the 69th year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign over Iudea Cyrus invaded Babylonia routed the army of Nabonidus in battel & laid siege to Babylon & also Babylon cc Herod. l. 1 held out & the next year wchwhich is the seventithtithe of the Iewsih servitude was taken (Ier. 51.46.) in summer (v. 39) in the time of a Feast when the Babylonians were dissolute & in drink (Herod. l. 1. Ier. 51.39, 57) by draining diverting the river Euphrates & entring the City through yethe emptied channel (Herod. l. 1. Xenophon l. 7) & by consequcne after midsummer. For the river by the melting of the snow in Armenia overflows yearly in the beginning of summer but in the heat of summer grows low & Athenæus (lib. 12) tells us out of Berosus that on yethe 16th day of yethe month Lous (wchwhich answers to August) the Babylonians kept a feast annually wchwhich lasted five days together, in wchwhich the servants ruled over their masters as in yethe Saturnalia. This feast therefore by reason of its duration & the lowness of yethe river being so fit for Cyrus's purpose was probably chosen to put his designe in execution While Cyrus beseiged Babylon Nabonidus lay shut up in Borsippa & by reason of the great strength of both places the impatient Iews used this Proverb: Babylon & Borsippa are a bad signe to the law. But Babylon being taken Nabonidus surrendered himself & Cyrus gave him the58r the government of Carmania & released the Iews from their seventy years captivity. The same accomptaccount of these seventy years may be gathered from the reign of the Kings of Tyre. For Iosephus relates out of the Phœnician records that Tyre was beseiged by Nebuchadnezzar thirteen years together in the reign of its King Ithobalus. Now this siege began after the eleventh year of Iehojakims captivity when Ierusalem had been newly taken & burnt with the Temple (Ezek. 26.) & it ended in a little before the seven & twentieth year of the same captivity (Ezek. 29.17.) that is in or a little before the 35th year of Nebuchadnezzar reign over Iudea: & in the end of that siege Ithobalus their king was slain (Ezek. 28.8, 9, 10.) & after him according to the Tyrian records Baal & others as in yethe following Tables. years Nebuchadnezzar —34 Baal —10 Ecnibalus & Chelbes —1 Abbarus —0.3 months Mytgonus & Gerastratus —6 Balatorus —1 Merabalus —4 Iromus —20 76y.3m In the 14th year of Iromus say the Tyrian records the reign of Cyrus began in Babylonia. Subduct therefore six years & something more f(the rest of the reign of Iromus) from the 76 years & 3 months, & there will remain 70 years for the reign of the kings of Babylon over Iudea untill the reign of Cyrus. Some date the seventy years from the captivity of Iehojakin others from that of Zedekiah, but they are plainly the duration of the reign of the King of Babylon over Iudea & over the neigbouring nations & ended with theis fall of his kingdom & with the first year of Cyrus 2 Chron. 36.21, 22. Ier. 25.1, 12. Yet there seems to be another seventy years of Gods indignation against Ierusalem & the cities of Iudah wchwhich began with the sacking siege of Ierusalem & burning of the Temple in yethe 198th year of Nebuchadnezzar Anno Nabonass. 158 & ended with the rebuilding of the Temple in the second year of Darius Hystaspis Anno. Nabonass. 228 Zech. 1.12. Now its very remarkable that this Prophecy was the cause 57v For understanding this matter its further to be observed that the Trojan warr was in yethe 3d generation after yethe voyages of Cadmus & Europa recconing about 25 years to a generation to a generation may amounts to 70 or 80 years.. For Homer represents that Idomenus & Meriones the sons of Deucalion the & grand sons of Minos the son of Iupiter were at the Trojan warr. He allows but one Minos whom he calls the son of Iupiter & father of Deucalion. This Minos was the son of Europa & Asterius king of Crete king of Crete or as others say of Europa & the Phœnician Cretan Merchant who brought her from Phœnicia to Asterius king of Crete & according to yethe Poets of Europa & Iupiter. This Minos had many children viztvidelicet Androgeus, Deucalion, Astrea, Ariadne, Phædra, Acacillis & was contemporary to Theseus Ægeus king of Athens & his children to Theseus the son of To them was Theseus king of Athens was their contemporary & married Phædra For Minos made warr upon Ægeus and died soon after him & the son Ægeus & Menestheus the successor of Theseus was in the Trojan warr For Ariadne fell in love wthwith Theseus & followed him from Crete to Naxos & was there taken away from Theseus him by Bacchus, & Theseus after who was the son of Semele & grandson of Cadmus, & h Theseus Afterwards Deucalion reigning at Cre after Minos at Crete gave his sister Phædra to Theseus King of Athens in marriage. The Theseus was about 40 years older then t Hellena for being about 50 years old he took her captive when she was but ten years old & he forty. And [Menestheus & Demophoon the a yethe successor the other yethe son of Theseus was at the Trojan warr & so was] Demophoon the son of Theseus & Phædra was at the Trojan warr & so was Menestheus yethe successor of Theseus. in the kingdom of Athens. Ino the daughter of Cadmus was stepmother to Phrixus & Hellen who sailed from Thebes to Colchos just before yethe came All which things being compared it seems to me that after Sesach r after his nine years e voyage of the Argonauts All wchwhich being compared it seems to me that Sesach after his nine years expedition in yethe 14th year of Rehohoboam returninged wthwith into Ægypt wthwith T many captives amongst wchwhich was Tethonus the brother of Priam, & left in charge of Egyptians some of his forces at Colchos under Æetes to govern the people he had conquered there. Theat about that time Phryxus & with his sister Hellen flying from the malice of their stepmother Ino the daughter of Cadmus sailed from Thebes in Colchos where the ship in a ship wchwhich had yethe ensigne o figure of a Ram carved on it, & was there deteined with his men & ships & goods. & men: That Iason & other Greeks sailed after him in the ship Argo sailed after him to demand what was deteined, & therewith brought back also Medea the daughter of Æson, & in their return or soon after Hercules wthwith six ships invaded the Trojans slew Laomedon the king of Troy & brought away his daughter Hesione & horses & placed Priam on the the throne, & Priam sending an embassy embassies to yethe Greeks for satisfaction but wthwithout success, Priam ordered his son Alexander to revenge it privately on yethe Greeks & Alexander thereupon stole away the wife & goods of Menelaus, upon wchwhich ensued the Trojan warr within tenn after the rape of Hellena or less. For Homer represents yethe tenth year of yethe war to be the 20th after that rape. And r & it was rather less then more becaus made by the Greeks in anger for the rape, & Castor & Pollux who were all the in the Argonautic expedition were young enough it represent brothers to Hellena & young enough to have been in all the Trojan warr as Homer represents, had they not been slain before. Now considering all of these things & composing them together it seems to me the rapture of Europa b the daughter affecting the Phœnicians they noted it in their Annals,& there the Phœnician historians above mentioned found it in their Annals conjoyned with the league wchwhich Hyiram made with Solomon. But the rapture of Hellena being an & voyage of Menelaus after in search of her not concerning the Phœnicians, they noted notednot that in their Annals but the Historians understanding that yethe raptures of Io, HEuropa, Medea & Hellena had relation to one another, concluded that they followed one another within some short time such as might be recconed within the compass of the reign of one king. I place the rapture of Europa therefore in the beginning of the reign of Solomon & thence reccon three generations to to the destruction of Troy three generations, wchwhich after yethe rate of 25 or 30 years to a generation may end about the 504th or 60th year after the death of Solomon. InAbout which time I reccon that Amenophes Memnon was in the vigor of his age making in the East upon foreign nations tho he came not as far as Troy. Homer reccons that the last year of the Trojan ‡‡ warr to be yethe 20th from yethe rapture of Hellena. Subduct these 20 years & yethe first 14 years of Rehoboams reign & there will remain about 16 or 26 years between yethe return of Sesach into Egypt & yethe rapture of Hellena, wchwhich I account a competent time for the voyages of Phyrxus & the Argonauts during the reign of Æetes. For I reccon that Sesackh in the return of Æetes wthwith part of his army at Colchos to govern the nations conquered in those parts, that Phyrxus to avoid the malice of his stepmother Ino the daughter of Cadmus, sailed fled from Thebes to Colchos wthwith his goods in a ship on wchwhich a Ram was carved & was there deteined by Æetes that the Argonauts followed him to bring back the ship & goods & brought back also Medea the daughter of Æetes ✝Æetes ✝ that in their return or soon after Hercules wthwith six ships invaded the Trojans slew Laomedon, & brought away his horses & daughter Hesione, & set Priamus on the throne, that Æetes & Priam sending embassadors to the Greeks for satisfaction but without success, Priam ordered his son Alexander to revenge the injury privately & thereupon Alexander insinuated himself into the friendship of Menelaus & at length stole away his wife & goods. All wchwhich might conveniently be done with the space of twenty years. All nations have be prone to make their first antiquities ancienter then the truth. And this they have done partly by making the reigns of their kings too long partly by58v & by turning collateral gene reigns into successive sones, by are & sometimes by repeating the same king under different names, or wthwithout or some vertion of yethe same name & sometimes under the same name & by feigning kings. So the Greeks of one Minos they have made two & I suspect they have done the same by Cecrops, Erictheus & Pandion & some others. And the reigns reigns of their ancient kings they have made much too long for the ordinary course of nature. allotting them one wthwith another 30 or 40 years apiece or above whereas Thirty years a piece for reigns & generations & dtwenty years apiece for reigns taken one wthwith another seems to me a reasonable moderate allowance taking them one with another. So And in sometimes the catalogues of kings are in great measure fabulous as in the catalogues of the ancient kings of Assyria Media Ger Peloponasesus & Germany. the beginning of Inachuss reign to yethe end of Agamemnons the Trojan warr they reccon 674 years & lyst from yethe beginning of Davids reign to th whom I reccon Inachuss contemporary, to L And yet its usual to make the ancient kings reign one with another 30 or 40 years apiece or above. By these And by the like means they have made Inachus (whome I take to be contemporary eight hundred years older then David the I make them to be contemporary to whom I reccon him contemporary. For confirming the truth illustrating the of these recconings its further observable that Theseus was contemporary to Androgeus Ariadne & Phædra the children of Minos the son of Europa & to Bacchus the son of Semele dthe daughter of Cadmus & so was two generations later then Cadmus & his sister Europa, join the next generation was Helena & Castor Pollux Hellen Hellena & that in whence recconing the 25 or 30 years to a generation And recconing Whence if about 25 years be recconed to one of these And if Hellen may be recconed a generation younger then Theseus, there will be about three generations between the rapture of Europa & that of t On wchwhich accompt if by a mean moderate recconing we allow about 24 years from the rapt one or two years from yethe rapture of Europe to yethe birth of Minos & about 254 years more to the birth of Androgeus Ariadne & Phædra & eighteen or twenty years more to the murder of Androgeus & ten or twelve years more to the expedition of Theseus into Crete & his accquaintance with PAriadne & Phædra, the daughters of Minos & about 10 or 15 years tmore to his cap so rapture of captivating Hellena & six six or eight or ten years more to yethe rapture of Hellena by ALexander there will be about 545 or 60 years from yethe rapture of He Europa to yethe rapture of Hellen by Alexander. And the like number of years may be gathered by allowing about 250 or 30 years from from the rapture of Europa to coming of Cadmus into Europe to yethe birth of grandson Bacchus & 25 or 25 or 30 or 40 years more to the rapture of Ariadne by Bacchus from Theseus by Bacchus & 100 or 15 years more to yethe rapture of Hellen by Alexander. In these recconing In these recconings I allow but one Minos, him who was the son Of Europa kin & Asterius king of Crete. For the Greeks to as the Egyptians by putting their contemporary kings in successive order, by respecting the name of the same person, & by making their kings reign longer then they did have raised themir reign kings much their antiquities so much beyond the truth so have the Greeks much more used the same artifice that they might in some measure cope with the Egyptians & therefore the way to approach the truth in the history of these nations is to contract lower their antiquities by all reasonable allowances abatements. [The first Minos is by the Poets called the son of Iupiter, the second was the father of Deucalion Androgeus, Ariadne Phædra & Astræa, Homer mentions them both as the same man] Homer allows but one Minos, whose whose grandson Idomoneus was at yethe Trojan war & is made by Homer to speak thus Ζευς πρῶτος Μίνωα τέκε κρήτη ἐπίουρον Μίνως δ' αὖ τεκστε τέκεφ' μὸν ἀμύμονα Δευκαλίοωνα Δευκαλίων δ' ἐμὴ τίκτε, πολεεσσ' ἄνδρεσσιν ἄνακτα Κρήτῃ 'εν ἐυρείῃ. Iupiter primus Minoa genuit Cretæ custodem Minos autem rursus genuit filium inculpatum Deucalionem Deucalion autem me genuit filium multis viris regem Creta in lata To the RtRight HonbleHonourable the Lords Commissioners of his MajtiesMajesties Treasury May it please yoryour LordpsLordships In obedience to yoryour LordpsLordships Order of Reference of yethe 8th of Febr. last, I have considered & examined the Vouchers of Mr Iames Girard's Bill hereunto anexed, for engraving of seals, which And Pelops, Acrisius Deucalion, Abas the father of Acrisius, & Pelops came from Asia minor. And Deucalion or his father might come into Gre from Asia minor into Gr. in the days of Samuel or Eli. And so might Cranaus Actæus the predecessor successor predecessor of Crecrops & Actæus Cranaus Deucalion and Hellen Asiaties. Babylon taken nine years after Sardes. Pelasgi denominated from Pelasgus. Chap. 1. The Chronology of the ancient Greeks from the time of since the Trojan war. Chap. 2. The Chronology of the Greeks before the trojan war.